Heligoland
Page 27
26. CO 118/1, p. 26.
27. ADM 1/557, p. 228; CO 118/1, p. 116.
28. The Times, 15 June 1811.
29. The Times, 5 November, 20 December 1810.
30. ADM 1/557, p. 310.
31. CO 118/1, p. 96.
32. Holland, Rose et al., Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 2, pp. 114–15, 279; W. Lindsay, History of Merchant Shipping, vol. 2; Galpin, Grain Supply of England, pp. 179–80.
33. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires, p. 76.
Chapter 2: Gibraltar of the North Sea
1. ADM 1/557, pp. 15, 234.
2. CO 118/1, p. 32; An Account of the Interesting island of Heligoland, 1811.
3. ADM 1/557, pp. 201, 234; Hindmarsh, From Powder Monkey to Governor, p. 146.
4. The Times, 15 June 1812, 3 February 1814.
5. Hindmarsh, From Powder Monkey to Governor, p. 152; CO 118/24, 7 October 1842.
6. The Times, 22 March 1825.
7. Black, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, ‘Heligoland – the Island of Green, Red and White’, August 1890, p. 160.
8. CO 118/1, pp. 26, 110, 115; The Times, 22 March 1849.
9. Busch, Bismarck; The Times, 31 January 1849.
10. Hardinge, The Life of Henry Howard Molyneaux Herbert, vol. 3, pp. 34–40; CAB 18/8A; PRO 30/6/52.
11. CO 700, Heligoland, p. 6; The Times 19 October 1886, 23 June 1890.
12. Laurie, ‘Pondicherry for Heligoland in 1871’; The Times, 7 June 1871.
13. Butler, Bismarck, p. 33.
14. Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. 1, pp. 172–3.
15. Ibid, p.174.
16. PRO 30/29/22A/9.
Chapter 3: Rivalries in Africa
1. Foreign Office, German Colonisation, p. 69.
2. Ibid, pp. 21–2.
3. Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. 1, pp. 170–5; Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, pp. 189, 205.
4. Aydelotte, Bismarck and British Colonial Policy, p. 71; Gillard, ‘Salisbury’s African Policy’, p. 653.
5. Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. IV, pp. 291–2; Kennedy, Salisbury 1830–1903, p. 219.
6. Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. IV, pp. 291–4.
7. Foreign Office, German Colonization, p. 68.
8. Amery, The German Colonial Claim, 1939, p. 60.
9. Holland, Rose et al., Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. III, pp. 264–5.
10. Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, pp. 49–72.
11. Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. IV, p. 254.
12. Atlas of the British Empire, p. 123.
13. Foreign Office, German Colonization, p. 97.
14. McEwan, Nineteenth Century Africa, p. 252; Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, p. 62.
15. Stationery Office, Germany, vol. II, p. 202.
16. Palmer, The Kaiser, p. 130.
17. Foreign Office, German Colonization, p. 98.
18. Louis, ‘Sir Percy Anderson’s Grand African Strategy’; Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. IV, p. 282; Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. 2, p. 30.
19. Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, pp. 49–72.
20. McEwan, Nineteenth Century Africa, p. 252; Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. IV, pp. 289– 90; Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. II, pp. 32–4.
21. Palmer, The Kaiser, p. 39.
22. Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, pp. 37, 41.
23. Foreign Office, German Colonization, pp. 99–100.
24. FO 881/6146.
Chapter 4: Queen Victoria Opposes
1. Buckle, The Letters of Queen Victoria 1862–1901, vol. 1, p. 606.
2. Ibid, p. 612.
3. Ibid, p. 614; CAB 41/21/42.
4. Robert Cecil, ‘The Danish Duchies’, Quarterly Review, January–April 1864, 236–87.
5. Spinner, George Joachin Goschen, p. 160.
6. CAB 41/21/42.
7. FO 93/36/31.
8. Spinner, George Joachin Goschen, p. 160.
9. Buckle, The Letters of Queen Victoria, vol. 1, p. 614; C. 6043.
10. Hansard, 29 June 1890, 1311.
11. House of Commons Debate, 19 June 1890, 1370.
12. House of Commons Debate, 24 June 1890, 1790.
13. CO 346/6.
14. House of Commons Debate, 25 July 1890, 922.
15. Robert Heron-Fermor, A Speech in Condemnation of the Cession of Heligoland, and Prussia in Relation to the Foreign Policy of England.
16. House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1258.
17. House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1259, 1262.
18. House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1260–1.
19. House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1275, 1287.
20. House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1274–5, 1290.
21. House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 800.
22. House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 957.
23. House of Commons Debate, 25 July 1890, 976; House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 756.
24. House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 787; Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, p. 300.
25. Piggott, ‘The Integrity of the Empire’, p. 240.
Chapter 5: Swapped
1. Barkly, Among Boers and Basutos.
2. Boyson, The Falkland Islands, pp. 155–7.
3. Barkly, From the Tropics to the North Sea, pp. 120, 143.
4. CO 346/6: 1 February 1889, 18 July 1889, 28 April 1890.
5. Boyson, The Falkland Islands, p. 155.
6. CO 346/6: 5 August 1889, 17 February 1889.
7. Ibid, 10 March 1890.
8. Ibid, 1 July 1890.
9. Ibid, 21 July 1890.
10. Ibid, 2 July 1890.
11. Ibid, 18 August 1890.
12. Ibid, 5 August 1890.
13. Ibid, 23 July 1890, 31 July 1890.
14. ADM 53/12908: 6–8 August 1890.
15. CO 346/6.
16. The Times, 11 August 1890.
17. Barkly, From the Tropics to the North Sea, p. 255.
18. ADM 53/12908: 9 August 1890.
19. The Times, 11 August 1890.
20. ADM 53/12908: 10 August 1890.
21. Barkly, From the Tropics to the North Sea, p. 256.
22. CO 346/6: 4 October 1890, 20 April 1891, 24 July 1891, 3 August 1891.
23. Ibid, 4 October 1890, 24 October 1890.
Chapter 6: The Riddle of the Sands
1. C. 4582–7.
2. Cecil, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, pp. 301-2
3. Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan, pp. 555–6. Hurd, ‘The Kaiser’s Dream of Sea Power’, p. 218.
4. Dear, The Champagne Mumm Book of Ocean Racing, pp. 14–19.
5. Drummond, The Riddle, pp. 57–61.
6. Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, pp. 27–8; Kaiser Wilhelm II, My Memoirs 1878–1919, pp. 83–4.
7. Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, pp. 31–3, 38.
8. Marder, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 1, pp. 113–14.
9. Kennedy (ed.), The War Plans of the Great Powers, pp. 183–90.
10. Drummond, The Riddle, pp. 195–7; Kaiser Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, p. 232.
11. Black, ‘From Heligoland to Helgoland’; Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol 3, p. 359.
Chapter 7: Churchill Prepares to Invade
1. Lockley, I Know an Island, p. 164.
2. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone, p. 455.
3. Ibid, p. 467.
4. Everyman’s Encyclopaedia, 1932.
5. Ring, Erskine Childers, pp. 157–67.
6. Churchill, The Aftermath, 1926.
7. CAB 1/20/5.
8. The Times, 21 September 1917.
9. Hoehling, The Great War at Sea, p. 247; ADM 137/2712, ADM 137/2710; Foulkes, The St
ory of the Special Brigade, p. 240.
10. Palmer, The Kaiser, p. 208.
11. Hoehling, The Great War at Sea, pp. 250–2.
12. Lockley, I Know an Island, p.165.
13. Fisher, Records, p. 244.
14. Ibid, p. 245.
Chapter 8: Project Hummerschere
1. Matheson, ‘The Dismantling of Heligoland’, p. 551.
2. ADM 195/52.
3. FO 371/23059/C23663.
4. FO 371/23059.
5. Longmate, The Bombers, p. 64.
6. AIR 34/681.
7. HO 196/29.
8. FO 371/2201.
9. Skentelbery, Arrows to Atom Bombs, HMSO, pp. 169–70.
10. Cooper, Beyond the Dams to the Tirpitz, p. 196.
11. The Times, 20 April 1945; Brickhill, The Dam Busters, p. 257.
12. The Times, 5 May 1945.
13. ADM 179/537.
Chapter 9: ‘Big Bang’
1. The Times, 15 May 1945.
2. ADM 1/18270.
3. PRO 30/26/197.
4. BJ 1/267.
5. Cathcart, Test of Greatness, pp. 43–4
6. Richards, Portal of Hungerford, pp. 361–3
7. Daily Telegraph 14 April 1947, 18 April 1947; Daily Express 19 April 1947.
8. PRO 30/26/197; ADM 1/20734.
9. Nanson, ‘Heligoland’, p.7; ES/221.
10. FO 371/55.
11. ES 1/3.
12. AIR 20/7272; AIR 27/2397.
13. AVIA 65/1153.
14. Macbean and Hogben, Bombs Gone, p. 269; Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 589.
15. D 2/16.
16. AVIA 6/12298.
17. AIR 29/1295, p. 16.
18. AIR 2/10012.
19. Macbean and Hogben, p. 272.
20. PREM 8/1375.
21. AIR 20/4752; AIR 14/4216.
22. HO 196/28.
23. AIR 8/2349.
24. Bird, Operation Hurricane, p. 94.
Chapter 10: The Islanders Return
1. House of Commons Debate, 28 July 1950, 910.
2. PREM 8, Cabinet Defence Committee, 20/2/51.
3. FO 1032/2492.
4. FO 371/187181; The Times, 31 August 1964.
5. FO 371/183181.
6. FO 371/187181.
Chapter 11: Forgotten Island
1. Collyer, Rain Later, Good, pp. 48–51
2. Drower, Britain’s Dependent Territories, pp. 12, 146–5, 176–8.
3. Met Office, Sea Areas Used in BBC & GPO Bulletins for Shipping, 2001.
4. Durham, ‘Poole to Sweden’, Yachting Monthly, May 2002, pp. 39–40.
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