by Jane Goodall
2. “from the bulb of squill, Urginea maritima” Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit, “Urginea maritima Summary Report,” The European Agency of the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (April 1999), http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015426.pdf.
3. “used to make rat poison” S. A. Barnett, J. D. Blaxland, F. B. Leech, and Mary M. Spencer, “A Concentrate of Red Squill as a Rat Poison, and Its Toxicity to Domestic Animals,” Journal of Hygiene (London) 47 (1949): 431–33.
4. “five billion dollars in 2003–2004,” “Traditional Medicine,” World Health Organization, December 2008, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/.
5. “a Tanzanian medicine man, Babu Kalunde” Michael A. Huffman, “Self-Medicative Behavior in the African Great Apes: An Evolutionary Perspective into the Origins of Human Traditional Medicine,” BioScience 51 (2001): 651–61.
6. “A recent study showed that female monarch butterflies” Thierry Lefevre, Lindsay Oliver, Mark D. Hunter, and Jacobus C. de Roode, “Evidence for Trans-Generational Medicine in Nature,” Ecology Letters 13 (2010): 1485–93.
7. “Other tests show that sick domestic animals” Sabrina Richards, “Natural-Born Doctors,” The Scientist, October 23, 2012, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32966/title/Natural-Born-Doctors/.
8. “effective against certain microorganisms” Michael A. Huffman, Shunji Gotoh, Daisuke Izutsu, Koichi Koshimizu, and Mohamedi Seifu Kalunde, “Further Observations on the Use of the Medicinal Plant, Vernonia amygdalina (Del), by a Wild Chimpanzee, Its Possible Effect on Parasite Load, and Its Phytochemistry,” African Study Monographs 14 (1993): 227–40. Michael A. Huffman, “Animal Self-Medication and Ethno-Medicine: Exploration and Exploitation of the Medicinal Properties of Plants,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2003): 371–81. Koichi Koshimizu, Hajime Ohigashi, and Michael A. Huffman, “Use of Vernonia amygdalina by Wild Chimpanzee: Possible Roles of Its Bitter and Related Constituents,” Physiological Behavior 56 (1994): 1209–16.
9. “S. Sengupta and other naturalists” S. Sengupta and S. Shrilata, op. cit., 248–49. See also Cindy Engel, Wild Health: Lessons in Natural Wellness from the Animal Kingdom (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 124–25.
10. “extracts from leaves, bark, flowers, seeds, and roots” “Neem—Traditional Medicine,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/neem_traditional_medicine.html. R. Rubapriya and S. Nagini, “Medicinal Properties of Neem Leaves: A Review,” Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents 5 (2005): 149–56.
11. “The Indians’ appreciation of its virtues is reflected” Maithani Alok, Parcha Versha, Pant Geeta, Kumar Deepak, and Dhulia Ishan, “Pharmacological Standardization of Leaves of Azadirachta indica—An Effective Panacea for All Disease,” International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 (2011): 536–68. National Research Council, Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1992). Imam Hashmat, Hussain Azad, and Ajij Ahmed, “Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)—A Nature’s Drugstore: An Overview,” International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 1 (2012): 76–79. Todd Caldecott, “Neem,” accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem. Karyn Maie, “What Are the Benefits of Neem Soap?” Live Strong, June 29, 2010, http://www.livestrong.com/article/159721-what-are-the-benefits-of-neem-soap/. L. J. V. Bevan and P. J. Harrison, “Mpingo 99 Full Report, Mpingo Conservation Project” (2003), http://www.mpingoconservation.org/reports/Mpingo%2099%20Full%20Report.pdf.
12. “Neem ‘cakes’ dug into the earth promote good growth” D. Vanathi and S. Rathika, “Neem—A Boon to Biodynamic Farming,” Neem Foundation, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.neemfoundation.org/neem-articles/neem-updates/editorial-notes/keeping-up-with-neem.html.
13. “during a terrible plague of locusts in Sudan” National Research Council, Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1992).
14. “forty species of cinchona” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Cinchona,” accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/117962/Cinchona. M. M. Grandtner, Dictionary of Trees (The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V., 2005), 207–208.
15. “bad outbreak of avian malaria in Calcutta” S. Sengupta and S. Shrilata, op. cit., 248–49. Cindy Engel, Wild Health: Lessons in Natural Wellness from the Animal Kingdom (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 124–25.
16. “Spanish settlers in South America” Steven R. Meshnick and Mary J. Dobson, “The History of Antimalarial Drugs,” in P. J. Rosenthal, ed., Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New Directions in Drug Discovery (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001), 15–25. Juliet Burba, “Cinchona Bark,” University of Minnesota, accessed July 9, 2013, https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/cinchonabark.
17. “Peru and Bolivia tried to retain their monopoly” Kavita Philip, “Imperial Science Rescues a Tree: Global Botanic Networks, Local Knowledge and the Transcontinental Transplantation of Cinchona,” Environment and History 1 (June 1995): 173–200.
18. “get some seeds and plants of a cinchona” Richard Spruce, Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon & Andes, ed. Alfred Russel Wallace (New York: Macmillan), accessed July 9, 2013, http://ia700302.us.archive.org/10/items/notesofbotanisto00spruuoft/notesofbotanisto00spruuoft.pdf.
19. “They grew readily, and cinchona soon became” “A Short History of Cinchona,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/collections/ecbot/collections/topic/cinchona/a-short-history-of-cinchona/.
20. “Charles Ledger bought seeds of a species of Cinchona” Steven R. Meshnick and Mary J. Dobson, op. cit., 15–25.
21. “supplies from plantations in Java” Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, “Desperately Seeking Quinine,” Modern Drug Discovery (May 2003): 57–58. Nicolas Cuvi, “The Cinchona Program (1940–1945): Science and Imperialism in the Exploitation of a Medicinal Plant,” Dynamis 31 (2011): 183–206. Arthur C. Gibson, “Cinchona, Fairest of the Peruvian Maids,” in Arthur C. Gibson, Economic Botany (Los Angeles: University of California), accessed October 28, 2013, http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cinchona/.
22. “Because of its pretty flowers, this periwinkle” “Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed July 16, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Catharanthus-roseus.htm.
23. “by the eighteenth century it had proliferated in many gardens” “Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don,” GlobinMed, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62844:catharanthus-roseus-l-g-don&catid=367:c. L. S. de Padua, N. Bunyapraphatsara, and R. H. M. J. Lemmons, Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 12: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants (Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1999).
24. “toxic if used improperly” “Madagascar Periwinkle,” WebMD, last modified 2009, http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-637-madagascar%20periwinkle.aspx?activeIngredientId=637&activeIngredientName=madagascar%20periwinkle. See also Kew, op. cit., http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Catharanthus-roseus.htm.
25. “It is a widely used drug of folk medicine” WebMD, op. cit. See “Periwinkle,” WebMD, last modified 2009, http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-476-PERIWINKLE.aspx?activeIngredientId=476&activeIngredientName=PERIWINKLE. “Selected African Botanical Remedies,” Cengage Learning, Table 8.1, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/049511541X_122179.pdf. S. Ponarulselvam et al., “Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. G Don and Their Antiplasmodial Activities,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2 (2012): 574–80.
26. “In 1952 Dr. Robert Noble” Michael F. Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 135–38.
27. “potential of curare was first suggested” Thandla Raghavendra
, “Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs: Discovery and Development,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95 (2002): 363–67.
28. “debut as a ‘wonder drug’ ” H. R. Griffith and G. E. Johnson, “The Use of Curare in General Anaesthesia,” Anesthesiology 3 (1942): 418–20. Philip Smith, Arrows of Mercy (New York: Doubleday, 1969), dust jacket.
29. “American timber importer Robert Larson” Shivani Chaudhry, “The Question for Equity and Efficiency in the Use of Plant Genetic Resources,” thesis (Providence, RI: Brown University, 1999), accessed July 9, 2013, http://envstudies.brown.edu/theses/99CHAUDHRY.pdf. Robert O. Larson, “US Patent no. 4,556,562,” US Patent and Trade Office, accessed July 9, 2013, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4,556,562.PN.&OS=PN/4,556,562&RS=PN/4,556,562.
30. “patents for neem-tree products have been granted” US Patent and Trade Office, search for “neem,” accessed July 9, 2013, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=neem&FIELD1=&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=PTXT.
31. “ ‘aggressive interest in Indian neem’ ” Vandana Shiva, Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights (London: Zed Books, 2001), 60.
32. “in 1960, when the National Cancer Institute” Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, “A Conversation with David Newman, Ph.D.,” NCI CAM News 8 (Spring 2013), http://cam.cancer.gov/newsletter/2013-spring/a_conversation_with_spring2013.html. “Discovery of Camptothecin and Taxol,” American Chemical Society National Chemical Landmarks, accessed July 30, 2013, http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/camptothecintaxol.html. V. Walsh and J. Goodman, “From Taxol to Taxol: The Changing Identities and Ownership of an Anti-Cancer Drug,” Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 21 (July–December 2002): 307–36. G. Ferrandina et al., “Paclitaxel, Epirubicin, and Cisplatin (TEP) Regimen as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: Long-term Results,” Gynecologic Oncology 128 (2013): 518–23.
33. “Ayurvedic medicine originated in India” “Ayurvedic Medicine: An Introduction,” US Department of Health & Human Services, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, last modified July 2009, http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ayurveda/introduction.htm.
34. “93 percent of the most important wild-harvested herbs were endangered” John R. Platt, “Ayurveda Out of Balance: 93 Percent of Medicinal Plants Threatened with Extinction,” Scientific American, April 5, 2010, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2010/04/05/ayurveda-out-of-balance-93-percent-of-medicinal-plants-threatened-with-extinction/.
35. “common over-the-counter herbal remedies” Kelly Kindscher, ed., “The Conservation Status of Echinacea Species,” last modified September 30, 2006, http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wildlife/tes/ca-overview/docs/Plants/Echinacea.pdf. Emily Roberson, “Medicinal Plants at Risk: Nature’s Pharmacy, Our Treasure Chest,” accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf.
36. “In Sri Lanka, where overharvesting is also threatening medicinal plants” Gerard Bodeker, “Medicinal Plant Biodiversity and Local Healthcare: Rural Development and the Potential to Combat Priority Diseases,” in B. Havercort et al., Endogenous Development and Bio-Cultural Diversity (Leusden, The Netherlands: COMPAS Press, 2007), 241–55.
37. “some 2,500 years ago” Antonio Ginja, “Gaia National Park—Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation in Portugal,” Project Noah, May 31, 2013, http://blog.projectnoah.org/post/51803255542/gaia-national-park-wildlife-rescue-and-rehabilitation.
38. “medicinal plants have become endangered” “TRAFFIC Seminar: TCM Experts Commit to Protect Endangered Wild Medicinal Plants and Animals,” TRAFFIC, May 18, 2010, http://www.traffic.org/home/2010/5/18/traffic-seminar-tcm-experts-commit-to-protect-endangered-wil.html.
39. “numerous international NGOs are now working closely with villagers” “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Trade Programme,” TRAFFIC, accessed July 9, 2013, http://www.traffic.org/medicinal-plants/. Youyou Tu, “The Discovery of Artemisinin (qinghaosu) and Gifts from Chinese Medicine,” Nature Medicine 17 (October 2011): xix–xxii.
CHAPTER 11
1. “completely dominated by drug cartels in Mexico” Colleen W. Cook, “CRS Report for Congress: Mexico’s Drug Cartels,” October 16, 2007, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdf.
2. “found charred cannabis seeds” Richard Rudgley, Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (New York: Free Press, 1998), 138. J. Kabelik, Z. Krejci, F. Santavy, “Cannabis as a Medicament,” Bulletin on Narcotics 3 (1960): 5–23.
3. “renowned Greek historian” Herodotus, The Histories (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 259, 652–53. Ethan B. Russo, “History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet,” Chemistry and Biodiversity 4 (2007): 1614–48.
4. “leaf fragments and seeds” Ethan B. Russo et al., “Phytochemical and Genetic Analyses of Ancient Cannabis from Central Asia,” Journal of Experimental Botany 59 (2008): 4171–82.
5. “working in India took note” Russo, Chemistry and Biodiversity, op. cit., 1614–48.
6. “arrived in France by a different route” Thomas G. Russell and Terence M. Russell, “Medicine in Egypt at the Time of Napoleon Bonaparte,” BMJ 327 (2003): 20–27. Russo, Chemistry and Biodiversity, op. cit., 1614–48.
7. “ ‘a route to aestheticism and self-realization’ ” Harold Kalant, “Medicinal Use of Cannabis: History and Current Status,” Parliament of Canada, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/presentation/kalant-e.htm.
8. “cannabis does not cause addiction… in certain situations this is not true” D. M. Fergusson and L. J. Horwood, “Does Cannabis Use Encourage Other Forms of Illicit Drug Use?” Addiction 95 (2000): 505–20. “Sativex Oromucosal Spray: Summary of Product Characteristics,” GW Pharmaceuticals, last modified July 28, 2011, http://www.gwpharm.com/uploads/110728a-uk-spc.pdf. K. A. Schoedel et al., “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Subjective Abuse Potential and Cognitive Effects of Nabiximols Oromucosal Spray in Subjects with a History of Recreational Cannabis Use,” Human Psychopharmacology 26 (2011): 224–36. W. Hall and L. Degenhardt, “The Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Cannabis Use,” Drug Testing and Analysis (2013), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1506/. E. Osuch, E. Vingilis, E. Ross, C. Forster, and C. Summerhurst, “Cannabis Use, Addiction Risk and Functional Impairment in Youth Seeking Treatment for Primary Mood or Anxiety Concerns,” International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health (2013): 1–6. Christina Viskum, Lytken Larsen, Tine Curtis, and Peter Bjerregaard, “Harmful Alcohol Use and Frequent Use of Marijuana among Lifetime Problem Gamblers and the Prevalence of Cross-Addictive Behavior among Greenland Inuit: Evidence from the Cross-Sectional Inuit Health in Transition Greenland Survey 2006–2010,” International Journal of Circumpolar Health 72 (2013), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600424/pdf/IJCH-72-19551.pdf.
9. “reduces neuropathic as well as cancer pain” W. Notcutt, R. Lanford, P. Davies, S. Ratcliffe, and R. Potts, “A Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Randomized Withdrawal Study of Subjects with Symptoms of Spasticity Due to Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Receiving Long-term Sativex (Nabiximols),” Multiple Sclerosis 18 (2012): 219–28. J. R. Johnson, D. Lossignol, M. Burnell-Nugent, and M. T. Fallon, “An Open-Label Extension Study to Investigate the Long-term Safety and Tolerability of THC/CBD Oromucosal Spray and Oromucosal THC Spray in Patients with Terminal Cancer-Related Pain Refractory to Strong Opioid Analgesics,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 46 (2013): 207–18. R. K. Portenoy et al., “Nabiximols for Opioid-Treated Cancer Patients with Poorly Controlled Chronic Pain: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Graded-Dose Trial,” Journal of Pain 13 (2012): 438–49. R. M. Langford et al., “A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlle
d, Parallel-Group Study of THC/CBD Oromucosal Spray in Combination with the Existing Treatment Regimen, in the Relief of Central Neuropathic Pain in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis,” Journal of Neurology 260 (2013): 984–97.
10. “both legalized recreational marijuana” Keith Coffman and Nicole Neroulias, “Colorado, Washington First States to Legalize Recreational Pot,” Reuters, November 7, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-marijuana-legalization-idUSBRE8A602D20121107.
11. “lucrative black-market cash crop” Jon Gettman, “Marijuana Production in the United States (2006),” Bulletin of Cannabis Reform 2 (2006), http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/MJCropReport_2006.pdf.
12. “methods of illegal marijuana growers” “Who, What, Why: How Can You Spot a Cannabis Farm in Your Street?” BBC News, April 30, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17896081. “Cannabis Scratch and Sniff Cards to Track Down Farms,” BBC News, March 19, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21833045.
13. “between 0.3 and 1 percent” “State Industrial Help Statutes,” National Conference of State Legislatures, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/agri/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx.
14. “has as much as 2 to 60 percent” United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, “Why Does Cannabis Potency Matter?” World Drug Report 2009 Series, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2009/June/why-does-cannabis-potency-matter.html.
15. “up to 12 percent morphine” “Poppy Seeds and Anti-Doping,” US Anti-Doping Agency, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.usada.org/poppy-seeds. Graham L. Patrick, “The Opium Analgesics,” in An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).