Jungle of Snakes
Page 31
14. Ibid., 49.
Chapter 8: The Question of Morality
1. David Galula, Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006), 70.
2. Ibid., 176.
3. Ibid., 218.
4. Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 15.
5. Alexander Zervoudakis, “A Case of Successful Pacification: The 584th Battalion du Train at Bordj de l’Agha (1956–57),” in Martin S. Alexander and J. F. V. Keiger, eds., France and the Algerian War 1954–62: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 56.
6. Paul Aussaresses, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria 1955–1957 (New York: Enigma Books, 2005), 77.
7. Ibid., 93.
8. Ibid., 119.
9. John Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 91.
10. Among the first to make this incendiary allegation was the journalist Claude Bourdet, who denounced what he called “your Algerian Gestapo” in France-Observateur.
11. University of San Francisco, “Algerian War Reading,” http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/webberm/algeria.
Chapter 9: The Enclosed Hunting Preserve
1. John Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 184.
2. Gil Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United States in Vietnam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 86.
3. Michael K. Clark, Algeria in Turmoil: A History of the Rebellion (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959), 371.
4. Ibid., 404.
5. Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 15.
6. De Gaulle used this phrase at an October 23, 1958, press conference that is remembered because he offered “the peace of the brave.”
7. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962 (Middlesex, En-gland: Penguin Books, 1985), 333.
8. Jules Roy, The War in Algeria, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Grove Press, 1961), 86.
9. Horne, A Savage War, 338.
Chapter 10: The Sense of Betrayal
1. Some estimates claim two million Algerians were relocated.
2. Peter Paret, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a political and Military Doctrine (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964), 44.
3. Jules Roy, The War in Algeria, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Grove Press, 1961), 66–67.
4. Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 73– 74. Of course de Gaulle writes about this conclusion with the virtue of hindsight.
5. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962 (Middlesex, En-gland: Penguin Books, 1985), 348.
6. Dorothy Pickles, Algeria and France: From Colonialism to Cooperation (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), 85.
7. The statistics are broken down by category at University of San Francisco, “Algerian War Reading,” http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/webberm/algeria.htm.
8. David Galula, Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006), 18.
9. Paul Aussaresses, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957 (New York: Enigma Books, 2005), 127.
10. Horne, A Savage War, 546.
Chapter 11: Crisis in Malaya
1. Richard L. Clutterbuck, The Long Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), 3.
2. Noel Barber, The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960 (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 21.
3. Ibid., 22.
4. Ibid., 45–46.
Chapter 12: Personality and Vision
1. Once the government declared the Emergency, reinforcements flowed in. Various authors provide strengths of ten to thirteen battalions. My total derives from Anthony Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960 (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975), 113.
2. Ibid., 136–37.
3. Arthur Campbell, Jungle Green (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1953), 94.
4. John A. Nagl, Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 69.
5. Noel Barber, The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960 (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 62.
6. Short, Communist Insurrection, 98.
7. Ibid., 235–36.
8. Ibid., 173.
9. Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989), 102.
10. Short, Communist Insurrection, 229–30.
11. Ibid., 240.
12. Ibid., 292.
13. Ibid., 297.
Chapter 13: A Modern Cromwell
1. Noel Barber, The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960 (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 140.
2. John A. Nagl, Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 76.
3. Anthony Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960 (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975), 326.
4. Fifteen years later he dismissed the term as popular cant, calling it “that nauseating phrase I think I invented.”
5. Barber, War of the Running Dogs, 151.
6. Short, Communist Insurrection, 340.
7. Barber, War of the Running Dogs, 205.
8. Ibid., 158.
9. Short, Communist Insurrection, 343.
10. Nagl, Counterinsurgency Lessons, 98.
11. Arthur Campbell, Jungle Green (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1953), 14.
12. John Chynoweth, Hunting Terrorists in the Jungle (Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Limited, 2005), 134.
13. Campbell, Jungle Green, 26.
14. Richard Miers, Shoot to Kill (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 160.
15. Short, Communist Insurrection 483.
Chapter 14: Victory in Malaya
1. Noel Barber, The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960 (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 152.
2. Anthony Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960 (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975, 364.
3. John Chynoweth, Hunting Terrorists in the Jungle (Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Limited, 2005), 83.
4. Ibid., 49.
5. “Personality Profile: Gerard Templer,” http://www.mindef.gov.sg/ imindef/ publications/pointer/ journals/2003/v29n4/personality_profile.html.
6. Sir Robert Thompson, ed., War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare Since 1945 (New York: Harmony Books, 1982), 83.
7. Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989), 259.
8. The title of Richard L. Clutterbuck’s book, The Long Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966).
9. Richard Miers, Shoot to Kill (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 200.
10. Stubbs, Hearts and Minds, 3.
11. Clutterbuck, The Long Long War, 122.
Chapter 15: In Search of a New Enemy
1. Gérard Chaliand, The Art of War in World History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 593.
2. Kidder to Department of State, March 3, 1955, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957, Vol. I: Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985), 105.
3. Ronald H. Spector, Advice and Support: The Early Years of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, 1941–1960 (New York: Free Press, 1985), 312.
4. John F. Kennedy, “Remarks at We
st Point to the Graduating Class of the U.S. Military Academy, June 6th, 1962,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/index.php?pid=8695.
5. Dennis Warner, “Fighting the Viet Cong,” Army 12, 2 (September 1961): 20.
6. Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967), 426.
7. Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945–1975 (New York: Avon Books, 1989), 110.
8. Francis J. Kelly, U.S. Army Special Forces, 1961–1971 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1973), 7.
Chapter 16: Pacification, Marine Corps Style
1. William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 98.
2. Ronald Schaffer, “The 1940 Small Wars Manual and the Lessons of History,” Military Affairs, April 1972, 46.
3. Among many connections, one marine battalion commander who served in Vietnam was Major Littleton W. T. Waller, the grandson of the officer who commanded the marines on Samar during the Philippine Insurrection.
4. Larry E. Cable, Conflict of Myths: The Development of American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and the Vietnam War (New York: New York University Press, 1986), 162.
5. See Field Manual FM 8-2, U. S. Marine Corps, Operations Against Guerrilla Forces (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1962), 75.
6. Lewis Walt, Strange War, Strange Strategy (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1970), 18.
7. Jack Shulimson and Charles M. Johnson, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup 1965 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1978), 39.
8. Stuart A. Herrington, Silence Was a Weapon: The Vietnam War in the Villages (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982), 29.
9. Victor H. Krulak, First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), 185.
10. Lt. Paul Ek Interview #46, January 24, 1966, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
Chapter 17: Progress and Setback
1. Al Hemingway, Our War Was Different: Marine Combined Action Platoons in Vietnam (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 28.
2. Edward F. Palm, “Tiger Papa Three: A Memoir of the Combined Action Program,” Marine Corps Gazette, February 1988, 69.
3. Bruce C. Allnutt, Marine Combined Action Capabilities: The Vietnam Experience (McLean, VA: Human Sciences Research Inc., 1969), 28.
4. Robert A. Klyman, “The Combined Action Program: A Missed Opportunity,” (thesis draft, University of Michigan History Department, December 21, 1985), 41.
5. Ibid., 21.
6. Palm, “Tiger Papa Three,” 37.
7. Ibid., 70.
8. Gary L. Telfer, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: Fighting the North Vietnamese, 1967 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1984), 190.
9. Ibid., 190.
10. William R. Corson, “Marine Combined Action Program in Vietnam,” 1, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
11. Lyndon B. Johnson, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson 1966 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967), 4.
12. Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 360.
13. James R. Arnold, Presidents Under Fire: Commanders in Chief in Victory and Defeat (New York: Orion Books, 1994), 269.
14. Charles Kaiser, 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 124.
15. Captain Peter D. Haines, Interview #2534, March 9, 1968, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
16. Ibid.
17. Klyman, “The Combined Action Program,” 34.
18. Ibid.
19. Cpl. William Corcoran, Interview #2079, December 14, 1967, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
20. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 175.
21. United States Marine Corps, Small Wars Manual, United States Marine Corps 1940 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), 1–17.
22. Victor H. Krulak, First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), 185.
Chapter 18: The Army’s Other War
1. William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 69.
2. Jack Shulimson, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: An Expanding War, 1966 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1982), 233.
3. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 197.
4. Richard A. Hunt, Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam’s Hearts and Minds (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 141.
5. James W. Trullinger, Village at War: An Account of Revolution in Vietnam (New York: Longman, 1980), 124.
6. Nhu Tang Truong, Journal of a Viet Cong (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), 192.
7. Hunt, Pacification, 193.
8. Brian M. Jenkins, The Unchangeable War (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1970), 11.
9. Colonel William R. Corson, Interview #6338, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
10. Krepinevich, The Army and Vietnam, 222.
11. Ibid., 205.
12. W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell, The Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1977), 79.
13. Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Counter-Insurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to Present (New York: Free Press, 1977), 245.
14. Stuart A. Herrington, Silence Was a Weapon: The Vietnam War in the Villages (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982), 11.
15. Hunt, Pacification, 236.
16. Eric M. Bergerud, The Dynamics of Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 232.
17. Herrington, Silence Was a Weapon, 65.
18. Ibid., 98.
19. Ronald H. Spector, After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1993), 290.
20. Bergerud, Dynamics of Defeat, 306.
Chapter 19: Lessons from a Lost War
1. For a full discussion see John M. Gates, “People’s War in Vietnam,” Journal of Military History 54 (July 1990): 325–44. Pages 338–41 specifically examine Viet Cong participation in the invasion.
2. Sir Robert Thompson, ed., War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare Since 1945 (New York: Harmony Books, 1981), 190.
3. Carlvon Clausewitz, On War (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1982), 119.
4. Nhu Tang Truong, Journal of a Viet Cong (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), 183.
5. John A. Nagl, Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 166.
6. Francis J. Kelly, U.S. Army Special Forces, 1961–1971 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1973), 87.
7. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 174.
8. W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell, The Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1977), 213.
9. F. J. West, Jr., “Area-Security” (Monograph, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1969), 4.
10. Ibid., 1–2.
11. Michael A. Hennessy, Strategy in Vietnam: The Marines and Revolutionary Warfare in I Corps, 1965–1972 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 181.
12. Krepinevich, The Army and Vietnam, 216.
13. James R. Arnold, Presidents Under Fire: Commanders in Chief in Victory and Defeat (New York: Orion Books, 1994), 272.
Conclusion: Reflections on a War Without End
1. In the past decade the actual site of this ambush has been discovered and explored by archaeologists, thus providing dramatic detail.
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