Wiley's Real Latin
Page 21
15.3.2 Ablative of Respect
The ablative is used regularly without a preposition to express the point in respect of which something is measured.
Ennius ingeniō maximus, arte rudis (Ovid Tristia 2.424): Ennius mightiest in (respect of) his genius but rough in (respect of) his art.
[Ennius] qui fuit māior natū quam Plautus et Naevius (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 1.3): [Ennius] who was older in (respect of birth) age than Plautus and Naevius.
15.3.3 Genitive of Value
The genitive of value is used with verbs of buying, selling, and esse and aestimō when the precise cost is not given. For example magnī, parvī, and tantī:
magnī enim aestimābat pecūniam (Cicero De Finibus 2.55): for he was accustomed to value money highly.
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Sound Bite
Juvenal on health (Juvenal 10.356)
orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpora sano.
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Translation from Latin
1. loquor enim de docto homine et erudito, cui vivere est cogitare. (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 5.111)
2. magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.38.2)
3. tum quoque inter tantas fortunae minas metuendus magis quam metuens, “Romanus sum” inquit, “civis; C. Mucium vocant.” (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 2.12.9)
4. omnia praeteribo quae mihi turpia dictu videbuntur. (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.32)
5. Aedui … legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.11.2)
6. atque illud quod faciendum primum fuit factum atque transactum est. nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit … (Cicero In Catilinam 3.15)
7. cunctandi causa erat metus undique imminentium discriminum, ut saepe lupum se auribus tenere diceret. nam et servus Agrippae Clemens nomine non contemnendam manum in ultionem domini compararat et L. Scribonius Libo vir nobilis res novas clam moliebatur. (Suetonius Tiberius 25.1)
8. ego enim, quam diu senatus auctoritas mihi defendenda fuit, sic acriter et vehementer proeliatus sum ut clamor concursusque maxima cum mea laude fierent. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.16.1)
HINT!
In Cicero's speeches look for synonyms. He will often say things like “this is a terrible crime and a horrible deed.” Note “acriter et vehementer.”
9. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.1)
Translation into Latin
1. Oregetorix is chosen for the purpose of completing these things. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.3.3)
2. I cannot forget that this is my homeland and that I am the consul of these men, and that I must live with these men or die for them. (Cicero In Catilinam 2.27)
3. I have replied to the greatest charges; now I must also reply to those remaining. (Cicero Philippicae 2.36)
4. The German war completed, Caesar decided for many reasons that it was necessary for him to cross the Rhine. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.16.1)
5. When the signal had been given, our men attacked so fiercely and the enemy ran forward so suddenly and swiftly that no opportunity of throwing javelins against the enemy was given. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.52.3)
6. Caesar made an end of speaking and withdrew to his own men. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.46.2)
7. It is painful to say but nevertheless it must be said. (Cicero Philippicae 9.8)
8. Will this man even now dare to tell me that he sold the tithes for a great price? (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.117)
9. Was Verres of such importance to you that you were willing that his lust be satisfied by the blood of innocent people? (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.77)
Extra Passage
Icarus flies too close to the sun.
et iam Iunonia laeva
parte Samos (fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae)
dextra Lebinthos erat fecundaque melle Calymne,
cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu
deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus
altius1 egit iter. rapidi vicinia solis
mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras;
tabuerant cerae: nudos quatit ille lacertos,
remigioque2 carens non ullas percipit auras,
oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen
excipiuntur aqua,3 quae nomen traxit ab illo.
at pater infelix, nec iam pater, “Icare,” dixit,
“Icare,” dixit “ubi es? qua te regione requiram?”
“Icare” dicebat: pennas aspexit in undis
devovitque suas artes corpusque sepulcro
condidit, et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti.
Ovid Metamorphoses 8.220–35
1altius is a comparative form of the adjective altus; here it is neuter and modifies iter (i.e., “a loftier path”).
2literally = oars; also used of wings.
3caerulea and aqua go together – both ablative singular.
FIGURE 15.3 Icarus Falling, Paul Ambroise Slodtz (1702–58). Daedalus was a renowned craftsman; among his many creations he built the labyrinth that housed the Minotaur. In order to escape from King Minos of Crete he fashioned wings for himself and his son Icarus (with tragic results). Source: Louvre, Paris, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library
Vocabulary
Nouns; Pronouns
Aeduī, -ōrum (m. pl.; also spelled Haeduī, see Chapter 8) – the Aedui, a Gallic tribe
Agrippa, -ae (m.) – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a Roman general
auctoritas, -ātis (f.) – authority
auris, -is (f.) – ear
auxilium, auxiliī (n.) – help
C. Mūcius, -iī (m.) – Gaius Mucius (see Chapter 2)
clāmor, -ōris (m.) – shout
concursus, -ūs (m.) – running; rush
contiō, -ōnis (f.) – meeting
decima, -ae (f.) or decuma, -ae (f.) – tax on landholders; tithe
discrīmen, -inis (n.) – crisis
fīnis, -is (m.) – end
indicium, indiciī (n.) – evidence
laus, laudis (f.) – praise
libīdō, -inis (f.) – lust
lupus, -ī (m.) – wolf
magistrātus, -ūs (m.) – magistracy; public office
metus, -ūs (m.) – fear
P. Lentulus, -ī (m.) – Publius Lentulus, a fellow-conspirator with Catiline
pīlum, -ī (n.) – javelin
Rhēnus, -ī (m.) – Rhine
sanguis, -inis (m.) – blood
spatium, -iī (n.) – space; space (of time); opportunity
ultiō, -ōnis (f.) – act of revenge
Verbs
abdicō, -āre – (with sē) resign
cēnō, -āre – dine
commoneō, -ēre, -uī, -itum – remind
comparō, -āre – prepare
conficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum – finish; complete
cōniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum – hurl; throw
contemnō -ere, -tempsī, -temptum – consider unimportant; despise
cunctor, -ārī, cunctātus sum – delay
deligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lectum – choose
differō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātum – be different
emō, -ere, ēmī, emptum – buy
exprobō, -are – reproach; charge
faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautum – be favorable
fraudō, -āre – act illegally; defraud
immineō, -ēre – hang over; threaten
loquor, -ī, locūtus sum – speak
luō, -ere, luī – satisfy
molior, -īrī, molītus sum – undertake; set in motion
patefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factum – reveal
praecaveō, -ēre – to take care (in advance)
praestō
, -āre, praestitī, praestitum – be superior; surpass; guarantee
praetereō, -īre, -iī, -itum – pass over; omit
proelior, -ārī, proeliātus sum – battle
sē recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum – withdraw
vendō, -ere, -didī, -ditum – sell
Adjectives
ērudītus, -a, -um – clever; skilled; erudite
innocens, -entis – innocent
melior, -iōris – better
probābilior, -iōris – more likely
turpis, -e – foul; disgraceful
Adverbs; Conjunctions; Prepositions
acriter – fiercely
apud (+ acc.) – in the house of
celeriter – swiftly
disertē – eloquently
etiam – and also; even now
fermē – almost; for the most part
magnoperē – greatly
maximus, -a, -um – greatest
nōn modo … sed etiam – not only … but also
plūrimum – greatest; most
reliquus, -a, -um – remaining
vehementer – vehemently
vērē – truly
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) concourse
(ii) magistrate
(iii) sanguine
(iv) laudable
CHAPTER 16
Chapter Contents
16.1 CUM CLAUSES 16.1.1 Temporal: Present and Future Present
Future
16.1.2 Cum Temporal: Past Time
16.1.3 Cum Causal
16.1.4 Cum Concessive
16.2 SUBJUNCTIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES 16.2.1 Relative Clause of Purpose
16.2.2 Generic Subjunctive/Relative Clause of Characteristic
16.2.3 Relative Clause of Result
16.3 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passage
Vocabulary Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 16.1 Wounded Aeneas, fresco from Pompeii, 1st century bc. As described in Book 12 of the Aeneid, Aeneas is wounded by an arrow and withdraws from battle. In Virgil's account when the physician Iapyx is unable to remove the arrow-head, Venus provides supernatural potions and the wound is healed. Source: Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library
We have already seen that Latin has a number of ways to express subordinate temporal clauses, causal clauses, and concessive clauses. Various conjunctions may be used with the indicative mood, for example: ubi – when; postquam – after; quia – since; quamquam – although; simulac (simul atque) – as soon as. Participles may also be used to express these ideas. Perhaps even more common is the conjunction cum (not to be confused with the preposition).
16.1 Cum Clauses
16.1.1 Temporal: Present and Future
Cum is followed by the indicative mood when the reference is to the present or future time. In the latter case, the future perfect commonly occurs in the cum-clause. This is especially true when the action of the subordinate clause occurs before the action of the main verb. Consider the following English example: When he comes/has come, I will see him. Notice that English rather illogically uses the present tense or the perfect tense in the “when” clause even though his arrival is in the future. Here Latin would use the future perfect because the action of the cum-clause is in the future but is completed before the action of the main verb.
Present
dē tē autem, Catilīna, cum quiescunt, probant (Cicero In Catilinam 1.21): however, when they are silent about you, Catiline, they show their approval.
Future
scrībam ad tē cum Caesarem vīderō (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 2.1.10): I shall write to you when I have seen (will have seen) Caesar.
cum vīderō tē, sciēs (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 13.22.4): When I have seen (will have seen) you, you will know.
16.1.2 Cum Temporal: Past Time
Temporal clauses introduced by cum and referring to past time regularly take the subjunctive. Since by definition the sequence of such sentences is secondary/historic, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used.
sed merīdiē cum Caesar pābulandī causā trēs legiōnēs atque omnem equitātum cum C. Trebōniō legātō mīsisset, repentē ex omnibus partibus ad pābulatōres advolāvērunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.17.3): but at midday when Caesar had sent three legions and all the cavalry with Gaius Trebonius, the lieutenant-general, to forage, suddenly
However, when the main clause contains tum – then, or a similar word, the cum-clause regularly takes the indicative, even when the reference is to past time.
tum scripsimus cum gubernācula rei pūblicae tenēbāmus (Cicero De Divinatione 2.3): we wrote [this] at the time when we controlled the government of the state.
16.1.3 Cum Causal
Cum may also have a causal force = “since.” It is not always easy to tell the difference between cum-causal and cum-temporal and in fact it often makes little difference to the sense. However, unlike cum-temporal, cum-causal clauses regularly take the subjunctive in both primary and secondary sequence: quae cum ita sint, Catilīna, dubitās … abīre in aliquās terrās? (Cicero In Catilinam 1.20): and since these things are so, Catiline, do you hesitate to depart to other lands?
16.1.4 Cum Concessive
Cum may also have a concessive force = “although.” A concessive sense is usually very easy to recognize from the context. Consider the following English examples: Since he was a brave leader, the soldiers fought bravely; Although he was a good leader, the soldiers fought bravely. There is an obvious difference in meaning and the context in Latin is equally useful in deciding the sense of cum. For example, the word tamen “nevertheless” often appears in the main clause.
cum prīmī ordinēs hostium transfixī pīlīs concidissent, tamen acerrimē reliquī resistēbant (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.62.4): although the first ranks of the enemy had fallen, pierced by the missiles, nevertheless those who were left resisted most keenly.
16.2 Subjunctive in Relative Clauses
To review: relative clauses are introduced by the relative pronoun, quī, quae, quod. The relative pronoun gets its gender and number from its antecedent (the word in the main clause to which it refers or “relates”); it gets its case from its grammatical function in its own clause. Regularly the verb in the relative clause is in the indicative mood. However, there are a number of specific instances where the subjunctive is used. Two of the commonest examples of this are relative clauses of purpose (final clauses) and the so-called generic subjunctive (sometimes called relative clause of characteristic).
16.2.1 Relative Clause of Purpose
The relative clause of purpose occurs most frequently with verbs of motion, verbs of “sending,” and the like. Here the relative clause is more than simply descriptive. Compare the following English examples: He sent the messengers who knew the region (descriptive; verb in the indicative); He sent messengers who might report what had happened (= to report what had happened; purpose; verb in the subjunctive). The verb in relative clauses of purpose goes into the subjunctive mood and the tense of the subjunctive is determined, as is regularly the case, by the Rules of sequence.
Agrigentīnī ad istum legātos mittunt quī eum lēgēs doceant consuētūdinemque omnium annōrum dēmonstrent (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.124): The Agrigentines send envoys to him to (literally: who may) explain to him their laws and to indicate
16.2.2 Generic Subjunctive/Relative Clause of Characteristic
The generic subjunctive occurs in relative clauses where once again the clause is more than simply descriptive. Compare the following English examples: There are those who say the world is flat; There are those (of the type) who would say that the
world is flat. Notice that the first example is merely descriptive whereas the second describes a “class” or “type” of individual. The difference is between those who actually say that the world is flat and those who would or may say that the world is flat. In the second type of clause Latin uses the subjunctive and the tense of the subjunctive is regularly determined by the rules of sequence.
There are a number of phrases in Latin which are frequently followed by this type of clause:
Sunt (erant, etc.) quī
Nēmō est quī
Quis est quī?
Nihil est quod
Is est (tu es; ego sum, etc.) quī
Multī sunt quī
Notice that any tense may be used in these expressions and not all of these phrases occur only in the 3rd person.
Quis est quī fraudātiōnis causā latuisse dīcat, quis quī absentem dēfensum neget esse Quinctium? (Cicero Pro Quinctio 74): who is there who would say that Quinctius remained hidden for the sake of fraud; who is there who would deny that he was defended while he was absent?
16.2.3 Relative Clause of Result
Sometimes a relative clause is used to express result. Such clauses regularly take the subjunctive; often tam, ita, or sīc will appear in the main clause:
quis enim est tam excors, quem ista moveant? (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 1.11): for who is so foolish that (literally: whom) these things influence him?