From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68

by H. H. Scullard

  glass industry 275, 277

  Glaucia, C. Servilius 45, 47, 50

  Gracchi, importance of 32–3

  Gracchus, Gaius 23, 26–7, 34–5, 99, 151, 169;

  legislation 27–30;

  opposition to 30–2

  Gracchus, Tiberius 1, 5, 19, 33, 69, 145;

  appraisal 24–5;

  background 20–2;

  land reform 22–4

  Graeco-Roman culture 159–61

  Greece 63–5, 114, 116–17, 138, 141, 277, 280

  Greek cities 77, 89, 116, 148, 154, 159

  Greek cultural influence 8–10, 61–2, 89, 105, 108, 259, 262–3, 282, 288

  Hadrian 193, 280, 283

  Hannibalic War 3, 5, 16–17, 166

  Hellenistic monarchy 127–8, 198–9

  Helvetii 108–9

  Herod see Agrippa, Herod;

  Antipas, Herod

  Herod the Great 141, 204, 210–11, 265

  Hesiod 200

  Hippalus 278

  Hirtuleius 75–6

  historical writing 105, 166–9, 202–4

  Homanades 208, 222

  home-production 274

  homines novi 39, 42, 44, 77, 92, 95, 284

  Horace 137, 163–4, 179, 183, 197, 199–202, 215, 272

  Hortensius Hortalus, Q. 78, 81–2, 169

  humanitas 136, 150

  Hyrcanus 87–8, 141

  Iapudes 140, 215

  Iceni 254–5, 264

  Idumaea 211, 268

  Illyricum 98, 107, 132, 140–1, 179, 188, 215–17, 227, 279

  India 105, 211–12, 278–9

  industry 148–9, 273–7

  Isauria 83, 208

  Isidore of Charax 105

  Isodorus 242

  Italian Confederacy 13–14

  Italian War 54–8

  Italy

  see also Rome:

  administration 188;

  allies 14–15, 25–7, 50, 52–5, 77, 148;

  map 290;

  public works 194–5

  Ituraea 210, 241

  Iulus Classicianus 265

  Iuvenes/Iuventus 196–7, 206

  Jerusalem 210, 267–8, 308–9

  Jesus Christ 235, 307–9

  Jews, policies towards 122, 211, 231, 235, 241–2, 249, 267–8

  Juba I, king of Numidia 115, 119–20

  Juba, king of Mauretania 213

  Judaea 87–8, 141, 210–11, 220, 235, 240, 242, 250, 263, 267–8

  Judaism 122, 211, 231, 235, 241–2, 249, 267–8

  judicial legislation 30, 53–4, 70–1, 81, 245–6

  Jugurtha 39–43

  Julia, daughter of Augustus 138, 183–4, 226

  Julia, daughter of Caesar 98, 102, 117, 150

  Julia Livilla 240, 297

  Julio-Claudian economy 272–83

  Julio-Claudian genealogy 270

  jurisdiction 186–7, 248

  Juvenal 287

  Laberius, Decimus 164–5

  Labienus, Q. 141

  Labienus, T. 92, 110, 112, 120–1, 141

  Laelius 19–20

  Lampon 242

  land commissions 25–7, 50

  land problem 16–18

  land reform 19–22, 24–5;

  Gaius Gracchus 27–30;

  Tiberius Gracchus 22–4

  latifundia 16–17, 272–3

  Latin allies 14–15, 25–7, 50, 52–5, 77, 148

  Latin rights 123, 250

  Latium 55, 272–3

  law-courts issues 29, 44, 46, 70–1, 78, 81, 122, 151, 186–7, 231

  lawyers 171–2

  legal science 171–2

  legions 48, 206–7, 219, 253

  legislation 186;

  leges Iuliae 195;

  lex Aebutia 172;

  lex Aelia Sentia 196;

  lex agraria 22, 50;

  lex Annalis 45, 80;

  lex Aurelia 81;

  lex Caecilia-Didia 52, 54;

  lex Campana 98;

  lex Claudia 7–8;

  lex curiata 134;

  lex de repetundis 122;

  lex Domitia 92;

  lex Fufia Caninia 196;

  lex Gabinia 83;

  lex Gellia-Cornelia 76;

  lex Hortensia 7;

  lex iudiciaria 44;

  lex Iulia de repetundis 99;

  lex Julia 57, 156;

  lex Licinia Pompeia 102;

  lex Manilia 86;

  lex Papia Poppaea 196;

  lex PlautiaPapiria 57;

  lex Plotia de reditu Lepidanorum 82;

  lex provinciae 154–5;

  lex rogata 155;

  lex Rubria 37;

  lex Terentia Cassia frumentaria 78;

  lex Valeria 67;

  lex Valeria Cornelia 191;

  lex Villia Annalis 70

  leisure 286–9

  Lentulus, Cossus Cornelius 213

  Lentulus Spinther 100–1

  Lepidus, M. Aemilius 71, 73–4, 77, 115–16, 120–1, 125, 134, 138, 140, 183, 240;

  Second Triumvirate 131–2, 134–7, 139

  Libo Drusus, Scribonius 232

  Licinius Macer, C. 78, 167

  Ligurian tribes 34, 108, 215

  literature 9, 163–6, 199–204, 257

  Livia 138, 226–7, 230, 233, 287

  Livilla 232–3

  Livius Andronicus 163, 170

  Livy 202–4, 220, 244

  lower classes 151–3, 283

  Luca Conference 101, 110

  Lucan 257, 262

  Lucania 55–6, 79

  Lucilius, C. 163, 171, 201

  Lucius Caesar, son of Julia and Agrippa 183–4, 226

  Lucretius 165–6, 173–5

  Lucullus, L. Licinius 63–4, 78–9, 83–7, 89, 96, 157

  Lucullus, M. 79–80

  Lusitania 52, 74, 213, 258, 269

  luxury goods 149–50, 252, 261

  Lycaonia 33, 208

  Lycia 83, 245, 249–50

  Lyons Tablet 252

  Macedonia 77–8, 80, 99–100, 107, 132–3, 136, 141, 178–80, 216, 235, 245, 250, 263, 280

  Macedonian Wars 3–4

  Macro, Sutorius 234, 238–9, 242

  Maecenas, C. 134, 138, 200–1, 203–4

  magistracy 70, 125, 189–92

  Maiden Castle 254

  Mallius, Cn. 44, 46

  Mamilius, C. 40–1

  Mancinus, Hostilius 21

  Manilius, C. 83

  Manlius, L. 93

  manumission laws 196

  Marcellus, C. 104

  Marcomanni 214, 217–18, 235, 278

  Marius 38, 74, 82, 98, 167, 171;

  and Africa 39–43, 47;

  appraisal 51;

  background 38–9;

  and Cinna 60–1;

  in Gaul 45–9;

  and Mithridates 62;

  and Saturninus 47;

  sixth consulship 49–51;

  Social War 56–7;

  and Sulla’s capture of Rome 58–60

  Maroboduus 217–18, 229

  marriage laws 195–6

  Marsi 55–6, 228

  Marullus 127

  Massilia 34, 45, 116

  Massiva of Numidia 40

  Mauretania 41, 43, 121, 212–13, 240–2, 249–51, 264

  Media 142–3

  Memmius, C. 40, 50, 66, 165–6

  memoirs 167–9, 202

  Menapii 110, 112

  merchants 40, 42, 63, 280–1

  Mesopotamia 106, 124

  Messalina 244, 255

  Messalla Corvinus, M. Valerius 203

  Messalla, Valerius 137, 221

  metal industry 275, 280

  Metelli pre-eminence 38–9, 47

  Metellus Caprarius, C. 38, 47

  Metellus Celer 96–7, 165

  Metellus Delmaticus, L. 37–8

  Metellus Macedonicus, Q. 26

  Metellus Nepos, Q. 95

  Metellus Pius 65, 69, 74–6, 80

  Metellus, Q. Caecilius 35, 41
–2, 84, 150

  Metellus Scipio 103–4

  middle classes 286

  see also businessmen;

  merchants

  military conduct 12–13

  military dictatorship 176, 179

  military officers 48, 206

  military reforms 47–8, 187–8, 205–8

  Milo 102–3, 119, 194

  mime 164–5

  mining industry 280, 283

  Mithridates, king of Armenia 235

  Mithridates, king of Pontus 47, 57–8, 61–3, 76–8, 82–4, 87, 119, 148, 157

  Mithridates of Pergamum 118–19

  Mithridatic Wars 59, 63–5, 77–8, 83–8

  Moesia 216, 219, 235

  monarchy question 127–8

  morality 150, 196–7, 201, 203, 273

  Morini 110–11

  municipal privileges 222–3, 251

  Murena, L. Licinius 65, 93, 107

  music 259, 288

  mutinies 61, 116, 228, 255

  Nabataeans 88, 211, 281

  Naevius 9, 163

  Narbonensis 33–4, 49, 75, 123, 134, 138, 188, 213, 222

  Narcissus 247, 255–7

  navy/naval engagements 84, 139, 143–5, 207–8

  Neopythagoreanism 174, 293, 303, 305

  Neoterici 165

  Nero 255–6, 282, 284, 286, 288–9;

  and Agrippina 256–8;

  appraisal 269–71;

  and the arts 259–60;

  conspiracies 262–3, 268–9;

  fire/rebuilding of Rome 260–1;

  provinces under 263–8;

  Seneca/Burrus administration 258–9

  Nero, son of Germanicus 233–4

  Nervii 108, 110, 112

  new men 39, 42, 44, 77, 92, 95, 284

  Nicolaus of Damascus 204

  Nicomedes II 62–3, 65

  Nicomedes III 85

  Norbanus, C. 46, 61, 65

  Noricum 214–15, 219, 250

  northeast frontier 107, 124, 140, 211

  northern frontier 41, 77, 214–19, 228–9, 235, 250, 255, 269

  Novius 164

  Numidia 39–43, 47, 115, 119–20

  Numidicus, Metellus 39, 44, 47, 50–1

  Nymphidius Sabinus 269

  Octavia, daughter of Claudius 255

  Octavia, wife of Antony 138–41, 145, 193

  Octavia, wife of Nero 257, 260

  Octavian 140, 153

  see also Augustan principate;

  Augustus;

  Battle of Actium 144–5;

  Battle of Philippi 134–7;

  consolidation of the West 137–40;

  establishment of principate 176–8;

  rise of 132–4

  Octavius, Cn. 58, 60

  Octavius, M. 23, 25, 28, 38

  Odes (Carmina) (Horace) 201–2

  Opimius, L. 31, 36–7, 40–1, 94

  Opimius, Q. 77–8

  Optimates/Optimate cause 6, 47, 58, 60, 68, 73, 77, 83, 90–1, 95–6, 99, 102, 104, 125, 171

  oratory 169–70

  Orodes II 105–6, 141

  Ostia 46, 60, 122, 248, 259, 261, 280–2, 293

  Ostorius Scapula, P. 254–5, 263

  Otho 258, 269, 271

  Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso) 203–4, 289

  Pacorus 141

  Paetus, L. Caesennius 265–6

  Paetus, Thrasea 262

  painting 161

  palace intrigues 256

  Palestine 87, 211, 235, 242, 266–8, 306–7

  Pallas 247, 255–7, 267

  Pamphylia 83, 208

  Panaetius of Rhodes 10, 173

  Pannonia 183, 215–17, 219, 227–8, 232, 236

  Paphlagonia 62, 88

  Papius Mutilus 56–7

  Parisii 112, 214

  Parthia 62, 86–8, 103–6, 124, 138–43, 157, 208–10, 229, 235, 241, 251, 265–6, 279

  past, respect for 140, 178–80, 195, 197–8, 201–2, 244, 248–9

  patronage 128, 151–2, 162, 199–200, 285

  St Paul 261, 267, 280

  Pennus, Iunius 27

  People 7–8, 39–41, 45–6, 53, 59–60, 67, 69, 71, 83, 98, 186, 192, 231

  see also Populares;

  Senate/People relations

  Periochae (Livy) 202–3

  Perperna, M. 33, 66, 75–6

  Perusia, siege of 137

  St Peter 261

  Petreius, M. 116, 120

  Petronius, C. 212, 262

  Petronius, P. 242, 281

  Pharisees 266, 268, 307, 309

  Pharnaces 87–8, 118

  Pharsalus 119, 129

  Philip, king of Macedonia 198–9

  Philip of Ituraea 211, 241

  Philippi, Battle of 134–7

  Philippus, L. Marcius 54, 73–4

  Philo 242

  philosophy 9–10, 173

  see also Epicurianism;

  Neopythagoreanism;

  Stoicism

  Phraates 86–7, 209–10

  Phrygia 9, 33, 85, 174, 293, 306

  Picenum 54–5

  piety 197

  Pilate, Pontius 235–6

  piracy 47, 52, 65, 76–8, 82–4, 100, 140, 148, 250

  Pisidia 208–9

  Piso, C. Calpurnius 93, 262

  Piso, Cn. Calpurnius 229–30

  Piso, L. Calpurnius 11–13, 99, 166, 180, 216

  Plautius, Aulus 250, 253–4

  Plautus 163–4

  Pliny 153, 273

  Pliny the elder 238, 301–2

  Plutarch 17, 167–8, 204

  poetry 163–6, 199–204, 259

  Polemo 142, 209, 266

  political division of labour 185–9

  political reforms 69–70, 77–8, 81, 99, 103, 124–5, 183, 231, 245–6

  Pollio, Asinius 97, 134, 138, 141, 200, 202, 204

  Polybius 4, 7, 10–11, 13, 167

  Pompeii 57, 148, 154, 259, 272, 274–6, 289, 293–5, 305

  Pompeius Rufus, Q. 58, 60

  Pompeius, Sextus 132, 135, 138–9

  Pompeius Trogus 204

  Pompey Magnus 65–7, 71, 82, 91, 111, 149–50, 155–6, 167;

  and Caesar 97–9, 102–4, 114–17;

  and Cicero 95–6;

  and Clodius 100–2;

  commands of 82–3;

  and Crassus 80–1;

  and Lepidus 73–4;

  and Lucullus 84–6;

  Mithridatic Wars 84–8;

  pirates 83–4;

  senatorial administration 77–9;

  and Sertorius 74–7;

  settlement of the east 88–9;

  Spartacus 79–80;

  triumvirate 96–7

  Pomponius, L. 164

  pontifical law 172

  Pontus 61–4, 78, 83, 85–6, 88–9, 118, 142, 155, 209, 263, 266

  see also Mithridates, king of Pontus

  Popillius, P. Laenas 25, 28, 37, 44–5

  Poppaea 258, 260–2

  Poppaedius Silo, Q. 54, 56–7

  Populares 6, 23, 33, 77, 95–6

  Porcia 129, 150

  portraiture 162

  Posidonius 160, 167, 173–4

  Postumius, L. 15

  Postumus, Agrippa 227

  Praetorian Guard 206, 233–4, 243, 257, 260, 262, 269

  Prasutagus 254, 264

  Primus, M. 180

  private law 171–2

  proletariat 152

  Propertius, Sextus 203

  proscriptions 67–9, 73, 92–3, 136, 149, 264

  provinces 154–8;

  Augustan principate 219–23;

  Caesar’s reforms 122–3;

  under Claudius 249–52;

  division of 178–9;

  maps 224;

  under Nero 263–8;

  senatorial 213, 219, 236, 245, 247, 250

  provincial administration 70, 99, 154;

  declining standards 13;

  and defence 212–14;

  governors 30, 156–7, 221;

  under Tiberius 23
4–6

  provincial senators 125, 245, 252, 284

  Ptolemy dynasty of Egypt 2–3, 91, 98, 101, 117–18, 141–3

  see also Cleopatra

  Ptolemy, king of Cyprus 100

  Ptolemy, king of Mauretania 241, 250

  public disturbances 24, 50, 59–60, 95, 132, 182, 241, 267–8

  public games 102, 152–3, 183, 197, 231, 249, 259–60, 263, 287–9

  public works 48, 122, 124, 177, 192–5, 248, 260–1, 263, 282

  publicani 65, 89, 148, 151, 156–7, 220–1, 279

  Punic Wars 3–4, 11

  Pyrrhus 2

  Quadrigarius, Claudius 167, 202

  Quinctius, L. 78

  Quintillian 163–4

  Quirinius of Judaea 220

  Quirinius, P. Sulpicius 208

  Raetia 214–15, 219

  realism in art 162

  Regni 254–5

  religion 9, 126, 174–5, 183, 231, 242, 248–9, 261, 267, 287

  see also emperor worship;

  foreign cults;

  Sibylline Oracles

  religious reforms 45, 197–9

  Republican cause 129, 134, 136–9, 244, 262

  Res Gestae (Augustus) 179, 193, 204

  rhetoric 171

  Rhodes 63, 83, 171, 184, 226, 258

  Rhoemetalces II 235

  road system 195, 214, 280

  Roman rule, merits 157–8

  romanization 123, 146, 195, 207, 213, 221–3, 249, 251–2, 282

  Rome:

  administration 188;

  building/rebuilding 153–4, 192–5, 260–1

  (see also architecture;

  public works);

  fire of 261;

  Sulla’s capture of 58–60

  Roscius, L. 115

  Roscius Otho 82

  Rufus, Egnatius 182, 194

  Rufus, Faenius 259–60, 262

  Rufus, M. Minucius 31, 38

  Rufus, P. Rutilius 44, 48, 53, 157

  Rupilius, P. 12, 25, 46

  Sabaeans 211–12

  Sabinus, Q. 110, 112

  sacred law 171–2

  Sacrovir, Julius 235–6

  Sadducees 266–7, 307

  Salassi 194, 215

  Sallust 40–1, 74, 121, 167–9

  Salvidienus Rufus, Q. 137–8

  Samaria 268, 308

  Samian ware 148, 274–5

  Samnium 55, 57, 66–7

  Sardinia 38, 66, 115, 138, 155–6, 231, 263

  Sarmantian tribes 209, 266

  satire 163, 273

  Saturninus, C. Sentius 52, 62, 73, 92, 182

  Saturninus, L. Appuleius 46–7, 49–50

  Scaevola, P. Mucius 21–2, 24, 53, 172

  Scaurus, M. Aemilius 38–40, 45–6, 53, 88

  Scepticism 173

  scholarship 171

  science 173

  Scipio, L. 61, 65

  Scipio Nasica, P. 24–5, 33

  Scordisci 37–8, 44, 52

  Scribonianus, Furius Camillus 245, 255

  sculpture 161–2

  Scythian tribes 62, 209

  Second Triumvirate:

  Battle of Actium 143–5;