Donovan's Devils

by Albert Lulushi

  4 “Italian Lieutenant Solved Killing, Turin Paper Said 18 Months Ago,” New York Times, August 17, 1951, 5.

  5 “Ripescata dal Lago d’Orta la Salma del Maggiore Holohan,” La Stampa, June 17, 1950, 4. NARA RG 60, Identifier 623168, Box 1.

  6 Icardi, 220.

  7 “Text of Lo Dolce Confession in Holohan Murder, Signed Aug. 3, 1950,” New York Times, August 17, 1951, 4.

  8 Icardi, 220.

  9 “Lo Dolce Disowns His ‘Confession’,” New York Times, August 18, 1951, 4.

  10 “Story Suppressed Here, Says Editor,” New York Times, August 17, 1951, 3.

  11 “War Murder of US Major to Help Reds Laid to Aides,” New York Times, August 16, 1951, 1.

  12 “Murder Charges Scorned by Icardi,” New York Times, August 19, 1951, 4.

  13 “Lo Dolce Disowns His ‘Confession’.”

  14 Ibid.

  15 “Gen. Donovan Says Victim Had $14,000,” New York Times, August 17, 1951, 5.

  16 “Lo Dolce Disowns His ‘Confession’.”

  17 “Warrants Issued in Holohan Case as Italy Prepares Extradition Plea,” New York Times, August 28, 1951, 1.

  18 “US Arrests Lo Dolce for Italy in ’44 Death of OSS Major,” New York Times, March 29, 1952: 1.

  19 Donald R. Klenk and James M. Gabler, “A Collapse of International Extradition: The Lo Dolce Case,” Washington and Lee Law Review, Volume 12, Issue 2, 1955, 213–222.

  20 “Ruling on Lo Dolce Bars Extradition,” New York Times, August 12, 1952, 1.

  21 “Nemici in gabia gli imputati,” La Stampa, October 20, 1953, 3. “Two at Trial Accuse Maj. Holohan’s Aides,” New York Times, October 20, 1953, 13. “Holohan Suspect Called US Agent,” New York Times, October 21, 1953, 19.

  22 “Nemici in gabia gli imputati.”

  23 “Il Processo Holohan alle Assise di Novara,” La Stampa, October 20, 1953, 6.

  24 “Udienza Movimentata Stamane al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, October 20–21, 1953, 4.

  25 “Sfilata di Testi al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, October 22, 1953, 6.

  26 “Ulitmi Testimoni al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, October 23, 1953, 4.

  27 “Severa Inquisitoria al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, October 29, 1953, 5.

  28 “Il Processo Holohan verso l’Epilogo,” La Stampa, November 6, 1953, 4.

  29 “La Difesa al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, November 1, 1953, 6.

  30 “Sentenza al Processo Holohan,” La Stampa, November 7, 1953, 6.

  31 “Holohan Inquiry Opened in Capital,” New York Times, December 20, 1951, 19.

  32 Michael Stern, No Innocence Abroad (New York: Random House, 1952), 310.

  33 “Inquiry Accuses Aides to Holohan,” New York Times, July 26, 1953, 15.

  34 United States v. Icardi. No. 821–55, United States District Court District of Columbia, April 19, 1956.

  35 “House Group Finds Evidence Against 2 in Holohan Slaying,” Washington Post, July 26, 1953, M2. “Inquiry Accuses Aides to Holohan.”

  36 “17 from Italy Help New Holohan Study,” New York Times, August 7, 1955, 24.

  37 Evan Thomas, The Man to See (New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1991), 80–81.

  38 Ibid., 82.

  39 Edward Bennett Williams, One Man’s Freedom (New York: Atheneum, 1962), 31–34.

  40 Ibid., 43.

  41 Ibid., 47–48.

  42 Ibid., 46–47.

  43 Ibid.

  44 “Holohan Slaying Called Red Coup,” New York Times, April 18, 1956, 16.

  45 Williams, 53.

  46 Ibid., 54–55.

  47 “Icardi and the Law,” New York Times, April 22, 1956, 19.

  48 United States v. Icardi.

  49 Thomas, 90.

  50 “Vincenzo “Cino” Moscatelli.”

  51 “A Holohan Witness Believed a Suicide,” New York Times, June 6, 1965, 15.

  52 Francesco Allegra, “Lo 007 della Resistenza,” La Stampa, November 6, 1991, 37.

  Epilogue

  1 USAHEC, Donovan Papers.

  2 Ibid.

  3 Ibid.

  4 Ibid.

  5 Ibid.

  6 Troy Papers, Box 1, Folder 4.

  7 Richard Dunlop, Donovan: America’s Master Spy (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014), 468–469.

  8 Ibid.

  9 “NSC 10/2,” NARA NSC Documents, June 18, 1948.

  10 USAHEC, Donovan Papers.

  11 Ibid.

  12 “Remarks Delivered by CIA Director John Brennan at the OSS Society Awards Dinner,” October 26, 2013.

  13 Bruce Barcott, “Special Forces,” New York Times., May 14, 2009.

  14 “Our Agency’s Blueprint for the Future,” March 6, 2015.

  Bibliography

  Archive Materials

  The following records are at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) II, College Park, Maryland:

  • Record Group (RG) 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services 1940–1946

  • Entry 99 OSS History Office: Boxes 33–34 contain activity reports; Boxes 45–46 contain operational reports.

  • Entry 146 OSS War Crimes Investigations: Box 36 contains Case 100, Ginny Mission investigation.

  • Personnel Files, 1942–1945, National Archives Identifier: 1593270.

  • Troy Papers: Background Papers for “Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency,” ca. 1967—1980.

  • Record Group 153, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General.

  • Entry 143, Boxes 530–531 contain Case 16–116, Anton Dostler’s case and trial.

  • Record Group 389: Records of the Office of the Provost Marshal General.

  • World War II Prisoners of War Data File, 12/7/1941–11/19/1946.

  • Record Group 60: General Records of the Department of Justice, 1790–2002.

  • Select Subject Files Relating to Investigations of Alleged Treasonable Utterances by Aldo Icardi (Identifier 623168).

  • Record Group 273: Records of the National Security Council.

  The following records are in the Manuscript Collection at the United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC), Ridgeway Hall, Carlisle, Pennsylvania:

  • William J. Donovan Papers

  • Mathew B. Ridgeway Papers

  Books

  Adams, Henry Hitch. Italy at War. Chicago, IL: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1982.

  Bailey, Ronald H. Partisans and Guerrillas. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1978.

  Bell, Christopher M. Churchill and Sea Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

  Black, Robert W. Rangers in World War II. New York: Presidio Press, 1992.

  Boak, David G. OSS Red Group 2: A Fisherman Goes to War. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011.

  Churchill, Winston S. London to Ladysmith Via Pretoria. London: Longman, Green, and Co., 1900.

  Corvo, Max. OSS in Italy, 1942–1945. New York: Enigma Books, 2005.

  Cremieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis. La France Libre. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2013.

  ———. La France Libre, Tome II. Paris: Gallimard, 2013.

  D’Este, Carlo. Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943. New York: HarperCollins, 1988.

  ———. World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1990.

  DREX, Bureau Recherche de la Division Recherche et Retour d’Expérience. La guérilla n’aura pas lieu… la bataille du Vercors 1940–1944. Cahier de la Recherche Doctrinale. Paris: Ministère de la Défense, 2010.

  Dreyfus, Paul. Vercors, Citadelle de la Liberté. Grenoble: Arthaud, 1969.

  Dunlop, Richard. Donovan: America’s Master Spy. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014.

  Dwyer, John B. Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1992.

  Foost, M. R. D. SOE in France. London: Routledge, 2004.

  Freeman, Gregory A. Red Tails, The Tuskegee Airmen and Operation Halyard. N
ew York: New American Library, 2011.

  ———. The Forgoten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All for the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II. New York: New American Library, 2007.

  Gli Americani e la Guerra di Liberazione d’Italia: Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.) e la Resistenza. Venice: Instituto Veneziano per la Storia della Resistenza, 1994.

  Icardi, Aldo. American Master Spy. Pittsburgh, PA: Stalwart Enterprises, Inc., 1954.

  Kedward, H. R. In Search of the Maquis : Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942–1944. Oxforfd: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  Lanfaloni, Antonio. L’azione dello Stato Maggiore Generale per lo sviluppo del movimento di Liberazione. Rome: Stato Maggiore del’Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1975.

  Langworth, Richard. Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2008.

  Lee, Ulysses. United States Army in World War II: The Employment of Negro Troops. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.

  Lucas, Peter. The OSS in World War II Albania. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007.

  Lynch, Tim. Silent Skies: Gliders at War 1939–1945. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2008.

  Margerich, Agnes Jensen. Albanian Escape. Lexington, Kentucky: Univesity Press of Kentucky, 1999.

  Mendelsohn, John. Covert Warfare: Other OSS Teams. New York: Garlans, 1989.

  Miller, Russell. The Commandos. Chicago, IL: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1981.

  O’Donnell, Patrick K. Operatives, Spies, and Saboteurs: The Unknown Story of the Men and Women of World War II’s OSS. New York: Free Press, 2004.

  Owen, James. Commando: Winning WW2 Behind Enemy Lines. London: Little, Brown Book Group, 2013.

  Peli, Santo. Storia della Resistenza in Italia. Torino: Einaudi, 2006.

  Popa, Thomas A. Po Valley. Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, n.d.

  Preziosi, Laurent and Toussaint Griffi. Première Mission en Corse Occupée avec le Sous-marin Casabianca ( Décembre 1942–Mars 1943). Paris: Éditions L’Harmattan, 1988.

  Ratcliffe, Susan. Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

  Raiber, Richard. Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rassella, and the GINNY Mission. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008.

  Revelli, Nuto. La guerra dei poveri. Rome: Einaudi, 2005.

  Roosevelt, Kermit. War Report of the OSS. New York: Walker and Company, 1976.

  ———. The Overseas Targets: War Report of the OSS, Volume II. New York: Walker and Company, 1976.

  Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. Enigma: The Battle for the Code. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.

  Senger und Etterlin, Frido von. Neither Fear Nor Hope. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1989.

  Shaver, John W. Office of the Strategic Services: Operational Groups in France during World War II. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1993.

  Steinbeck, John. Once there was a war. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.

  Stern, Michael. No Innocence Abroad. New York: Random House, 1952.

  Taviani, Paolo Emilio. Breve Storia dell’Insurrezione di Genova. Rome: Terzo Migliaio, 1960.

  The Bureau of Ships. Know your PT Boat. Washington, DC: Navy Department, 1945.

  Thomas, Evan. The Man to See. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1991.

  Tompkins, Peter. L’altra Resistenza. Milano: Saggiatore, 2005.

  Vergnon, Gilles. Le Vercors: histoire et mémoire d’un maquis. Paris: Les Éditions de l’Atelier, 2002.

  Williams, Edward Bennett. One Man’s Freedom. New York: Atheneum, 1962.

  Williamson, Gordon. German Special Forces of World War II. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009.

  Articles in Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, and Online Sources

  The articles from the New York Times and the Washington Post listed below are available in the ProQuest Historical Newspapers databases at http://search.proquest.com. I accessed the ProQuest databases courtesy of the Fairfax County, Virginia, Public Library.

  The articles from the Turin daily La Stampa are available at the online historical archive of the newspaper at http://www.archiviolastampa.it.

  For all other online resources, I have provided the URL and the date last accessed.

  “17 from Italy Help New Holohan Study.” New York Times. August 7, 1955: 24.

  “2641st Special Group.” n.d. The Fifteenth Air Force. http://www.15thaf.org/2641st_SG/2641st.html (accessed December 17, 2014).

  “A Holohan Witness Believed a Suicide.” New York Times. June 6, 1965: 15.

  “Al Processo Holohan.” La Stampa. November 6, 1953: 4.

  “Alfredo Di Dio.” n.d. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia. http://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/alfredo-di-dio (accessed January 19, 2015).

  “All War Prisoners Face Nazi Threat.” New York Times. October 16, 1942: 6.

  Allegra, Francesco. “Lo 007 della Resistenza.” La Stampa. November 6, 1991: 37.

  “Andre E. Pecquet Awards and Citations.” n.d. MilitaryTimes Hall of Valor. http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=22529 (accessed November 3, 2014).

  “Anton Ukmar.” n.d. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia. http://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/anton-ukmar (accessed November 5, 2014).

  Army Battle Casualties and Non-Death Reports during World War II. June 1, 1953. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/Casualties/Casualties-Intro.html (accessed May 23, 2014).

  “Azioni tedesche contro i civili in Toscana.” December 28, 2012. Regione Toscana. http://www.regione.toscana.it/en/storiaememoriedel900/fonti/azioni-tedesche-contro-i-civili (accessed October 11, 2014).

  “Bar Arrest for Italy.” New York Times. February 8, 1952: 11.

  Belkin, Lisa. “Lucy Monroe Dies; A Celebrated Singer Of National Anthem.” October 16, 1987. New York Times Archives. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/16/obituaries/lucy-monroe-dies-a-celebrated-singer-of-national-anthem.html (accessed September 2, 2014).

  “Bids Convention Back Cabinet Appointees.” New York Times. June 22, 1940: 10.

  “Bill Robinson.” n.d. Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/bill-bojangles-robinson-9460594 (accessed September 2, 2014).

  Blosser, Charles. “Dostler Dies Before U.S. Firing Squad.” The Stars and Stripes Mediterranean December 3, 1945: 1.

  “Boers Traits and British Traits.” New York Times. March 6, 1900. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A0DE4DE1339E733A25755C0A9659C946197D6CF (accessed September 12, 2014).

  Botti, Ettore. “Lo Scempio del Duce nel Giorno della Vergogna.” September 20, 2001. Cinquanta Mila Giorni. http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerArticolo.php?storyId=4db01bec5c48f (accessed November 9, 2014).

  “Britain Unshackles Captives, Nazis Talk.” New York Times. December 12, 1942: 55.

  “British Commandos Raid Hitler’s Europe.” Life January 26, 1942: 17–21.

  “Brockhall Hall and Manor.” July 22, 2008. Waymarking.

  http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM48PX_Brockhall_Hall_and_Manor_Brockhall_Estate_Northamptonshire_UK (accessed October 23, 2014).

  Captain Robert J. Bulkley, Jr. At Close Quarters: PT Boats in the United States Navy. Washington, DC: Naval History Division, 1962. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/CloseQuarters/PT-6.html (accessed June 13, 2014).

  “Close Combat Without and With Weapons As Taught At SOE STS 103.” n.d. IndaBook. http://www.indabook.org/preview/QNLQZZ2u1h5Lufx_RT-5d0xKVxFmUHW5aV9Chx8RcVU,/Close-Combat-Without-and-With-Weapons-As-Taught-At.html?query=Province-of-Manitoba-Map (accessed September 16, 2014).

  “Col. Donovan Back, Has Seen ‘A Lot’.” New York Times. March 19, 1941: 9.

  “Convention Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Relating to Prisoners of War; July 27, 1929.” n.d. The Avalon Project. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/geneva02.asp (accessed September 16,
2014).

  “Cornell University Law Library.” n.d. Donovan Nuremberg Trial Collection. http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/n/nur/pdf/nur00701.pdf (accessed September 17, 2014).

  Daniell, Raymond. “British Would End Reprisals.” New York Times. October 18 ,1942: E4.

  Darling, Arthur B. “Origins of Central Intelligence.” Studies in Intelligence, Volume 8, Number 3 (1953).

  Darnton, Byron. “Vast Throng Jams the Mall to Cheer Amercan Day Fete.” New York Times. May 19, 1941: 1.

  “Divisione Giustizia e Libertà.” n.d. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia Comitato Provinciale di Piacenza. http://www.partigiani-piacentini.net/divisione-giustizia-liberta/index.jspeldoc?IdC=1524&IdS=1541 (accessed November 6, 2014).

  “Domenico Mezzadra (“Americano”).” n.d. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia. http://lombardia.anpi.it/voghera/biografie/mezzadra.htm (accessed November 5, 2014).

  Donovan, William J. and Edgar Mowrer. “Germans Said to Spend Vast Sums Abroad to Pave Way for Conquest.” New York Times. August 23, 1940: 5.

  “Drive Begun Here for Polish Relief.” New York Times. February 26, 1940: 2.

  Dulles, Allen W. “William J. Donovan and the National Security.” n.d. CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol3no3/html/v03i3a07p_0001.htm (accessed June 8, 2014).

  “Fausto Cossu.” n.d. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia. http://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/fausto-cossu (accessed November 5, 2014).

  “Figures Involved in Murder History.” New York Times. August 16, 1951: 13.

  “Gen. Donovan Says Victim Had $14,000.” New York Times. August 17, 1951: 5.

  “General James Harold Doolittle.” n.d. U.S. Air Force. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/107225/general-james-harold-doolittle.aspx (accessed December 16, 2014).

  “General Joseph T. McNarney.” n.d. US Air Force Website. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106132/general-joseph-t-mcnarney.aspx (accessed September 2, 2014).

  “General Nathan F. Twining.” February 10, 1958. U.S. Air Force. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105367/general-nathan-f-twining.aspx (accessed December 16, 2014).

  “God Bless America.” n.d. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm019.html (accessed September 2, 2014).