Donovan's Devils
Page 39
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Owen, 196. Cornell University Law Library.
39 NARA RG 153, Entry 143, Box 531, Case 16–116.
40 Cornell University Law Library.
Chapter 3: The OSS Operational Groups
1 Roosevelt, War Report of the OSS, 223.
2 The questionnaires are in NARA RG 226, Personnel Files.
3 Details about the recruiting and training of personnel for the first operational groups are at NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 33–34 and 45–46.
4 Albert Materazzi, “Italian-American OGs Attend Memorial Ceremony in Ameglia,” OSS Society Newspaper, Summer 2004, 10.
5 See the OSS personnel file for Vincent J. Russo in NARA RG 226, Personnel Files, for an example.
6 David G. Boak, OSS Red Group 2: A Fisherman Goes to War (Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2011), 55–57.
7 Ibid.
8 Roosevelt, War Report of the OSS, 225.
9 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 145–146.
10 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 128–129.
11 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 124, and USAHEC, Donovan Papers.
12 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
13 “Close Combat Without and With Weapons As Taught At SOE STS 103.”
14 Ibid.
15 Phil Mathews, “W. E. Fairbairn—The Legendary Instructor,” CQB Services, 2007.
16 “Close Combat Without and With Weapons As Taught At SOE STS 103.”
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
Chapter 4: Special Operations in the Western Mediterranean
1 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 59–60. Laurent Preziosi, and Toussaint Griffi, Première Mission en Corse Occupée avec le Sous-marin Casabianca (Décembre 1942–Mars 1943) (Paris: Éditions L’Harmattan, 1988).
2 Patrick K O’Donnell, Operatives, Spies, and Saboteurs: The Unknown Story of the Men and Women of World War II’s OSS (New York: Free Press, 2004), 144.
3 Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini (July 28, 1943),” University of Virginia Miller Center, July 28, 1943.
4 Carlo D’Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1990), 57.
5 Frido von Senger und Etterlin, Neither Fear Nor Hope (Novato: Presidio Press, 1989), 150.
6 Senger, 148.
7 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
8 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, ix.
9 “Drive Begun Here for Polish Relief.”
10 Max Corvo, OSS in Italy, 1942–1945 (New York: Enigma Books, 2005), 88.
11 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Box 39. Troy Files, Box 1, Folder 4.
12 Carlo D’Este, Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943 (New York: HarperCollins, 1988), 431.
13 D’Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945, 78.
14 Ibid., 74.
15 Henry Hitch Adams, Italy at War (Chicago, IL: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1982), 159–161.
16 D’Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945, 82.
17 Adams, 159–161.
18 Ibid.
19 Corvo, 106.
20 John Steinbeck, Once there was a war (New York: Penguin Group, 2007), 176.
21 Steinbeck, 185.
22 John B Dwyer, Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1992), 40.
23 Corvo, 108–109. Steinbeck, 186.
24 Steinbeck, 187.
25 Adams, 159–161.
26 Senger.
27 “Obolensky Headed US Chutists Whose Leap Sped Sardinia’s Fall,” New York Times, October 8, 1943, 4.
28 Jean Meegan, “Prince Serge Obolensky Wants to Be Called ‘Colonel’ Now,” Palm Beach Post, October 25, 1945, 5.
29 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
30 Meegan.
31 “Obolensky Headed US Chutists Whose Leap Sped Sardinia’s Fall.”
32 Corvo, 51, 56, and 119. Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 61.
33 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
34 Miller, 144–146.
35 Jean-Louis Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2013), 859–860.
36 Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre, 859–860. “The Liberation of Corsica.” Chemins de Memoire, n.d.
37 Senger, 164.
38 “The Liberation of Corsica.”
39 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
39 Anthony Scariano, “Operations Carried out in Corsica and at Capraia and Gorgona during the Period of September 1943 to May 1944,” Gli Americani e la Guerra di Liberazione d’Italia: Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.) e la Resistenza (Venice: Instituto Veneziano per la Storia della Resistenza, 1994), 267–270.
40 Ibid.
41 “Handful od US Soldiers battled like ‘Lions’ in Corsican Conquest.” Stars and Stripes, October 19, 1943.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Scariano.
Chapter 5: Rescuing Escaped Prisoners of War
1 Details about mission Simcol are in NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Box 45–46.
2 NARA, RG 389, World War II Prisoners of War Data File, 12/7/1941–11/19/1946).
3 Ibid.
Chapter 6: Operations from Corsica
1 Details about the OG operations from Corsica are in NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Box 45–46.
2 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 78–79.
3 Ibid.
4 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
5 NARA RG 226 Di Scalfani OSS Personnel file.
6 “AFS Letters No. 33, January 1945,” American Field Service, n.d.
7 Steinbeck, 60.
8 Ibid.
9 Richard Langworth, Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (New York: Perseus Books Group, 2008), 283.
10 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
11 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 78.
Chapter 7: The Ill-Fated Ginny Mission
1 The story of the Ginny mission is reconstructed from documents in NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46; Entry 146, Box 36 (Case 100); and RG 153, Entry 143, Boxes 530–531 (Case 16–116).
2 Aldo Icardi, American Master Spy (Pittsburgh: Stalwart Enterprises, Inc., 1954), 215.
3 USAHEC, Donovan Papers.
Chapter 8: Operational Groups in France
1 Cremieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis. La France Libre, Tome II (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2013), 1230–1231.
2 Roosevelt. The Overseas Targets, 197–198.
3 Ibid.
4 Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre, Tome II, 1235.
5 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 198–199.
6 Ibid.
7 Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre, Tome II, 1235.
8 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 199, 204.
9 “Operations in Southern France, “ OSS Operational Groups, n.d.
10 Ibid.
11 “Brockhall Hall and Manor,” Waymarking, July 22, 2008.
12 Ellsworth Johnson, “One Small Part,” Office of Strategic Services Operational Groups, n.d.
13 Ibid.
14 William M. Henhoeffer, “If Donovan Were Here Today,” Studies in Intelligence, Fall 1988, 10–119-1.
14 John W Shaver, Office of the Strategic Services: Operational Groups in France during World War II (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1993), 59.
15 Ibid.
16 Meegan.
17 Johnson, Ellsworth.
18 John Mendelsohn, Covert Warfare: Other OSS Teams (New York: Garlans, 1989), 82.
19 Johnson, Ellsworth.
20 Ibid.
21 Johnson, Ellsworth. Shaver, 62–63.
Chapter 9: Americans in Vercors
1 DREX, La Division Recherche et Retour d’EXpérience, La guérilla n’aura pas lieu … la bataille du Vercors 1940–1944 (Paris: Ministère de la Defénse, 2010), 20.
; 2 “Jean-Pierre Levy (Movement “Franc-Tireur”),” Fondation de la Résistance, n.d.
3 DREX, 25.
4 Paul Dreyfus, Vercors, Citadelle de la Liberté (Grenoble: Arthaud, 1969), 77.
5 DREX, 31.
6 DREX, 22.
7 Ibid.
8 Gilles Vergnon, Le Vercors: histoire et mémoire d’un maquis (Paris: Les Éditions de l’Atelier, 2002), 107, 121.
9 “La Milice française,” 70e Anniversaire de la Liberation de France, n.d.
10 Richard Juillet, “La “Saint-Barthélemy” grenobloise,”Isère Magazine, October 2013.
11 DREX, 33–34.
12 Ibid.
13 M. R. D. Foost, SOE in France (London: Routledge, 2004), 315.
14 DREX, 34.
15 Foost, 315–316.
16 Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre, Tome II, 1222, 1407.
17 H. R.Kedward, In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942–1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 175.
18 DREX, 37.
19 Cremieux-Brilhac, La France Libre, Tome II, 1227–1229.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Vergnon, 96.
23 DREX, 44.
24 DREX, 45.
25 DREX, 42.
26 John Houseman, “John Houseman’s Diary—Mission Eucalyptus,” WW2 People’s War, n.d.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Vergnon, 93–94.
30 Nathan C. Hill, “Sowing Dragon’s Teeth: OSS Operational Groups of World War II,” Military Review, July–August 2013, 31–37.
31 Vergnon, 102.
32 DREX, 42.
33 Vergnon, 107.
34 DREX, 40.
35 Ibid.
36 Houseman.
37 DREX, 45–46.
38 Vergnon, 122.
39 DREX, 51.
40 Tim Lynch, Silent Skies: Gliders at War 1939–1945 (Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2008).
41 DREX, 46.
42 DREX, 51.
43 DREX, 47.
44 Ibid.
45 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 195.
46 Hill.
47 “Histoire de la Grotte de la Luire,” Grotte de la Luire, n.d.
48 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 196.
49 “Andre E. Pecquet Awards and Citations,” MilitaryTimes Hall of Valor, n.d.
50 Houseman.
51 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 196. Hill.
52 DREX, 48.
53 DREX, 51.
54 Kedward: 180.
55 Vergnon, 111 (note 196).
Chapter 10: Mission Walla Walla in Italy
1 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 109.
2 Santo Peli, Storia della Resistenza in Italia (Torino: Einaudi, 2006), 62–65.
3 “Azioni tedesche contro i civili in Toscana,” Regione Toscana, December 28, 2012.
4 Daniele Rossi, “Resistenza: L’ eccidio di Mommio,” Informati, December 27, 2013.
5 Antonio Lanfaloni, L’azione dello Stato Maggiore Generale per lo sviluppo del movimento di Liberazione (Rome: Stato Maggiore del’Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1975), 97.
6 D’Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945, 180–182.
7 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 110.
8 NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46
9 Peli, 106.
10 Nuto Revelli, La guerra dei poveri (Rome: Einaudi, 2005), 261.
11 “Anton Ukmar,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
12 “Fausto Cossu,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
13 “Domenico Mezzadra (“Americano”),” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
14 Materazzi, Albert. “The Italian-American O.S.S. with the Italian Resistance: An Overview,” Gli Americani e la Guerra di Liberazione d’Italia, 211–213.
15 “Divisione Giustizia e Libertà,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia Comitato Provinciale di Piacenza, n.d.
16 Peli, 109.
Chapter 11: Mission Mangosteen-Chrysler
1 Richard J. H. Johnston, “Brother of Victim Made Long Inquiry,” New York Times, August 16, 1951, 12.
2 “Figures Involved in Murder History,” New York Times, August 16, 1951, 13.
3 Corvo, 204.
4 Icardi, 215.
5 “Alfredo Di Dio,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
6 Peter Tompkins, L’altra Resistenza (Milano: Saggiatore, 2005), 281.
7 “Vincenzo “Cino” Moscatelli,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
8 “La Repubblica della Val d’Ossola,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d. NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
9 Icardi, 18.
10 Icardi, 48.
11 Icardi, 51.
12 Tompkins, 288–290.
13 Ibid.
14 Corvo, 234.
15 Icardi, 207.
Chapter 12: Rescue Missions in the Balkans
1 “General James Harold Doolittle,” U.S. Air Force, n.d.
2 “General Nathan F. Twining,” U.S. Air Force, n.d.
3 “2641st Special Group,” The Fifteenth Air Force, n.d.
4 “The Fifteenth Air Force,” The Fifteenth Air Force, n.d.
5 Ronald H. Bailey, Partisans and Guerrillas (Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1978), 74.
6 Gregory A. Freeman, Red Tails, The Tuskegee Airmen and Operation Halyard (New York: New American Library, 2011), 122.
7 “Screen News Here and in Hollywood,” New York Times, September 8, 1942, 26.
8 James MacDonald, “Satellite States Alarmed,” New York Times, August 8, 1943, E5.
9 Richard M. Kelly, “The Halyard Mission,” Blue Book Magazine, August 1946, 52–62.
10 Ibid.
11 Thomas K. Oliver, “Unintended Visit to Yugoslavia,” Black Hills Veterans Writing Group, n.d.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Kelly.
15 Peter Lucas, The OSS in World War II Albania (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007), 52–53.
16 Agnes Jensen Margerich, Albanian Escape (Lexington, Kentucky: Univesity Press of Kentucky, 1999), 202.
17 Margerich, 200.
18 Margerich, 208.
19 Kelly.
20 Arthur Jibilian, “Rescuer In Yugoslavia,” America in WWII, April 2008.
21 Ibid.
22 Kelly.
23 Ibid.
24 Jibilian.
25 Kelly.
26 Bailey, 189.
27 Kelly.
28 Freeman, 11.
29 Kelly.
30 “OSS ‘Underground Railway’ Plan Saved U.S. Fliers in Axis Areas,” New York Times, September 17, 1945, 5.
31 Kevin Morrow, “Rescue Behind Enemy Lines,” HistoryNet, March 20, 2008.
Chapter 13: Mission Peedee-Roanoke
1 Peli, 114.
2 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 113.
3 Peli, 113.
4 Roosevelt, The Overseas Targets, 109.
5 D’Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945, 110
6 Ibid., 181.
7 See Peedee and Roanoke mission reports at NARA RG 226, Entry 99, Boxes 45–46.
8 Claudia Nasini, “The OSS in the Italian Resistance: A Post Cold War Interpretation,” Eurostudium, 2012, 46–82.
9 “Italo Pietra (“Edoardo”),” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia di Voghera, n.d.
10 Philip Francis, “O.G. Doctors: Snapshot of the Sixth Zone,” Gli Americani e la Guerra di Liberazione d’Italia, 274–281.
11 Ibid.
12 Robert Hodges, “African-American 92nd Infantry Division Fought in Italy During World War II.” Historynet.com, June 12, 2006.
13 Ulysses Lee, United States Army in World War II: The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), 579–581.
14 Lee, 586–587.
15 Thoma
s A. Popa, Po Valley (Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History, n.d.), 16.
16 Lee, 586–587.
17 Paolo Emilio Taviani, Breve Storia dell’Insurrezione di Genova (Rome: Terzo Migliaio, 1960).
18 Lee, 587–588.
19 Roberto Raja, “I giorni della liberazione,” Cinquanta Mila Giorni. n.d.
20 Ettore Botti, “Lo Scempio del Duce nel Giorno della Vergogna,” Cinquanta Mila Giorni. September 20, 2001.
21 Italo Pietra (“Edoardo”).
22 “Walter Audisio,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, n.d.
23 Botti.
24 Francis.
25 “La Sicherheits,” Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia di Voghera, n.d.
26 Italo Pietra (“Edoardo”).
27 Peli, 173.
28 Peli, 172.
29 Popa, 21–22.
30 NARA RG 153, Entry 143, Boxes 530–531, Case 16–116.
31 Popa, 23.
32 Senger, 303–304.
33 Senger, 308.
Chapter 14: OSS Investigations into War Crimes
1 Details about the OSS investigation into the fate of the Ginny mission (Case 100) are at NARA RG 226, Entry 146, Box 36, Case 100. See also Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General at NARA RG 153, Entry 143, Boxes 530–531, Case 16–116.
2 Army Battle Casualties and Non-Death Reports during World War II, June 1, 1953.
3 Scariano.
4 “History of Cinecittà,” Rome File. n.d.
5 John Oswald, “An Interrogator’s Life,” WW2 People’s War, October 27, 2004.
6 Corvo, 233.
7 Icardi, 62.
8 Corvo, 265.
9 Icardi, 187.
10 “La Missione Americana Chrysler sul Lago d’Orta,” La Stampa, March 29, 1950, 4.
11 Icardi, 188.
Chapter 15: Swift Justice for the Ginny Men
1 For details about the trial of Anton Dostler see Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General at NARA RG 153, Entry 143, Boxes 530–531, Case 16–116.
2 Senger, 345.
3 Karel Margry, “The Dostler Case,” After the Battle, Number 94, 1996, 1–19.
4 Senger, 345.
5 Stephen Stratford, “Falkenhorst Trial,” British Military & Criminal History 1900 to 1999. n.d.
6 Richard Raiber, Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rassella, and the GINNY Mission (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008), 164–190.
Chapter 16: No Justice for Major Holohan
1 Richard J. H. Johnston, “Brother of Victim Made Long Inquiry,” New York Times, August 16, 1951, 12.
2 Icardi, 192–194.
3 Details of the Army CID investigations into the disapearance of Major Holohan are in NARA RG 60, Identifier 623168, Box 1.