Wiley's Real Latin
Page 20
nēmō, nullius – no one
nūtus, -ūs (m.) – nod; will
obscūritās, -tātis (f.) – darkness; obscurity
oculus, -ī (m.) – eye
piscīna, -ae (f.) – fish-pond
quisquam, quaequam, quidquam (or quicquam) – anyone; (with negative) no one
remulcum, -ī (n.) – tow-rope
sēsē = sē (acc. m. sing.)
Sicilia, -ae (f.) – the island of Sicily
tempestās, -tātis (f.) – storm
testificātiō, -ōnis (f.) – testimony
testimōnium, -iī (n.) – evidence
turpitūdō, -inis (f.) – disgrace; shamefulness
Vercingetorix, -igis (m.) – Vercingetorix, a commander of the Gauls
Verbs
abstrahō, -ere, -traxī, -tractum – drag away
adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum – help
aequō, -āre – make equal
antepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum – place before
aperiō, -īre, -eruī, -ertum – reveal; make clear
cernō, -ere, crēvī, crētum – perceive; see
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausum – close
cohortor, -ārī, cohortātus sum – encourage
cōnsequor, -ī, consecūtus sum – pursue
cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdi, -sessum – establish a position; encamp
coorior, -īrī, coortus sum – arise
corrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum – break; corrupt
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum – announce; report
dēligō, -ere, -lēgi, -lectum – choose
lateō, -ēre, -uī – lie hidden
loquor, -ī, locūtus sum – speak
nōbilitō, -āre – (passive) be famous
noscō, -ere, nōvi, nōtum – come to know; in the perfect = know
nūdō, -āre – strip; lay bare; leave defenseless
obeō, -īre, -īī, -itum – travel through
peccō, -āre – commit an offense
permoveō, -ēre, -mōvi, -mōtum – move deeply; influence
praetereō, -īre, -īī, -itum – pass over; omit
prōvideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum – act with foresight; look after
relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum – abandon; leave behind; give up
salūtō, -āre – greet
sē recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum – retreat
teneō, -ēre, -uī, tentum – hold; maintain
tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātum – take away; remove
trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum – lead across
Adjectives
alter, -tera, -terum – the other (of two); second
Athēniensis, -e – Athenian
clārus, -a, -um – clear
diūturnus, -a, -um – long-lasting
expers, expertis – without; free from
idōneus, -a, -um (+ dat.) – suitable (for)
impedītus, -a, -um – weighed down; in difficulty
nullus, -a, -um – not any; none (translate as “not”)
onerārius, -a, -um – carrying freight
parātior, -ōris – more ready
plēnus, -a, -um – full
quīnquāgintā (indeclinable) – fifty
summus, -a, -um – greatest
testātus, -a, -um – manifest; attested
Adverbs; Conjunctions; Prepositions
ante = anteā – before
cum … tum – not only … but also
dē (+ abl.) – from; of (here replacing a partitive genitive)
diūtius – longer
ergā (+ acc.) – towards
idcircō – for this reason
nē … quidem – not even
nōn sōlum – not only
paulō – a little
statim – at once
subitō – suddenly
tam … quam – so (much) … as
ultra (+ acc.) – beyond
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) contention
(ii) gravity
(iii) oculist
(iv) abstract
CHAPTER 15
Chapter Contents
15.1 GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES 15.1.1 Definitions
15.1.2 Formation
15.1.3 Uses Gerund
Gerundive
Some Exceptions
Gerundive Expressing Obligation or Necessity
15.2 SUPINE 15.2.1 Uses of the Supine Accusative
Ablative
15.3 USES OF CASES 15.3.1 Ablative of Price
15.3.2 Ablative of Respect
15.3.3 Genitive of Value
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passage
Vocabulary Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Conjunctions; Prepositions
FIGURE 15.1 Mosaic from the House of Neptune and Amphitrite (Herculaneum). Neptune was the god of water and, through his association with the Greek god Poseidon, god of the sea. Amphitrite, his wife, was a sea goddess. He was the brother of Jupiter. Source: © Peter Phipp/Travelshots/The Bridgeman Art Library
15.1 Gerunds and Gerundives
15.1.1 Definitions
The gerund is a verbal noun. In Latin it occurs only in the singular and only in the accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative cases; for the nominative Latin uses the infinitive. Gerunds are active; gerunds occur in English with the ending -ing and so it is necessary to distinguish between a gerund and a present participle. Compare singing is fun (gerund) and while singing that man was also dancing (present participle).
The gerundive is a verbal adjective; it occurs in all cases, has gender and number. It declines as an adjective of the first/second declension. As an adjective a gerundive agrees with the noun that it modifies in gender, number, and case; gerundives are passive (even those formed from deponent verbs); there is no English equivalent.
15.1.2 Formation
Both are formed on what may be called the imperfect stem (i.e., remove the ending from the imperfect: inveniē-bam) and adding -nd before the endings. The gerund has second declension endings:
Nom. the gerund does not have a nominative form; Latin uses the infinitive: invenīre
Gen. inveniendī – of finding
Dat. inveniendō – to/for finding
Acc. inveniendum – finding
Abl. inveniendō – by finding
Try This
Give the required case of the gerund for the following verbs:
e.g., eo (acc.) – eundum
(i) ceno (gen.) (vi) contemno (gen.)
(ii) conficio (acc.) (vii) deligo (abl.)
(iii) comparo (abl.) (viii) conicio (abl.)
(iv) abdico (acc.) (ix) cunctor (abl.)
(v) commoneo (dat.) (x) dico (gen.)
The gerundive is formed in exactly the same way but has a full declension as a first/second declension adjective:
15.1.3 Uses
Gerund
As noted above there is no nominative of the gerund; instead the infinitive is used:
nōn est bonum vīvere, sed bene vīvere (Seneca De Beneficiis 3.31.4): living (literally: to live) is not a good thing, but living well
The accusative is used with the preposition ad to express purpose.
quae est enim aut ūtilior aut ad bene vīvendum aptior partitio quam illa, quā est ūsus Epicūrus? (Cicero De Finibus 1.45): for what is more useful or more fitting inheritance for the purpose of living well than that which Epicurus enjoyed?
Note that although the gerund has certain qualities of a noun, like a verb it is modified by an adverb not an adjective.
The genitive is used: (1) with causā or grātiā to show purpose (both ∼ for the sake of):
insimulant hominem fraudandī causā discessisse (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.59): they allege that the man absconded in order to cheat
(2) with adjectives such as cupidus, -a, -um – desirous (of); eager (for); memor, -oris – mindful (of); perītus, -a, -um – experienced, skilled (in); imperītus, -a, -um – inexperienced, unskilled (in); and nouns such as cupiditās, -tātis – desire; memoria, -ae – memory; recollection (in this instance the genitive is objective).
dē impetū animī loquor, dē cupiditāte vincendī, dē ardōre mentis ad gloriam (Cicero Pro Caelio 76): I am speaking about the passion of his spirit, about his desire for winning, about the eagerness of his mind for glory.
The dative is not particularly common; however, the dative does occur with certain verbs, adjectives, and phrases, for example, praeficio – place in charge (of); operam dare – pay attention to; pār, paris – equal. For an example, see below under gerundives replacing gerunds.
The ablative is used: (1) with prepositions; ex, in, dē being the commonest:
nunc nihil dē mē dīcō, sed dē eīs quī in dīcendō magnī sunt aut fuērunt (Cicero Pro Murena 29): now I am not speaking at all about myself, but about those who are and have been great in speaking.
(2) as an ablative of means/instrument:
ad eamque feruntur omnī impetū, hominis autem mens discendō alitur et cogitandō (Cicero De Officiis 1.105): and they are carried along by every impulse to this [i.e., pleasure]; however, the mind of a person is nurtured by learning and by meditating.
Gerundive
The gerundive has a variety of uses. It may be used simply as an attributive adjective. This is not particularly common (e.g., amandus, -a, -um – to be loved; loveable; metuendus, -a, -um – to be feared; frightening).
in augendō in ornandō in refellendō magis existumātor metuendus quam admirandus orātor (Cicero Brutus 146): in praising, in embellishing, in refuting he is a critic to be feared (frightening) rather than an orator to be admired (admirable).
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The Bigger Picture
Brutus (Brutus), a work on oratory, written in 46 bc, after De Oratore in 55 bc and before Orator later in 46 bc. Written at a time when Cicero's writing was being attacked by younger speakers who favored a leaner “Atticist” style based on fourth-century Attic Greek orators, the work surveys the history of oratory and its practitioners, concluding that few present Roman orators live up to the ideal set out in De Oratore.
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A second and more common use of the gerundive is to replace a gerund followed by a direct object. So, for example, instead of saying ab spē urbem … capiendī – from the hope of capturing the city, Latin more commonly uses a gerundive in agreement with the noun: ab spē capiendae … urbis (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 8.23.12): (literally) from the hope of the city being captured.
In the first version capiendī is a gerund (noun, active) in the genitive case (genitive after spē: hope of capturing); urbem is accusative, direct object of the gerund. In the second (more idiomatic) version urbis is genitive case (again after spē: hope of the city); capiendae is a gerundive (adjective, passive), genitive feminine singular, agreeing with the noun urbis. This may seem strange, but it is just one of the various instances where Latin idiom differs from English idiom.
It is perhaps worth noting here that there are examples of gerunds taking a direct object, but this is not the common construction in Classical Latin (except in very specific circumstances).
omnis autem cogitātio mōtusque animī aut in consiliīs capiendīs dē rēbus honestīs et pertinentibus ad bene beātēque vīvendum aut in studiīs scientiae cognitiōnisque versābitur (Cicero De Officiis 1.19): moreover all our thought and activity of the mind will be involved either in making plans about things that are honorable and related to living well and happily or in the pursuits of knowledge and learning.
T. Maenium dilectuī habendō praefēcērunt (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 39.20.5): they placed Titus Maenius in charge of carrying out a recruitment.
The second passage above is an example of the rare dative (see above under uses of the gerund).
Some Exceptions
The gerund may be used with a direct object with neuter pronouns/adjectives:
consilium est aliquid faciendī aut nōn faciendī excogitāta ratiō (Cicero De Inventione 1.36): consilium is a reasoned plan of doing or of not doing something.
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The Bigger Picture
De Inventione (On Invention), an early work of Cicero's on the art of rhetoric, of uncertain date, but written when he was a young man, long before the main rhetorical works De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator. It represents one of the first attempts, along with the un-Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herrenium, to write a systematic rhetorical handbook in Latin.
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It may also be used to avoid -ōrum … -ōrum: i.e., to avoid expressions such as amicōrum vīsendōrum (although this is not always avoided).
itaque hostēs repentē celeriterque prōcurrērunt, ut spatium pīla in hostēs coniciendī nōn darētur (Caesar Dē Bellō Gallicō 1.52.4): and the enemy ran forward so suddenly and so swiftly that no opportunity was given for throwing javelins against the enemy.
Gerundive Expressing Obligation or Necessity
The gerundive is used with forms of the verb sum (in any tense) to express necessity (sometimes called the passive periphrastic construction). It is important to note that the construction is always passive; however, the agent, when it occurs in this construction, is expressed not by the ablative, but by the dative case – the so-called dative of agent:
quid igitur nōbīs faciendum est? (Cicero In Verrem 2.4.11): therefore what must be done by us (i.e., must we do)?
quamquam omnia sunt metuenda, nihil magis quam perfidiam timēmus (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.5a.2): although everything must be feared, we fear nothing more than treachery.
Try This
Give the required case and gender of the gerundive from the following verbs:
e.g., porto (acc. pl. f.) – portandas
(i) emo (nom. sing. m.) (vi) luo (acc. pl. n.)
(ii) patefacio (acc. sing. f.) (vii) fraudo (nom. sing. m.)
(iii) faveo (gen. sing. n.) (viii) exprobo (abl. pl. n.)
(iv) loquor (gen. pl. m.) (ix) tango (acc. pl. f.)
(v) molior (nom. pl. n.) (x) praetereo (nom. sing. n.)
15.2 Supine
We have met the supine as the fourth principal part of regular verbs.
In fact the supine is another type of verbal noun. It does decline but only in the singular and only in the accusative and ablative. So, for, example:
The accusative is the fourth principal part; the ablative has the fourth declension ablative ending.
15.2.1 Uses of the Supine
Accusative
So far we have seen a number of ways in which Latin can express purpose: by means of a clause introduced by ut or nē having its verb in the subjunctive; ad + the gerund or gerundive; causā or grātiā + the gerund or gerundive. There is yet another construction: the accusative of the supine, without a preposition. This occurs most frequently with verbs of motion (or verbs that imply motion): eō; veniō; mittō:
admonitum venimus tē, nōn flagitātum (Cicero De Oratore 3.17): we come to advise you, not to make demands.
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The Bigger Picture
De Oratore (On the Orator), written in 55 bc, is the first of Cicero's main rhetorical works, to be followed in 46 bc by Brutus and Orator. The speech takes the form of a dialogue in which notable orators from the present and previous generations discuss the theory of rhetoric at Rome.
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Ablative
The use of the ablative is similarly restricted. It is used as an ablative of respect (see below: Uses of Cases) with certain adjectives, for example, facilis, -e – easy; difficilis, -e – difficult; mīrābilis, -e – marvellous; crēdibilis, -e – credible; incrēdibilis, -e – incredible; turpis, -e –shameful; gravis, -e – serious; painful. Only a few verbs have ablative supines in co
mmon use and the most common are : dictū; audītū; vīsū; tactū. The literal translation is in respect of the saying; however, the best translation is often simply the English infinitive, for example to say:
accessī viridemque ab humō convellere silvam
cōnātus, rāmīs tegerem ut frondentibus ārās,
horrendum et dictū videō mīrābile monstrum.
(Virgil Aeneid 3.24–6):
I approached and as I attempted to tear from the earth green foliage so that I might cover the altars with leafy branches I saw a monster horrifying and marvellous to tell.
15.3 Uses of Cases
15.3.1 Ablative of Price
The ablative case is used without a preposition with verbs of buying (emō, -ere), selling (vendō, -ere), etc. to express the price paid.
remissior aliquantō eius fuit aestimatiō quam annōna; nam aestimāvit denāriīs iii (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.214): the price was somewhat less than the market price; for he placed the value at three denarii.
Note also magnō – at a great price; plūrimō – at a very great price; parvō – at a small price; minimō – at a very small price.
conduxit in Palātio nōn magnō domum (Cicero Pro Caelio 18): he rented a house on the Palatine at no great price.
FIGURE 15.2 Gold aureus ad 96, inscription: CONCORDIA EXERCITUUM. Following the death of the emperor Domitian (who was murdered in September ad 96 and died without an heir), there was the very real danger of another civil war; however, the senate chose Nerva to serve as emperor and his “election” was approved by the armies stationed around the empire. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)