The Winter Fortress
Page 48
celebrations honoring, 316
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 203–4, 209, 210, 211, 214–17
Grouse and, 75, 79, 83–85, 87, 88, 89, 97–98, 100, 101, 105–6, 111, 113, 114, 127, 128–29, 145
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 196, 203–4
Helberg and, 75, 76, 231–32
at inn after Vemork attacks, 216–17
plans for bombing Vemork and, 52–53
recognition/awards, 249
reindeer/food and, 149–54
spy training/report on, 73–74
Sunshine and, 312, 313, 314, 320
Swallow and, 145, 147–48, 156, 161, 163, 165, 166, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 187, 288
in Sweden (after Vemork), 239
See also Operation Grouse; Operation Grouse/Swallow; Operation Gunnerside; Operation Sunshine
Probst, Colonel, 120
Q
Quisling, Vidkun, 19–20, 35, 216, 281, 315
R
radio operators
casualties/executions and, 193–94
See also specific individuals
radioactive attack fears, 245
Rheam, George
commando training, 96, 140, 142–43, 146, 199–200, 312
industrial sabotage background, 96, 142
RMS Titanic, 33
Roane, Owen
childhood/background, 262–63
Mo (adopted donkey), 263
nickname, 262
Vemork bombing mission/results, 261–62, 263–65, 266–69
Rønneberg, Joachim
after war, 321–22
ancestors/family, 85
background/description, 85–86, 129–30, 131–32
on freedom, 322
Rønneberg, Joachim struggle against Nazis
celebrations honoring, 316
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 204–5, 210
escape to Sweden/difficulties and, 218–19, 223–24, 225, 239
expertise, 86–87
Fieldfare and, 85, 87, 129, 320
Gunnerside and, 129, 130, 140–42, 146, 158, 164, 168–69, 170, 171, 172, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185–86, 188
Gunnerside member selection, 129, 130–31
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196–97, 198–200, 201–3
joining Norwegian company/instructing and, 86–87, 129–30
recognition/awards, 249
See also Operation Gunnerside; Operation Gunnerside/Swallow
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
atomic bomb program and, 68–69, 245
Churchill meetings (1942) and, 67–69
Rosbaud, Paul (Griffin), 27, 58, 168
Rutherford, Ernest, 8, 10, 22, 23
S
saboteurs. See commandos; see also specific individuals; specific operations
Såheim power station and heavy water, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
Schöpke, Erhard, 62
Schrottberger, Walther, 120
Schumann, Erich, 65
Seeling, Fritz, 122–23
Selås, Harald, 181
Selborne, Lord, 249
Shetland Bus, 42
SIS. See British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
Skindalen family, 155, 253, 282
Skindalen, Olav, 282, 288
Skinnarland, Einar
after war, 321
ancestors/land, 45
birth/childhood, 45–46
dental problems and, 247
description, 44, 278, 282
Gudveig and, 47, 61–62, 253
Haukelid and, 247
“Kirvil” as name for daughter and, 247, 321
niece’s death, 247
parents/siblings and, 46
skiing and, 46
Skinnarland, Einar, struggle against Nazis
celebrations honoring, 315–16
during Vemork attack, 193, 194
family/father’s death and, 253–54
German invasion of Norway and, 46–47
Grouse/Swallow and, 77, 90–91, 92, 100, 101, 102, 106, 146, 156
Haugland training, 227, 238–40
Haukelid/relationship and, 258, 265–66, 278–79, 285, 287
hiding from Nazis, 155–56
hijacking steamer to England, 48–50
holidays (1943–1944), 278
injury/surgery and, 44–45, 47, 48
Kompani Linge and, 53
mountain farmers and, 253
Nazi manhunt (after Vemork attacks), 238–39
Nazis looking for/escape, 139–40, 145
Norsk Hydro position and, 47, 52
resistance activities, 47–48, 227, 330n
resistance/activities after Vemork saboteurs’ attack, 239–40, 252–54, 257, 258, 259, 265–66, 279, 280, 281
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 283, 284, 285–86, 288, 289–90, 292, 296, 306–7, 309
SIS and SOE communication lines, 60
spying risks, 90, 118, 137, 139, 177
Sunshine and, 312, 313–14
Swallow/team and mission, 146, 156, 163, 165, 166, 171, 177, 179, 217, 218
training before drop/drop and, 53–55, 61
Vemork plant and, 52, 59, 61–62, 63–64, 90, 95, 96, 156, 248, 249, 279, 280, 330–31n
See also specific operations
Skinnarland, Hans, 247, 253–54
Skinnarland, Hans/Elen, 46, 137, 139
Skinnarland hotel, 46, 47, 238, 315
Skinnarland, Olav
arrest/imprisonment, 238, 254
fighting/Norwegian Army and, 46
Ingeleiv (wife) and, 238
release from prison, 278
Skinnarland, Torstein
arrest/imprisonment, 137, 139, 154, 194, 247, 254, 278
brother (Einar) and, 61, 316
daughter’s death and, 247
fighting/Norwegian Army and, 46
Grouse/Swallow and, 100, 101
resistance and, 100, 101, 154
skiing skills, 46, 77
Skogen, Olav
arrest, imprisonment, torture, 155, 156, 158, 159–60, 162, 194, 220–21, 254, 316
background/description, 47, 61, 137
Dachau and, 316
resistance/Milorg and, 47, 61, 127, 137, 139, 144, 155, 158, 316
Skylark A (Norwegian resistance, Oslo), 35
Skylark B (Norwegian resistance, Trondheim), 24–25, 27, 28, 35, 37
Smith, Eric, 122–23
SOE. See Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Sørensen, Erling, 304–5
Sørlie, Rolf
after sabotage, 306–7
celebrations honoring, 315–16
commando training and, 287
description/physical disability, 136–37, 280
Germany mobilizing Norwegians as soldiers and, 281, 282
Helberg and, 144, 232, 280
intelligence on Vemork, 181–82, 190, 279–80, 281–82
resistance and, 144, 181–82, 190, 279–80, 281–82, 287
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 285–86, 287–90, 291–92, 297–98, 299–303
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Special Operations Executive (SOE)
description/directive, 40, 50
Ministry of Economic Warfare and, 51
Norwegian industries supplying Nazis and, 51
SIS vs. SOE communication lines, 60
spy message methods, 64
See also specific individuals/agents; specific operations
Speer, Albert
atomic program and, 64, 66, 67, 134, 168, 276, 318, 319, 344n
Nazi position, 64
Starheim, Odd
background, 47
Carhampton/death and, 157, 186–87, 214, 222
hijacking steamer to England, 48–50
operation plans, 104
resistance and, 47–48, 52
Stephansen, Nicolai, 168
Storhaug, Hans “Chicken”
background/description, 131
Gunnerside and, 131, 170, 189, 224, 225
recognition/awards, 249
Sweden (after Vemork) and, 239
See also Operation Gunnerside
Strassmann, Fritz, 9
Strømsheim, Birger
background/description, 130
Fieldfare and, 85, 87, 320
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 130, 179, 189, 196, 198–99, 201, 202–3
recognition/awards, 249
Sweden (after Vemork) and, 239
wife and, 130
See also Operation Gunnerside
Suess, Hans, 103
Sykes, Eric, 143–44
Syverstad, Gunnar
after ferry sabotage, 307, 312
death/remains, 314
resistance, 61, 139, 247, 253
sabotage alibi, 303
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 285, 287, 289, 291–92, 299
Sunshine and, 312, 313, 314
Vemork/sabotage and, 61, 139, 247, 252, 281–82, 287
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro; Operation Sunshine
Syverstad, Lillian
celebrations honoring, 315–16
description, 61
intelligence work, 61, 247, 253
T
Tangstad, Kåre, 187–88
Terboven, Josef
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 36
Nazi administration/atrocities in Norway and, 35, 36–37, 60, 79, 81–82, 154, 229, 235, 236, 251–52
Tizard, Sir Henry, 56, 57
TNT production, 41
Torp, Oscar, 42, 43, 51
Tronstad, Bassa
after war, 316
German officers and, 20
husband/during war and, 26
husband’s farewell letter to, 312, 316
Nazi deprivations and, 51
Nazi interrogation/intimidation of, 51–52, 79
See also Tronstad, Leif/Bassa
Tronstad, Josefine/Hans Larsen, 21
Tronstad, Leif
description/status, 18
parents/background, 21
science/academia and, 6, 18, 21, 22, 186, 187
Tronstad, Leif/Bassa
Berlin/work, 21–22
as childhood sweethearts, 21
correspondence, 104, 157, 275
Nazis/family moves, 19, 25
wedding, 21
Tronstad, Leif, Jr.
birth, 22
description, 104
during invasion/occupation, 19, 25, 104, 157, 255, 275
father’s farewell letter and, 316
Tronstad, Leif, struggle against Nazis
alias, 59
Allied targets in Norway and, 254–55, 256
Brun and, 6, 22–23, 59, 91, 296, 312
Carhampton and, 157, 186, 214, 222
correspondence with Sidsel, 157–58, 255–56
cover story for disappearance, 25, 26
death/remains, 314, 316
early London activities/meetings, 27–29
farewell letter to Bassa, 312, 316
Freshman and, 94, 96, 104–5, 109
Freshman disaster/new Vemork attack plans, 118–19, 127
Grouse/Swallow and, xix, 77, 96, 127, 138–39, 162, 165, 167
Gunnerside and, xix, 137–38, 143, 146, 164, 165, 167, 168–69, 180, 195, 198, 199–200, 214, 221–22, 248
Gunnerside/Swallow members recognition and, 249
Haukelid’s request and, 138, 149, 221
military/German invasion and, 18, 19, 20
Norsk Hydro/heavy water and, 6–7, 22–23, 27, 59–60
Norwegian Independent Company role and, 42–43
Operation Sunshine and, 312–14
other attacks on Nazi interests and, 222–23
other intelligence work and, 26–28, 50–51, 52, 53, 59–60, 77, 78–79, 81, 91, 96, 102–5, 245, 320
postwar hopes/plans, 309
preparation/request for ground mission and, 78–79
reaction to Allies bombing Vemork (November 1943), 273–75
resistance and, 23–27, 28, 222, 282
return to Norway, 312–13
reward for ferry-sinking team and, 309
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 282, 283, 284–85, 287, 296–97, 308–9
SIS and, 26–27, 59–60
taking commando training, 312
views on Vemork plant/heavy water, 78, 105, 248–49, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259–60
Tronstad, Sidsel
birth, 22
description, 104
during invasion/occupation, 19, 25, 104, 157–58, 255–56, 275
father’s farewell letter and, 316
Tube Alloys Directorate/Committee (British)
description, 68, 77
formation/purpose, 27, 57
heavy water/Vemork and, 58, 104, 256, 274
meeting (1942), 56–59
people involved with, 27, 28, 95, 245
U
uranium
fission and, 9, 56–57, 58
properties, 8
U-235 amount and, 13
U-235 vs. U-238 types, 12, 13
Urey, Harold
heavy water discovery, 6, 28
U.S. atomic program and, 28
V
Vemork plant/Allies bombing mission and results (November 1943)
Brun’s reaction, 274
description, 261–62, 263–69
heavy water production after, 273
Tronstad’s reaction, 273–75
Vemork plant/heavy water
early demand and, 7–8
early German interest, 4, 14, 52
IG Farben orders, 14
increased production/orders and, 22–23, 24, 27, 62–63, 103
location description, 14, 179–80
plans following Freshman disaster, 119
potential (British) action to stop production, 78
production/uses, 4, 5–7
repair after Gunnerside/Swallow attacks, 241–42, 248
resistance/sabotage and, 39, 61, 62–63, 139, 156, 247, 252, 266, 279–80, 281–82, 287–88, 319
security/defense increase and, 80–81, 91–92, 95, 138, 154–55, 167–68, 213–14, 241–42
as target, 28, 52, 59, 69, 78, 254, 258–60, 262, 330n
Tronstad views on, 28, 105, 248–49, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259–60
water/river description and, 5, 45
See also specific individuals; specific operations
Viten, Thor, 279, 280, 281
W
Wagner, Richard, 19
Walsh, John, 132
Wells, H. G., 50
Welsh, Eric
background/contacts, 27
Haukelid and, 37–38
intelligence and, 27, 37–38, 58, 59, 60, 103, 104, 168, 222, 223, 259, 284
position/description, 27, 58
Tronstad and, 27, 28
wife, 27
Wergeland, Harald, 59–60, 168
White, William, 132
Wilkinson, Freshman Squad Leader, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115
Wilson, John
after Norway’s victory, 315, 316
description, 42
Freshman and, 94, 104
Freshman disaster/new plans, 118–19
Grouse/Swallow and, 77, 83–84, 85, 102–3, 138–39