Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition

by Andrew Hodges

  AMT learns 245, 249, 278, 285–6; see also Delilah;

  and ACE plan 294, 328–9, 334;

  lack of at NPL 338, 365–7, 376;

  and Manchester computer 340, 349, 385, 391–4, 402–3, 478

  Elizabeth II, Queen: as princess 371;

  accession of 455

  Ellis, H. Havelock 77, 458

  embryology see under growth

  Emmet, Dorothy 415

  Empress of Scotland (ship) 253, 255, 273

  endocrinology see hormones

  engagement, to be married 206, 216, 264

  engineering and applied science:

  AMT’s mother’s family 3, 16, 23;

  Morcom family 38, 49;

  Beuttell family 56, 68, 136;

  AMT and electrical engineering 140, 155, 181;

  AMT and mechanical engineering 156–7;

  then see electronic engineering

  English Electric (company) 339, 366

  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 300–3;

  influence 304, 306, 317, 335, 342, 347–8, 355, 365n;

  as Turing machine 383, 385

  Enigma (cipher machine):

  description 166–70, 224;

  general German use 147–8, 165;

  indicator systems 171, 173;

  use by German army 220, 223, 237;

  German air force 185–6, 188–191, 200–1;

  German navy 172, 187–90, 195–6, 198–201, 217–9, 222–4, 234, 243–4, 252, 260, 262–3, 288;

  German security service 175, 187

  Ennismore Avenue, Turing family home in see Guildford

  Entscheidungs problem (of Hilbert, q.v.):

  described 91–3;

  AMT attacks 96–109;

  and Church’s work 111–4;

  related problems 143, 412

  Eperson, D. B. 32, 34–5, 38, 43, 51, 129

  Erewhon (Butler) 73–4, 361, 382, 406

  Evening News 352

  evidence, weight of 197, 250, 265–6, 344, 410n

  examinations: Common Entrance 18–20;

  at Sherborne 26;

  School Certificate 31–2;

  Higher Certificate 36–8, 50–1, 58;

  Cambridge scholarship 42–44, 55, 57;

  Cambridge degree (‘Tripos’) 60–1, 67, 88;

  AMT is ‘B-star Wrangler’ 88;

  doctorate, Princeton 131, 145;

  AMT as examiner 145, 152, 482–3

  Exeter 450, 490

  extra-sensory perception 416

  Faster than Thought (Bowden) 478–9

  FBI 242, 498

  Fellowship see under King’s College

  Ferranti 393, 397, 399, 438, 441n, 446, 502n

  Festival of Britain 446, 449, 540

  Fibonacci numbers see numbers

  Finistère (Peters) 486–7

  fir cone 208, 281, 430, 435, 494

  First World War: AMT as boy in 7;

  reaction against 70, 87, 253;

  ciphers in 146, 191

  ‘Fish’ (German cipher machine system) 228–30, 266–7, 276–8, 302, 312;

  see also Colossus

  Fisher, R. A. 197

  floating-point numbers see numbers

  flowers see plants; daisy

  Flowers, T. H. 226–7, 265, 267–8, 290, 311–2, 317, 328, 336, 341–2

  Foreign Office 146, 205, 234, 472n;

  communications of 165, 236, 262;

  see also GC and CS

  formalism (in mathematics) 91, 425

  Forrester, J. W. 354

  Forster, E.M. 70–1, 73, 78, 254, 310, 388, 511–2, 518, 520, 524

  four colour theorem 90n, 341, 341n

  Fourier theory 134n, 278, 278n, 280

  Fowler, Alex D. 249

  Fowler, R.H. 95

  Fox, Leslie 316, 344

  France: AMT likes 10, 14–6, 18;

  role in Enigma 157, 170, 185, 191–2, 194;

  AMT in liberated Paris, 311–2;

  holidays and saga-ettes 386, 396, 428, 448, 484–6

  Frankel, S. 304

  ‘Fred’, see Clayton, F. W.

  free-will see determinism

  Freemasons, AMT sheds light on 68

  Frege, G. 83–4, 91, 215

  Freud, S., Freudian psychology 77, 459

  Friedman, W. 248, 250, 252

  Friends, Society of see Quakers

  Fuchs, K. 499–500, 506

  Furbank, P. N. (Nick) 388–9, 397, 415, 446, 483, 490–1, 496

  Gabor, D. 345

  Galileo 33–4, 418, 472

  Gambier-Parry, R. 270, 287, 346

  games: mathematical theory of 212–3, 373;

  see also chess; draughts; Go; poker; Psychology; hockey; Presents

  Gandy, Robin O.: meets AMT 186, 272–3;

  as wartime colleague 279–80, 287, 289, 345, 355;

  at Cambridge 371, 373, 381, 386, 388;

  as friend, student and logician 396–7, 411, 428, 441, 446, 453, 459, 476–7, 479, 480, 482–5, 489–91, 494–6, 512;

  writes of AMT 516, 520, 522

  gastrulation 431–3, 437

  Gauss 60, 83, 93, 134, 378

  ‘gay’ 448n; see sexuality

  GC and CS (Government Code and Cypher School, at Bletchley Park 1939–1945):

  origin 146–7;

  AMT joins 148–9;

  baffled by Enigma (q.v.) 147–8, 151

  helped by Poland (q. v.) 157–8, 175–6

  moves to Bletchley 160–1;

  Enigma solved by Bombes (q. v.) 176–185;

  problems of success 191–2;

  AMT takes naval Enigma in Hut Eight (q.v.) 186–7;

  is ‘creative anarchy’ 203–4;

  has intellectual life 210–7;

  Churchill’s role 205, 219–221, 240;

  1942 crisis 222, 228;

  AMT as chief analyst 228, 236–7;

  coordination or lack of 217–8, 260–2;

  relations with USA 235–6, 244, 260–3;

  and battle of Atlantic (q.v.) 201, 217, 263;

  electronics at 225–7, 231, 263, 267;

  deadly secrecy of 237–40, 289; and computer plans 292, 294, 329, 331–3, 336;

  post-war references 369, 374, 382–3, 410n, 448n;

  see also GCHQ

  GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 386, 409, 438, 464, 496, 502n, 507–8

  genetics 67–8, 384, 429, 431, 466

  see also DNA

  geometry: axioms of 41, 82;

  also 90, 118, 161, 195

  George V, King 109, 121, 462

  George VI, King 122, 338, 455

  Germany: AMT visits 52, 67, 88–90, 311–2, note 8.46;

  anticipates war with 138, 144;

  refugees from 86, 150–1, 480;

  communications of see Enigma; ‘Fish’;

  precursor of computer in 298–9;

  see also Nazism; Second World War; Atlantic, battle of

  Gervis H. S. 37, 52; Mrs Gervis 20

  Gibraltar 48–9

  Gillett, Miss 10, 51

  Glass, S.J. 468–9

  Gleason, Andrew M. 243, 355

  Glennie, Alick E. 440–1, 478

  Glorious (ship) 189

  Gneisenau (ship) 189, 222

  Go, game of 116, 128, 212, 249, 264, 443

  Gödel, K. 92, 111, 115, 117–8, 133;

  incompleteness of mathematics 92, 102, 125, 131, 133, 142–4, 495;

  significance of this, if any 109, 144, 360–1, 378, 414–5, 419, 523, 540

  Godier, Mme 14

  Gold, T. 328, 375, 411, 512

  Goldstine, H. H. 300, 355

  Golia, F.L. 469

  Golombek, Harry 227, 231–3, 265

  Good, I.J. (Jack):

  and naval Enigma 198, 204, 227–8;

  and chess machines 212–4, 265, 360;

  and ‘Fish’ 266, 277, 301;

  writes on probability 344;

  speculates with AMT 386–8, 391n, 411

&nbs
p; Goodwin, E. T. (‘Charles’) 316, 337

  Göttingen, AMT visits 89

  Government Code and Cypher School

  see GC and CS

  Government Communications Headquarters

  see GCHQ

  Great War see First World War

  Greece 486; Greek 22, 25

  Greenbaum, Franz 480–2, 485, 488, 491, 496;

  Greenbaum, Hilla and Maria 485–6

  Grey Walter, W. 411–2, 446, 469, 469n

  Griffith, R.J. 271

  groups, algebraic theory of 81;

  and AMT’s pre-war work 94–5, 118, 123, 126, 129–31;

  and ciphers 81n, 172, 283;

  and computers 293, 341;

  and word problems 412, 441, 495;

  and physics 81n, 495n

  growth, biological 12–3, 207;

  AMT’s theory of 429–437, 444–5, 447, 466, 476, 492–4; see also hormones

  Growth and Form (D’Arcy Thompson) 207–8, 430

  Guggenheim, V. 441

  Guildford, Surrey: Turings move to 25;

  as home from school 39, 44, 49, 58;

  AMT visits from Cambridge 88, 109, 114, 126;

  in war 206, 216; runs to 346;

  visits from Manchester 439, 463–4, 488, 490, 509;

  cremated near 528

  Gypsy fortune-tellers 15, 496

  Haeckel, E. 492n, 493

  Haggard, Rider 6

  Haldane, J. B. S. 150n, 403–4

  Hale, Cheshire 157; AMT lodges at 395, 414

  Hall, Admiral ‘Blinker’146

  Hall, Philip 62, 94, 123, 130, 144–6, 440, 466, 473

  Halsbury, Lord 438, 447

  Halsey, R.J.290

  Hanslope Park: AMT at 270–316;

  revisits 345;

  ambience of 270–2, 279–80, 286;

  see also Delilah

  Hardy, G.H. 60, 117–8;

  contact with AMT 117, 155, note 2.11;

  compared with AMT 118, 396, 440, 492, 521;

  quoted on mathematics 61, 93–4, 120, 135

  Hardy, Thomas 207

  Harris, Arthur J.M. 22, 54, 59

  Harris, David E.B. 54

  Harrison, J. Fraser, AMT judged by 471–2

  Harrison, Kenneth P. 62, 73–4, 79, 85, 88, 94, 156–7

  Hartree, D. R.:

  and differential analyser 155, 306, 335;

  and ACE 306, 307n, 333, 335, 342, 347–8, 355, 357, 407;

  and Manchester computer 341;

  and Cambridge computer 342, 351

  Harvard University: relay calculator at 299, 300, 302, 306–7, 408;

  AMT attends conference at, 353, 356

  Hazelhurst (prep. school) 7, 10;

  AMT at 10–9, 416

  headmasters see Nowell Smith; Boughey

  Heatley, Norman G. 43

  Hilbert, David 60, 252;

  quoted 60, 135, 472, 520;

  and foundations of mathematics 82–4;

  Hilbert programme 90–4;

  Hilbert space 80–1;

  see also Entscheidungs problem

  Hilton, Peter J. 227, 231–3, 240, 412

  Himmler 254

  Hiscocks, E. S. 307, 335n, 355, 368

  hockey 11, 121, 128, 142

  Hodge, W. V. D. 341

  Hodgkin, Dorothy 410

  Hogben, Lancelot 73, 120, 124, 303

  Hogg, Peter 48, 52, 54, 58–9

  Hollerith machinery see punched cards

  ‘Hollymeade’, AMT’s Wilmslow home, life at 426–8, 444, 452–5, 480, 484, 490–1

  Home Guard 231–2

  Home Office, Secretaries 71, 497, 504–5

  homosexuality see sexuality

  Hooson, Emlyn, AMT accused by 471–2

  hormones, sexual 26, 405; treatment with 467–474, 476, 486, 505, 505n

  Hoskin, N. E. 440

  Hotelling, H. 344

  housemaster see O’Hanlon, G.

  Huskey, Harry D. 355, 365, 367, 372

  Hut Eight (GC and CS, Bletchley Park):

  AMT starts naval Enigma 186, 188–9;

  develops new statistical methods 196–7;

  more staff 195, 198, 227;

  1941 successes 198–201, 217–9;

  relations with Navy 187–8, 201–2;

  AMT as organiser 204, 227;

  complaints to Churchill 220–1;

  U-boat Enigma lost 224–5;

  Mediterranean war 234;

  Hugh Alexander takes over 227, 262, 268;

  marred victory 262–3

  Huxley, Aldous see Brave New World

  Hydra 435, 444

  hydrogen bomb 302n, 413, 510, 519, 526

  IAS (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton): before war 86, 117;

  computer at 342–3, 355–6, 367n, 390n, 413

  IBM 243, 299, 391n

  Ibsen 74, 494

  Iconoscope 321, 343, 356, 413

  imaginary numbers see numbers

  imitation game 266, 415, 417

  index register (on computers) 393n

  India, Indian Civil Service 2–5, 15–6, 25, 369

  indicators (in cipher systems) 164, 171, 173, 185, 327

  information, mathematical theory of 250, 410–1

  Ingham, A. E. 62, 130, 133

  inquest, on AMT’s death 488

  Institute for Advanced Study see IAS

  Institution of Radio Engineers 347, 352

  instructions, instruction tables:

  and Turing machine 106–8, 125, 292–5;

  and Colossus 277, 301;

  and Babbage 297–8, 302;

  and ENIAC 302;

  internal storage of 302–3;

  and ACE 318, 320–8;

  modification of 324, 359–60;

  then see under programming

  integers see numbers, theory of; Peano axioms

  intelligence, human, concept of discussed 362–3, 424–6

  intelligence, machine see under brain

  Intelligence, Military, British see under GC and CS; also secret service (for MI6); security service (for MI5)

  Intelligent Machinery (AMT’s 1948 NPL report) 377–86, 388, 416

  Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (Russell) 81–5

  iodine, iodates 18, 22, 39, 51–2, 56, 76

  Ireland: AMT’s mother and 3, 4, 16, 132;

  holidays 53, 67

  Irvine, Lyn see Newman, Lyn

  Italy, communications of 147–8, 187, 262, 268

  Jabberwocky (Carroll) 66

  ‘James’ see Atkins, James H.

  Japan, communications of 147–8, 234

  Jeans, J. 40, 49, 51

  Jefferson, G. 404–6, 423, 438–9, 450–2

  Jeffries, John R. F. 161, 182

  ‘Joan’see Clarke, Joan

  Johnson, S. Neville 373–4, 387, 396, 426, 464–5, 491, 503

  Jones, R. V. 177–8, 204, 423

  Jones, W. T. 136–7, 142

  Jowett, Lord 505n

  Jung, C. G., Jungian psychology 480, 481n, 515, 520

  K-ray lighting system 56, 114–5

  Karl (refugee boy) 150–1

  Keen, H. (‘Doc’) 181, 227, 262n, 267

  Keen, R. (‘Dick’) 272

  Kendrick, A. M. 147, 195

  Keynes, J. Maynard 70, 87, 94, 369;

  moral philosophy of 70–1, 137, 309, 499, 518, 524

  Kilburn, T. 390, 392, 398, 409

  King’s College, Cambridge:

  scholarship to 57–9;

  AMT resident at 59–115, 133–6, 149–59, 370–89, 396–7, 446;

  rows for 62;

  Studentship, Fellowship at 88, 94, 144–5, 290, 370, 395, 397, 453, 466;

  moral and social ambience 70, 74, 78, 87, 126–7, 149, 371;

  as hall of heresy 483, 500, 509, 524;

  links with GC and CS 147, 161;

  web of connections with 155, 186, 198, 209, 230, 264, 273, 442

  Kinsey, A. C. 459, 461

  Kirwan, Evelyn W. (née Stoney) (aunt),
and family 4, 6

  Kjell from Norway, Kjell crisis 476, 483, 494;

  significance of 503

  Kleene, S. C. 112, 114–5, 117–8, 129, 133

  Knightsbridge barracks 58, 397

  knitting, AMT’s efforts at 207

  Knoop, L. 54, 57

  Knox, A. Dillwyn 147, 151, 157, 161, 187, 208, 268

  Knutsford, Cheshire 471

  Labour party 307–8, 310–1, 362

  Lake district 75, 269, 387

  lambda-calculus 112, 114, 125, 129, 133, 401n

  language, natural, used by computer 382–3, 423–4, 478

  languages, programming 326, 332, 358, 367, 372, 401, 478

  Laplace 64

  Latin 8, 29, 30, 32, 239

  law, criminal, on homosexuality 77, 458, 461–2, 466–7, 482;

  change of 457, 479, 525n, 534n

  learning, learning machines: 266, 358–61, 378–82, 416–7, 442–3, 450–2;

  related to brain physiology 360, 379, 436

  Lee, W. H. (‘Jumbo’) 271–2, 345, 366;

  and Mrs Lee 279–80

  Lefschetz, S. 117, 145

  Leicester 428, 489, 495

  level of description, in science, 64, 96, 107–8, 291, 372;

  AMT’s definitions 383–4;

  as used in Mind paper 405, 418–26, 522;

  and in morphogenesis 432, 434

  Levy, H. 404

  liberalism 70–5, 264, 308–11, 425, 464, 524

  Life Force (Shaw) see under Spirit

  Lighthill, M. J. 444, 447, 477

  lighting, electric 56, 68–9

  Lind-Smith, G. 471–2

  Lindeberg 88

  Littlewood, J. E. 135

  lobotomy 405, 470

  Lockspeiser, B. 393

  logic, mathematical:

  AMT introduced to by

  Russell 81–6;

  introduced to Hilbert programme by Newman 90–4;