From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68

by H. H. Scullard

  M. Cary and H. H. Scullard, A History of Rome (3rd ed. 1975).

  T. Mommsen, The History of Rome (Engl. trans. 1911); deals with the Roman Republic and, though old, is a classic.

  A. H. J. Greenidge, A History of Rome, 133–104 B.C. (1904)

  D. Stockton, The Gracchi (1979)

  E. S. Gruen, Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78 B.C. (1968)

  T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic, 3 vols (1923), covering 78–44 B.C.

  E. S. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (1974), covering 78–49 B.C.

  R. Seager, Pompey (1979)

  E. Rawson, Cicero (1975)

  M. Gelzer, Caesar, Politician and Statesman (1968)

  J. M. Carter, The Battle of Actium (1970); despite the title it deals with 44–31 B.C.

  T. Rice Holmes, The Architect of the Roman Empire, 2 vols (1928 and 1931), deals with 44 B.C.–A.D. 14

  A. Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines (1974), a history of the Roman Empire a.d. 14–192

  B. Levick, Tiberius, the Politician (1976)

  V. M. Scramuzza, The Emperor Claudius (1940)

  B. H. Warmington, Nero, Reality and Legend (1969)

  Index

  Accius, L. 164–5

  Achaea 138, 216, 235, 245, 250

  Actium 143–5, 208

  Adherbal 39–40

  Aedui 109–10, 112–13, 236

  Aemilianus, Scipio 3, 10–12, 19–21, 25–7, 38, 40, 163, 167

  Aeneid (Virgil) 200–1

  Afer, Domitius 276

  Afranius, L. 96–7, 115–16, 164

  Africa 66, 123, 138–9, 147, 179, 222, 236, 239, 261–3, 266, 269, 273, 277–8, 282

  see also Mauretania;

  Numidia agrarian reform 37, 50, 54, 92, 96, 98

  see also land reform

  agriculture 146–7, 248, 272–3

  Agrippa, Herod 240–3, 250, 267

  Agrippa, M. Vipsanius 134, 137–9, 144–5, 177, 180–2, 193–4, 208–9, 213–18, 276, 286

  Agrippina the elder 230, 233–4, 237

  Agrippina the younger 240, 244, 255–8

  Albinus, Spurius 40–1, 267

  Alexander Helios 142–3

  Alexandria 91, 118, 127, 141–2, 212, 229–30, 241–2, 249, 280

  Alexandrine influence 160, 165

  allies of Rome 13–15, 88–9

  see also client-kings/kingdoms;

  Italian 14–15, 25–7, 50, 52–5, 77, 148

  Allobroges 94, 107

  Ambiorix 112

  Amminius 241, 253

  Amyntas 142, 208

  Anatolia 62, 88

  animal entertainments 152, 289–91

  annalistic tradition 166–7, 202

  Annals (Tacitus) 230, 252

  Annius Milo, T. 66, 100

  Antiochus IV 250–1

  Antipas, Herod 211, 241

  Antonius, M. 78

  Antonius, M. (orator) 47, 50, 52, 60, 169

  Antony, Marc 104, 115, 119, 137–9, 141, 143, 197;

  Battle of Actium 144–5;

  Battle of Philippi 134–7;

  in the East 137, 140–3;

  in Gaul 133–4;

  rise of 131–2

  Apollodorus of Artemita 105

  Appian 17, 204

  Appius Claudius 22–3, 85

  Aquilius, Manius 33, 46, 52, 63

  Arabia 88, 211–12, 278

  Archelaus 63–4, 142, 208, 211, 234, 265

  architecture 153, 162–3, 192–3, 260

  Ariobarzanes 62, 65

  Ariovistus 98, 108–10

  Aristobulus 87–8

  aristocracy 149–50, 189–90, 283–6

  Aristonicus 25, 33, 62

  Armenia 62, 84–8, 106, 124, 142–3, 209–10, 229, 235, 241, 251, 263, 265–6

  Arminius 218, 228–9

  army 205–8, 245, 253, 262, 269, 271

  see also legions;

  military conduct;

  military dictatorship;

  military officers;

  military reforms;

  influence in political life 43, 51, 134;

  recruitment 42, 47

  Arretium 274–5

  art 161–2, 260

  see also architecture

  Artabanus III 235

  Artavasdes 106, 142, 209

  Artaxes 209

  artisan shop system 274–6

  Arverni 112–13

  Asculum 54–7

  Asia 25, 33, 58, 61–5, 78, 82–8, 96–8, 103, 132–6, 151, 155, 188, 208, 236

  Asia Minor 61–4, 84–5, 118–19, 140, 158, 208–10, 222, 250, 277, 280

  assassination 240, 257–8

  astrology 174, 249, 262

  Atrebates 113, 253

  Atta, T. Quinctius 164

  Attalus 22, 33

  Atticus, T. Pomponius 132, 151, 168

  Augustan principate:

  consolidation 181–3;

  establishment of 176–8;

  first settlement 178–80;

  frontiers 205–19;

  last 25 years of 183–5;

  literature of 199–204;

  magistrates and officials 189–92;

  provinces 219–23;

  public works in Rome and Italy 192–5;

  relations with Senate 185–9;

  religious reforms 197–9;

  second settlement 180–1;

  social reforms 195–7;

  writings 193

  Augustiani 259–60

  St Augustine 174

  Augustus 153, 175, 195, 227, 230, 244, 252, 276, 279, 284, 287–9

  see also Augustan principate;

  Octavian;

  appraisal 223–5;

  in the East 182, 209;

  honours and offices 177–9, 181–2, 184;

  writings 179, 193, 202, 204

  Aurelius, Marcus 215, 276, 287

  Autronius Paetus, P. 90–1

  auxiliaries 207–8, 212–13, 217

  Averni 34

  Bactria 105, 162, 279

  Balbillus, Ti. Claudius 262, 304

  Balbus, Cornelius 97, 121, 213, 284

  Bassus, Aufidius 300–1

  Bastarnae 178, 216

  Belgae 108, 110–11, 253–4

  Belgica 214, 219

  Bellovaci 110, 113

  Bessi 77, 136

  Bestia, L. Calpurnius 37, 40–1

  Bibulus, M. Calpurnius 98–9, 102, 116–17

  biography 167–8, 204

  Bithynia 62–3, 77, 83, 85–6, 89, 155, 165, 208

  Blaesus, Junius 236

  Blossius of Cumae 21, 25, 33

  Bocchus 41, 43, 68

  Bohemia 215, 217, 278

  Bona Dea scandal 96, 99

  Bosporus 88, 118–19, 209

  Boudicca 264–5

  brick industry 275–6

  Brigantes 254, 263

  Britain 108, 214, 240–1, 245, 249–51, 263–5, 275, 277, 282;

  Caesar in 111–12;

  Claudian conquest 252–5

  Britannicus 250, 255–7, 273

  Brundisium 114, 117, 138

  Brutus, M. Iunius 73–4, 129, 131–4, 136–7, 140–1, 149–50, 157, 173, 201

  Burebistas 107, 124

  Burrus, Afranius 256–9, 284

  businessmen 8, 33, 39, 63, 65, 147–8, 151, 280–1

  see also merchants

  Caecina, A. 229, 269

  Caelius Rufus 119, 150, 165

  Caepio, Q. Servilius 44–6, 54, 56

  Caesar 71, 78, 82–3, 89, 151, 153, 158, 168, 185–6, 244, 248, 284, 287;

  appraisal 129–30;

  autocracy 125–30;

  in Britain 111–12;

  Civil War 114–21;

  and Crassus 90–3;

  death of 128–9;

  first consulship 97–9;

  in Gaul 103, 107–14;

  in Germany 111–12;

  policy and administration 124–5;

  and Pompey 97–9, 102–4, 114–17;

 
reform and reconstruction 121–3;

  in Spain 91, 115–16, 120–1, 123;

  triumvirate 96–7, 101;

  will and funeral 132–3;

  writings 167, 202

  Caesarion 120, 127, 143, 145

  calendar reform 122

  Caligula see Gaius (Caligula)

  Callistus 240, 247, 255

  Calpurnia 128, 131

  Calpurnius Siculus 257

  Calvinus, Domitius 75, 118

  Campania 55, 57, 61, 65, 79, 148, 164, 272, 275, 282

  Cantabri 180, 213

  Cappadocia 62–3, 84, 86, 88, 142, 208, 229, 234, 251, 265

  Capreae 230, 233–4, 237–9

  Caratacus 250, 253–4

  Carbo, C. Papirius 26–7, 36

  Carbo, Cn. 38, 44, 60–1, 65–6

  Carnutes 108, 112

  Carrhae 102, 106, 142

  Carthage 30, 213

  Cartimandua 254, 263–4

  Cassius, Dio 126, 182

  Cassius Longinus, C. 106, 129, 131–4, 136–7, 140–1, 157

  Cassius Longinus, L. 39, 44–5

  Cassivellaunus 111–12, 252

  Catiline conspiracy 90–4, 108

  Cato, M. Porcius the elder 17, 147, 166, 173

  Cato, M. Porcius the younger 94–100, 102, 115, 120

  Catullus 160, 165–6

  Catulus, Q. Lutatius 47–9, 60, 68, 73–4, 82, 91–2, 153, 165

  Catuvellauni 111, 252

  Celtic tribes 44, 108, 154

  see also individual tribes

  centralization of administration 246–9

  Chaerea, Cassius 240, 245

  Chalcis 88, 250, 267

  chariot races 288–9

  Chatti 217, 228–9

  Cherusci 217–18, 229

  China 105, 279

  Christianity 249, 261, 291

  Cicero 81–3, 91– 104, 107, 110, 115–21, 125, 128–36, 150–3, 157–60, 164–5, 169–70, 173–4

  Cicero, Q. 112

  Cilicia 68, 83–6, 88, 100, 103, 142–3, 150, 155, 157, 208, 210, 234, 277

  Cimbri 38, 44–5, 48–9, 52

  Cinna, L. Cornelius 58, 60–1, 64, 74, 165

  Cisalpine Gaul 58, 61, 65, 73, 79, 98, 107, 110–12, 132–4, 147, 165, 168, 214

  citizenship 14–15, 52–5, 57–8, 61, 91, 123, 154–5, 206–7, 222, 241–2, 250–2

  city life 154, 221–3, 251, 281–2

  see also urbanization

  Civil Service 191–2, 246–7, 255, 262

  civil wars 60–1, 65–7, 89, 104, 114–21, 134–45, 149, 204

  civitates foederatae/liberae 154–5

  Claudius 202, 237, 239, 241, 276, 287–9;

  accession of 243–5;

  administration 246–9;

  appraisal 256;

  conquest of Britain 252–5;

  palace intrigues 255–6;

  provincial policy 249–52

  Cleopatra 91, 118, 120, 140–5, 197

  Cleopatra Selene 142–3, 213

  client-kings/kingdoms 39, 88, 140, 142, 208–10, 234, 241, 250, 254–5

  Clodia 150, 165

  Clodius, P. 99–103, 107, 112, 150, 152, 165, 194

  Coelius Antipater 168

  Coelius Caldus, C. 162

  Cogidumnus 254

  coinage 55–6, 108, 122, 136, 162, 188, 209–10, 252–3, 257, 259, 261, 269

  collegia 122, 148, 283

  colonies 14, 28, 30–1, 34–5, 37, 50, 92, 123, 147, 213, 222

  see also veteran colonies

  Columella, L. Iunius 273, 301

  comedy 164

  Comitia 38, 59, 67–8, 98, 231

  Comitia Centuriata 59, 100, 191

  Commagene 88, 229, 234, 241, 250–1

  commemorative art 162, 193

  commerce 48, 148, 280–1

  Commius 113, 253

  communications 195, 215, 221, 280

  Concilium Plebis 23, 25, 33, 71

  conspiracies 90–3, 128–9, 180, 240–1, 248, 255, 262–3, 268–9

  constitutionalism 118, 125–6

  Corbulo, Cn. Domitius 250, 262, 265–6, 268

  co-regencies 183, 185, 227, 231

  corn dole 122, 124, 152, 268, 283, 287

  corn laws 28, 46–7, 78, 99

  corn trade 28–9, 46, 84, 133, 147, 248, 280

  Cornelia, mother of Gracchi 20–1

  Cornelia, wife of Pompey 102, 117

  Cornelius, C. 82

  Cornelius Nepos 168

  corruption 30, 78, 149, 157

  Corsica 3, 38, 50, 70, 138, 140, 297

  Cotta, C. Aurelius 77–8, 112

  Cotta, L. Aurelius 38, 81

  Cotta, M. Aurelius 78, 85, 112

  Cotys 235, 241

  Crassus, Licinius 34, 37, 53–4, 169, 216

  Crassus, M. Licinius 65–6, 78–82, 98, 110, 149, 178;

  and Caesar 90–3;

  Parthia 105–6;

  triumvirate 96–7, 101–2

  Crassus Mucianus, P. 172

  Crassus Mucianus, P. Licinius 22

  Crassus, P. Licinius 26, 110

  Crete 84, 88, 133, 154

  Crimea 62, 84

  criminal justice 70–1, 154, 172, 183, 248

  Cunobelinus 241, 252–4

  Curio, C. Scribonius 103–4, 115, 119

  currency 61, 280

  cursus honorum 70, 190

  customs barriers 279–80

  Cyprus 84, 100, 137, 142–3, 155

  Cyrene 77, 83–4, 133, 186, 213, 220, 259

  Dacia 107, 124, 217

  daily routines 285–6

  Dalmatia 140, 215–16, 245

  Dardanus 64, 84

  Dead Sea Scrolls 266

  debt relief 60–1, 85, 93, 116, 122

  Decimus Brutus 111, 115, 132–4, 136

  declining standards 12–13

  deification 193, 198–9, 212, 227, 240, 256, 263

  dictatorship 67–9, 71, 116, 119–21, 124–6

  Didius, A. 263

  Didius, T. 52, 56, 74

  Diodorus 167, 281

  Diophanes 21, 25

  diplomacy 209–10

  Dolabella, Cornelius 78, 119

  Dolabella, P. 131–2, 136

  Dolabella, P. Cornelius 236

  Domitian 232, 238

  Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. 34, 45, 66

  Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. 101, 114–15, 147, 217–18

  Donations of Alexandria 143, 145

  drama 164

  Druidism 108, 235–6, 249, 253, 264

  Drusilla, sister of Gaius 240

  Drusus, brother of Tiberius 183–4, 215, 217, 244

  Drusus, M. Livius the younger 28–31, 38, 53–4, 77

  Drusus, son of Germanicus 233–4, 237

  Drusus, son of Tiberius 227–8, 230, 232–3

  dyarchic division 185–9

  eastern frontier 88, 208–12, 234

  Eclogues (Virgil) 138, 200

  economic conditions 16–18, 32–3, 124, 146–58, 272–83

  education 170–1

  efficiency 247–8

  Egypt 83–4, 124, 175, 177–8, 208, 212, 229–30, 273, 276–7, 279

  see also Cleopatra;

  Ptolemy dynasty of Egypt

  Eleazar 267

  elections 69, 102–3, 116, 119, 125, 190–1, 231, 239

  emperor worship 126–7, 136, 196, 198–9, 212, 221, 236, 242, 249, 255, 263–4, 268

  engineering 163

  Ennius, Q. 163, 170–1, 179

  epic poetry 163–4

  Epicurianism 151, 166, 173, 201

  Equites 7–8, 13, 28–35, 38–41, 77, 81–6, 92, 155–6, 191, 219, 231, 245–6, 281, 286

  see also Senate/Equites relations

  Ethiopia 212, 266

  Etruria 55, 57, 67, 74, 79, 93–4, 148, 272

  everyday life 285–6

  expansion of empire 2–4, 33–4

  Fabius Maximus, Q. 34

  Fabius, Q. 172

  factory systems 274–5, 281

 
Fadus, Cuspius 267

  family life 150

  Fannius, C. 31, 167

  Felix, M. Antonius 262, 267

  Festus, Porcius 267, 309

  Figulus, P. Nigidius 174

  Fimbria 61, 64–5

  finance 85, 177, 187, 237, 247–8, 258–9

  fire of Rome 260–1

  fire-fighting 194

  First Triumvirate:

  Caesar 97–9;

  and Clodius 99–101;

  renewal and breakdown 101–5

  Flaccus, L. Valerius 60–1, 64, 67, 242

  Flaccus, M. Fulvius 26–7, 31–2, 34

  Flamininus 198, 263

  Flavus 127

  Florus, Gessius 267

  Florus, Julius 235–6

  foreign affairs 33–5, 37–8, 61–3, 77–8, 103–4

  foreign cults 122, 174–5, 197, 231, 235–6, 242, 249, 253, 261

  see also Christianity;

  Druidism;

  Judaism

  freeborn labourers 283

  freedmen in civil service 246–7, 255, 262

  Fregellae revolt 27

  Frisii 217, 235, 250, 278

  frontiers 205–19;

  eastern 88, 208–12, 234;

  maps 224;

  northeast 107, 124, 140, 211;

  northern 41, 77, 214–19, 228–9, 235, 250, 255, 269

  Fulvia, wife of Antony 137–8

  Gabinius, A. 82–3, 87, 99, 101, 118, 124

  Gaetulicus, Cn Cornelius 240–1

  Gaius (Caligula) 234, 237–40, 244, 249–50, 267, 284, 288;

  provincial policy 240–2

  Gaius Caesar, son of Julia and Agrippa 183–4, 210, 226

  Galatia 62, 88, 119, 142, 208, 265–6

  Galba 240, 269, 271

  Galilee 211, 241, 267–8, 307–8

  Gallaeci 213

  Gallus, C. Cornelius 178, 212

  Gannascus 250

  Gaul 93, 101, 123, 178–9, 188, 199, 213–14, 220–1, 235–6, 241, 250–2, 268–9, 273–7, 281–2

  see also Cisalpine Gaul;

  Transalpine Gaul;

  Transpadane Gaul;

  Antony in 133–4;

  Caesar in 103, 107–14;

  Marius in 45–9

  Gellius, Cn. 167

  Gemellus, adopted son of Gaius (Caligula) 237–9, 242

  genealogy, Julio-Claudian 270

  Georgics (Virgil) 84, 200

  Germanic tribes 41, 44, 48, 108–9, 113, 216–17

  see also individual tribes

  Germanicus 184, 216, 218, 226–30, 232, 235, 244

  Germany 111–12, 214, 217–19, 229, 240–1, 250–1, 269, 275, 277–8

  Geta, Cn. Hosidius 250, 253

  Glabrio, Acilius 29, 83, 86

  gladiators 79, 152, 245, 259, 289