Liberated Spirits

by Hugh Ambrose

  67. “Lyle Report Finished,” Seattle Times, November 23, 1923, 14.

  68. “Friends Rally to Lyle Support,” Seattle Times, December 18, 1923, 1; “Ministers of Olympia Indorse Director Lyle,” Seattle Times, December 5, 1923, 20.

  69. “Drys Denounce Attack on Director Roy Lyle,” Seattle Times, December 16, 1923, 9.

  Chapter 6

  1. Pauline Sabin to James Wadsworth, October 23, 1923, Folder: World Court, Box J112E, Wadsworth Family Papers, Special Collections, Milne Library, State University of New York–Geneseo (hereafter abbreviated as WFP).

  2. Pauline Sabin to James Wadsworth, November 5, 1923, Folder: Child Labor, Box J112E, WFP.

  3. James Wadsworth to Pauline Sabin, November 10, 1923, Folder: Child Labor, Box J112E, WFP.

  4. Pauline Sabin to James Wadsworth, May 19, 1924, Folder: Child Labor, Box J112E, WFP.

  5. Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Proposal and Ratification of Amendments to the Constitution of the United States: Hearings on S.J. Res. 40, 67th Cong., 4th sess., 1923, 1.

  6. “Plan Gains for Direct Vote on Constitutional Changes,” New York Times, February 11, 1923, X15.

  7. House Committee on the Judiciary, Proposal and Ratification of Amendments to the Constitution of the United States: Hearings on H.J. Res. 68, 6th Cong., 1st sess., 1924, 2–3.

  8. James Wadsworth to Pauline Sabin, December 15, 1924, Folder: Child Labor, Box J112E, WFP.

  9. “Fears for State Rights,” New York Times, May 30, 1924, 30.

  10. “‘First Lady’ Buys First Bond for Women’s Club,” New York Tribune, circa May 19, 1923, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  11. “Women Sell Club Bonds,” New York Times, June 20, 1923, 10.

  12. “‘First Lady’ Buys First Bond for Women’s Club,” New York Tribune, circa May 19, 1923, and “A Big and Active Club for Women,” National Republican, May 19, 1923, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  13. “Number Six and Eight East Thirty-Seventh,” Woman Republican, February 1924, page unknown, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  14. “Coolidge to Speak in City Tomorrow,” New York Times, February 11, 1924, 17; “Republican Women Receive Coolidges,” New York Times, February 13, 1924, 3.

  15. “Republican Women Receive Coolidges,” New York Times, February 13, 1924, 3.

  16. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 19, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  17. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, April 13, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  18. Margaret Smith to Myrtle Walker, March 18, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP; Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Myrtle Walker, April 4, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP; Margaret Smith to David and Myrtle Walker, April 10, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  19. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, April 20, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  20. “Women Alone Can Rid Cities of Vice, Says Women Asst. Atty. Gen.,” Buffalo Enquirer, April 24, 1924, 1.

  21. Charles Hilles to George Morris, November 8, 1923, Folder 1370, Box 116, CHC.

  22. Charles Hilles to George Morris, February 19, 1924, Folder 1378, Box 116, CHC.

  23. Charles Hilles to Mrs. Charles Sabin, April 4, 1924, Folder 1381, Box 116, CHC.

  24. Charles Hilles to George Morris, September 6, 1924, Folder 1386, Box 116, CHC; and Nicholas Murray Butler to Mrs. Charles Sabin, September 12, 1924, Folder 1386, Box 116, CHC.

  25. “Seize Rum from Garage of Wife of Banker Sabin,” Chicago Tribune, April 5, 1924, 5.

  26. “Setting a Bad Example,” Long Islander, May 2, 1924, 1.

  27. “Cherish the Mother,” New York Times, May 9, 1924, 1.

  28. “Federal Jurors Hear Evidence of Booze Trust,” Seattle Times, December 23, 1923, 1.

  29. “Roy Olmstead Is Sued for Divorce and Alimony,” Seattle Times, January 16, 1924, 3.

  30. “The Wife’s Interest in Community Property,” Yale Law Journal 33, no. 5 (March 1924), 543.

  31. Jerry Finch, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 244; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, Record Group 21, Records of the U.S. District Court for Washington, Pacific Northwest Region, National Archives, Seattle, WA (hereafter abbreviated as DCW).

  32. “Who’s Who in Indictments,” Seattle Times, January 20, 1925, 4.

  33. “Wife’s Property Rights Are Held to Be Absolute,” Oakland Tribune, November 9, 1923, 22.

  34. “$50,000,000 Tax Refund Sought by Shortridge,” Oakland Tribune, December 3, 1923, 6.

  35. Community Property Law to Be Recognized,” Bakersfield Californian, March 27, 1924, 8.

  36. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Myrtle Walker, May 1924 (circa), Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  37. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Hiram Johnson, November 28, 1923, Part III, Box 80, Folder: Willebrandt, HJP.

  38. Stephen Timothy Moore, “Bootlegging and the Borderlands: Canadians, Americans, and the Prohibition-Era Northwest,” Ph.D. dissertation, William & Mary College, 2000, 124.

  39. “Removal of Butler Urged by W.C.T.U.,” New York Times, May 10, 1924, 3.

  40. Dayton E. Heckman, “Prohibition Passes: The Story of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment,” PhD. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1939, 59–61.

  41. “Republican Women Aid the Democrats,” New York Times, May 22, 1924, 19.

  42. “F. Trubee Davison Attacks Vanderlip,” New York Times, March 30, 1924, 2.

  43. Hortense Saunders, “Fall Elections Will Show Women Really Wanted Vote, Leaders Say,” Bay City (MI) Times-Tribune, March 21, 1924, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  44. “Wadsworth Out of Chairmanship at G.O.P. Convention,” New York Times, May 28, 1924, 1.

  45. “Women Will Take Active Part in G.O.P. Convention,” Monroe [WI] Times, June 2, 1924, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  46. “Women Certain of Party Equality Celebrate ‘Victory’ with Tea,” New York Evening World, June 10, 1924, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  47. “New Yorkers Back Anti-Klan Plank,” New York Times, June 10, 1924, 1.

  48. “Mrs. Sabin Replies to Mrs. Blair’s Charge,” New York Times, June 22, 1924, 24; “Story of Morning Session,” New York Times, June 12, 1924, 2.

  49. “Five Women to Help Policies Committee,” New York Evening Post, June 10, 1924, Scrapbook, Archives, Women’s National Republican Club, New York City.

  50. Richard Oulahan, “Choose Butler Head of G.O.P. Committee; Resentment Hidden,” New York Times, June 14, 1924, 1.

  51. “Women of Both Parties Take Political Stock,” New York Times, July 13, 1924, XX10.

  52. “Olmsted Mere Link in Chain,” Seattle Times, November 25, 1924, 1.

  53. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 155; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  54. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 260; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  55. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 256–57; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  56. “Olmsted Named Plot Chief; Revelle Outlines His Case,” Seattle Times, January 21, 1926, 1.

  57. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 256–57; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  58. Unknown newspaper, dated August 10, 1
930, “Two ‘Roys’ Disrupt Northwest . . . ,” Whitney News Clipping File, 8C. 2011F, Civil Service Commission Records, Record Group 146, National Archives, College Park, MD (hereafter abbreviated as CSC).

  59. John McLean, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 130–32; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  60. John McLean, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 36 and 206; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  61. William Whitney and Harry Behneman offered conflicting accounts of this. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925); trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  Chapter 7

  1. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “Prohibition—The Problem of Enforcement from the Federal Standpoint,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, June 25–July 2, 1924, 55–56 and 60–61; quotation is found on p. 61.

  2. Jack O’Donnell, “Can This Woman Make America Dry?” Collier’s, August 9, 1924, 16–17.

  3. James H. Pope to Mabel Walker Willebrandt, August 11, 1924, Folder: Correspondence between Pope and Mabel Walker Willebrandt, Box 3, JHPP.

  4. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, Winnie, and Fred Horowitz, September 23, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  5. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, October 1, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  6. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Fred Horowitz, October 13, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  7. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, November 11, 1924, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 1, MWWP.

  8. “G.O.P. Plans Hard Campaign in Maine,” New York Times, August 21, 1926, 2.

  9. “Butler and Mellon Confer for Hours,” New York Times, September 4, 1924, 4.

  10. William H. Crawford, “A Big Woman Vote Seen by Mrs. Sabin,” New York Times, October 27, 1924, 8.

  11. “Coolidge Dictated Campaign Policies,” New York Times, November 9, 1924.

  12. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 151; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, Record Group 21, Records of the U.S. District Court for Washington, Pacific Northwest Region, National Archives, Seattle, WA.

  13. William Whitney, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 43–44; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, Record Group 21, Records of the U.S. District Court for Washington, Pacific Northwest Region, National Archives, Seattle, WA.

  14. “Olmsted Named Plot Chief; Revelle Outlines His Case,” Seattle Times, January 21, 1926, 1.

  15. The last notes by agents of the phone taps are made in November. Richard Fryant, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 121; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  16. Elise “Elsie” Olmstead’s testimony is at odds with the version told by Whitney, particularly on this point. He denied threatening her. However, Whitney’s propensity toward violence against men and women was well-known.

  17. William Whitney, Testimony, U.S. v. Olmstead et al., 5 F.2d 712 (W.D. Wash. 1925), 45; trial transcript held in File 3, Box 37, DCW.

  18. “Court Forbids Dismantling of Radio Station,” Seattle Times, November 28, 1924, 1.

  19. “$10,500 in Cash Bail Releases Suspects,” Seattle Times, November 18, 1924, 1.

  20. “U.S. Raid on Olmsted Attorney’s Office,” Seattle Times, November 23, 1924, 4.

  21. “Court Forbids Dismantling of Radio Station,” Seattle Times, November 28, 1924, 1.

  22. “Asks Action on Dry Law,” New York Times, January 19, 1925, 6.

  23. “Asks 4,000 Pastors to Aid New Dry Act,” New York Times, February 28, 1925, 14.

  24. “Wadsworth Wants to Stay in Senate,” New York Times, April 7, 1925, 1.

  25. “Drys Declare War on J. W. Wadsworth,” New York Times, April 15, 1925, 12.

  26. “Mrs. O’Day Assails Wadsworth’s Rule,” New York Times, July 15, 1925, 3.

  27. “Mills and Scudder to Handle Patronage,” Long Islander, May 29, 1925, 15.

  28. “Harmony Not Discord,” Long Islander, May 29, 1925, 1.

  29. “Regular Commuting by Airplane Fire Island Beach to Manhattan,” Suffolk County News, August 28, 1925, 9.

  30. “Burton G. Howe Wins. McDonald Forces Retain Control of County Committee,” Port Jefferson Echo, September 17, 1925, 1.

  31. “McDonald Wins G.O.P. Chairmanship,” Suffolk County News, October 2, 1925, 1, 8.

  32. Katherine Philips Edson to Hiram Johnson, February 14, 1925, Folder 15, Box 1, KPEP.

  33. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, January 29, 1925, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  34. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to the Walkers, February 19, 1925, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  35. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to the Walkers, February 27, 1925, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  36. Thomas Revelle to the Attorney General, January 2, 1925, Folder 23-82-79-1, Box 1627, Class 23 materials, DOJ.

  37. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Rush Holland, Assistant Attorney General, January 16, 1925, Folder 23-82-79-1, Box 1627, Class 23 materials, DOJ.

  38. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to the Attorney General, March 25, 1925, Folder 23-82-79-1, Box 1627, Class 23 materials, DOJ.

  39. “‘Whispering Wires’ Tell Tales; Grand Jury May Hear Names,” Seattle Times, January 4, 1925, 1.

  40. “U.S. Grand Jury to Get Olmsted Expose Monday,” Seattle Times, January 11, 1925, 1.

  41. Senate Select Committee on Investigation of Internal Revenue Bureau, Investigation of the Internal Revenue Bureau: Hearings Before the Committee, 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925, Part 14, 2625–30.

  42. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to J. J. Britt, April 8, 1924, appearing in Senate Select Committee on Investigation of Internal Revenue Bureau, Investigation of the Internal Revenue Bureau: Hearings Before the Committee, 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925, Part 14, 2636–38.

  43. Senate Select Committee on Investigation of Internal Revenue Bureau, Investigation of the Internal Revenue Bureau: Hearings Before the Committee, 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925, Part 14, 2636–38, 2642.

  44. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to the Walkers, April 1, 1925, Folder: Parents, Box 3, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

  45. Senate Select Committee on Investigation of Internal Revenue Bureau, Investigation of the Internal Revenue Bureau: Hearings before the Committee, 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925, Part 14, 2737.

  46. Brown, Mabel Walker Willebrandt, 122. (Actual source is an interview of Grace Knoeller by Dorothy Brown, October 1979.)

  47. Myrtle Walker to Mabel Walker Willebrandt, October 3, 1924, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  48. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, August 2, 1925, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  49. Brown, Mabel Walker Willebrandt, 124. (Actual sources are interviews with Dorothy Van Dyke by Dorothy Brown, October 20, 1978, and in November 1981.)

  50. State Reorganization Commission, Report of the State Reorganization Commission, February 26, 1926, Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Press, 1926, 59–66.

  51. “Four Crime Bills Passed by Senate,” New York Times, April 2, 1926, 2; “$15,000,000 Pay Rise for Teachers Out,” New York Times, April 16, 1926, 10; “Legislature Ends; Teachers’ Pay Rise Voted Amid Clash,” New York Times, April 24, 1926, 1.

  52. “Organize to Get Citizens to Poll,” New York Times, December 14, 1925, 16.

  53. “U.S. to Rush Olmsted Trials,” Seattle Times, January 23, 1925, 1.

  54. “Hubbard Called Him Honest, Says Corwin,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, September 13, 1930, Folder: Whitney News Clippings, Container 2912, CSC.

  55. Exhibit A, September
5, 1925, Roy Lyle to Roy A. Haynes, Federal Prohibition Commissioner “Personal and Confidential,” in a letter from William Whitney to James Yaden, dated November 26, 1927, forwarded by William Whitney to Senator Jones in a letter dated December 16, 1927, Box 272, Folder 1, WJP.

  56. “Jones Admits Part in Hiring Hubbard,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, September 18, 1930, Folder Whitney News Clippings, Container 2912, CSC.

  57. Exhibit A, Roy Lyle to Commissioner Haynes, September 5, 1925, “Personal and Confidential,” Exhibit A in a letter from William Whitney to James Yaden, dated November 27, 1927, forwarded by Whitney to Senator Jones on December 16, 1927, Box 272, Folder 1, WJP.

  58. “Roy Olmsted Jailed; Deputy Sheriff Also Trapped in Rum Raid!” Seattle Times, November 26, 1925, 1.

  59. “Dry Agent Hits Broker and Sheriff in Evidence,” Seattle Times, October 20, 1927, 1.

  Chapter 8

  1. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Fred Horowitz, December 2, 1925, Folder: General Correspondence, Box 4, MWWP.

  2. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 13, 1926, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP; Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, April 21, 1926, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP; Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, circa May 1926, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  3. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, April 21, 1926, Folder: Parents, Box 3, MWWP.

  4. “Alice Chittenden Heads Republican Women; Long Foe of Suffrage, Said Men Would Rue It,” New York Times, January 15, 1926, 1.

  5. “State Republicans Will Confer Today,” New York Times, January 16, 1926, 3.

  6. “Dry Law in Peril, Mrs. Catt Warns,” New York Times, January 17, 1926, 20.

  7. “Longworth Wants Radicals Deported,” New York Times, January 17, 1926, 2.

  8. “Poland Answers Critics of Dry Law,” New York Times, January 12, 1926, 8.

  9. “New State Dry Bill Roils Republicans,” New York Times, January 31, 1926, 21.

  10. “Dry Bill Defeated in State Senate,” New York Times, March 23, 1926, 1.

  11. “Assembly Wets Gain; Expect to Prevent Vote on the Dry Bill,” New York Times, March 26, 1926, 1.