Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England

by Thomas Penn

  23. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 68, 144–5.

  24. MacCulloch, Reformation, p. 79.

  25. Salter, ‘Skelton’s Speculum Principis’, pp. 25–37.

  26. Nelson, John Skelton, pp. 75–6; ‘The Latin Writings of John Skelton’, VIII.

  27. Skelton, Complete English Poems, p. 61.

  28. Household of Edward IV, p. 126; Chartier, Curial, pp. 1–2.

  29. CWE, 1, ep. 118.

  30. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 142, 144, 245.

  31. CWE, 1, ep. 118; MacCulloch, Reformation, pp. 76–7.

  32. CWE, 1, ep. 118; Maddison, Pelling and Webster, Linacre Studies, pp. xvii, xix, 20; CWM, 12, p. 121.

  33. Correspondence of Thomas More, pp. 7, 9; Ackroyd, Thomas More, p. 81.

  34. CWE, 1, ep. 118.

  35. CWE, 1, ep. 104.

  36. CWE, 1, ep. 108.

  37. CWE, 1, eps. 106–11.

  38. N. Orme, ‘Holt, John (d. 1504)’, ODNB.

  39. CWM, 1, pp. xxi–xxiv.

  40. CWM, 1, pp. xxi–xxiv; HKW, III, pp. 210–11.

  41. For Henry’s illnesses see CSPV, nos. 520, 939–41; CSPS, no. 511; The Reign of Henry VII, III, pp. 187–9; LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 238.

  42. SJC D91.20, pp. 83–5.

  43. TNA E 101/415/7, nos. 129, 135, 139, 140, 251–2.

  44. The Reign of Henry VII, III, pp. 75–8.

  45. CSPS, no. 360.

  46. Kelly, Matrimonial Trials, p. 70 n. 23.

  47. Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 70–71, 88; Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 52–3; BL Add. MS 59899, f. 18; CSPS, no. 364.

  48. CSPS, no. 364; LPHVIII, IV (iii), 5774/3.

  49. Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 61.

  50. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton’, p. 22; Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 226–7.

  51. CSPV, nos. 538, 542; Underwood, ‘The Pope, The Queen and the King’s Mother’, p. 67; Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War, p. 76; Hall, Chronicle, p. 448; Burchard, At the Court of the Borgia, p. 150.

  52. Wilkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England, pp. 28–34; Mallett, The Borgias, pp. 233-42; Brady, Anglo-Roman Papers, pp. 14–15, cited in Underwood, ‘The Pope, The Queen and the King’s Mother’, pp. 75–6.

  53. Burchard, At the Court of the Borgia, pp. 219–26.

  54. Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War, pp. 75–6.

  55. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 286.

  56. CSPS, nos. 370, 372, 375, 380.

  5. NO SURE WAY

  1. GC, p. 325; BL Add. MS 21480, f. 101v.

  2. All references are to the transcript provided in Leadam, ‘An Unknown Conspiracy’, pp. 152–8; Gairdner, ‘A Supposed Conspiracy’, pp. 157–94.

  3. Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 209–21.

  4. Leadam, ‘An Unknown Conspiracy’, pp. 152–8.

  5. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 136–9.

  6. Leadam, ‘An Unknown Conspiracy’, pp. 152–8.

  7. BL, Add. MS 21480, f. 101v; Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 277–8, 300.

  8. Hammond, Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 43–5; Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion, pp. 80–101; Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 230–97; Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 174–80.

  9. I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for his perceptive thoughts on Henry’s attitude to the young Lord Bergavenny.

  10. Horrox, ‘Service’, pp. 66–8.

  11. Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 288, 290, 292–3.

  12. Ross, ‘Sedition and the King “Beyond the See” ’.

  13. R. W. Hoyle, ‘Percy, Henry Algernon, fifth earl of Northumberland (1478–1527)’, ODNB; C. S. L. Davies, ‘Stafford, Edward, third duke of Buckingham (1478–1521)’, ODNB.

  14. Hicks, ‘Dynastic Change and Northern Society’, pp. 78–80.

  15. James, ‘A Tudor Magnate’, pp. 71–5.

  16. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 57.

  17. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 1, 36–7.

  18. Harris, Edward Stafford, p. 43.

  19. Hayward, Rich Apparel, pp. 171–2, 184.

  20. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 35–6, 93, 138; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 84–5, 134; LP HVIII, III, (i), p. cxxx.

  21. Hoyle, ‘The Earl, the Archbishop and the Council’, pp. 240–41; Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, pp. 117–18.

  22. Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 271–2.

  23. TNA STAC 2/24/79, quoted in Hoyle, ‘The Earl, the Archbishop and the Council’, p. 242 n. 13; James, ‘A Tudor Magnate’, pp. 18–19.

  24. S. J. Gunn, ‘Thomas Savage, archbishop of York’, ODNB; Gunn, ‘Courtiers of Henry VII’, p. 43; Cameron, ‘The Giving of Livery’, pp. 21–22; Hoyle, ‘The Earl, the Archbishop and the Council’, pp. 242–5 n. 15; James, ‘A Tudor Magnate’, p. 49.

  25. Hoyle, ‘The Earl, the Archbishop and the Council’, pp. 246–52.

  26. Select Cases in the Council of Henry VII, pp. 41–4.

  27. Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 283; Hoyle, ‘The Earl, the Archbishop and the Council’, pp. 254–6.

  28. Grummitt, ‘Calais 1485–1547’, p. 148.

  29. CCR 1500–1509, no. 226; Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 284.

  30. TNA SC 1/58/57-8, printed in LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 231–40; Grummitt, ‘ “For the Surety of the Towne and the Marches” ’, pp. 198–200.

  31. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 231–2.

  32. Luckett, ‘Crown Patronage and Political Morality’, pp. 579–81.

  33. Horrox, Richard III, p. 171 n. 119; S. Cunningham, ‘Sir Richard Guildford’, ODNB; L. L. Ford, ‘Vaux, Nicholas, first Baron Vaux (c.1460–1523)’, ODNB.

  34. Fortescue, On the laws and governance of England, p. 5.

  35. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 231–40.

  36. Skelton, Complete English Poems, V, pp. 46–61.

  37. Machiavelli, The Prince, pp. 57–9; ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley’, p. 86.

  6. COUNCIL LEARNED

  1. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 74, 84–5, 158–9, 291–2; Jones, ‘Collyweston – an Early Tudor Palace’, p. 129.

  2. Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 258–301; BL Harleian MS 78, f. 31; Jones, Bosworth 1485, pp. 177–8, 245.

  3. WAM 16042; Gunn, ‘Court of Henry VII’, p. 137.

  4. WAM 16047.

  5. Condon, ‘From Caitiff and Villain to Pater Patriae’, passim; Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’, pp. 159–61.

  6. S. Cunningham, ‘Henry VII’s Council Learned in the Law (active c.1499–1509)’, ODNB (I am grateful to the author for an early look at this article); Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, passim; Somerville, ‘Henry VII’s Council Learned’, passim.

  7. For which, see TNA DL 5/2, 5/4, passim.

  8. TNA DL 5/4, f. 101v.

  9. Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, pp. 132–4; Somerville, ‘Henry VII’s Council Learned’, pp. 430–31; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 420–23.

  10. TNA E 101/413/2/3, ff. 45, 84v, 99; McGlynn, ‘ “Of good name and fame in the countrey” ’, p. 549; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, p. 426.

  11. TNA E405/79, f. 3v; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 439–40; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VII, pp. 143–4.

  12. Skelton, Complete English Poems, V, p. 58; Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, pp. 79–80.

  13. M. M. Condon, ‘Empson, Sir Richard (c.1450–1510)’, ODNB; Plumpton Correspondence, pp. 120–22.

  14. Plumpton Letters, pp. 145–6, 186–7.

  15. Grummitt, ‘Household, Politics and Political Morality’, p. 408; Plumpton Correspondence, pp. 177–8.

  16. TNA E 101/413/2/3, pp. 1–3.

  17. WAM 16073.

  18. TNA C 54/376, mm. 36–7. I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for bringing this reference to my attention.

  19. Guy, ‘A Conciliar Court of Audit’, pp. 289–95; Cunningham, Henry VII, p. 136; R. W. Hoyle, ‘Hussey, John, Baron Hussey’, ODNB.

  20. Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’; S. J. Gunn, ‘Dudley,
Edmund (c.1462–1510)’, ODNB.

  21. Bratchel, ‘Alien Merchant Communities’, pp. 170–201; Sicca, ‘Pawns of International Finance and Politics’, pp. 8–17; Schofield, Medieval London Houses, nos. 178, 225; Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 2; Brodie, ‘Edmund Dudley’, pp. 136–8; Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages, p. 15.

  22. Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VII, pp. 25–39.

  23. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 45.

  24. Cavill, English Parliaments, pp. 28, 137–8; Brodie, ‘Edmund Dudley’, p. 148.

  25. PROME, XVI, 1504 January, The opening of parliament; Fortescue, On the laws and governance of England, p. 10.

  26. Cavill, ‘Debate and Dissent’, pp. 166–8; Cavill, English Parliaments, p. 201; Reign of Henry VII, I, p. 151.

  27. PROME, XVI, 1504 January, item 11; Cavill, English Parliaments, pp. 210–11.

  28. Roper, The Lyfe of Sir Thomas Moore, Knighte, p. 7; Guy, Thomas More, pp. 43–4.

  29. PROME, XVI, 1504 January, Introduction (p. 316), item 5; TNA E 413/2/3, f. 120; Gunn, Early Tudor Government, pp. 103–4, 109–11, 126–7; Cavill, ‘Debate and Dissent’, pp. 168–72.

  30. GC, p. 325; Dyer, Standards of Living, p. 263; Lander, Government and Community, p. 10; Hoskins, ‘Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History’, passim.

  31. TRP, no. 11, pp. 12–13; BL Royal MS 18 D ii, ff. 163–4.

  32. Skelton, Complete English Poems, XVIII, p. 236.

  33. TNA C 244/153, no. 136.

  34. TRP, p. xxiv.

  35. TRP, no. 50, p. 62; CPR 1495–1509, p. 380.

  36. Thompson, ‘The Bishop in his Diocese’, p. 69; Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, pp. 513–14; Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, p. 5.

  37. ‘Petition of Edmund Dudley’, pp. 86–7.

  38. TNA E 101/516/17; TNA E 101/517/11, f. 3.

  39. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 50.

  40. TNA E 404/81/4, 17 August 1495.

  41. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 37.

  42. Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, p. 134; Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, pp. 462–3, 469–72; Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 36.

  7. OUR SECOND TREASURE

  1. Davidson, Festivals and Plays in Late Medieval Britain, p. 38; Hutton, Stations of the Sun, pp. 312–15; Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 153–4.

  2. BL Add. MS 59899, f. 58; Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 6–7.

  3. Gunn, ‘Prince Arthur’s Preparation for Kingship’, p. 10; TNA E 101/414/8, f. 27; PPE Elizabeth, pp. 88, 99; SJC D91.20, f. 126.

  4. TNA E 101/415/7, no. 124.

  5. BL MS Add. 59899, ff. 21v, 26v; TNA E 101/415/11; Bernard, ‘The Rise of Sir William Compton’, p. 754.

  6. Pierce, ‘The King’s Cousin’, pp. 187–225; BL Add. MS 59899, ff. 45, 92; PROME, XVI, 1504 January, Introduction (pp. 315–16), items 2, 10; Anglo, ‘Court Festivals’, p. 39.

  7. BL Add. MS 59899, f. 59.

  8. More, The History of King Richard III, ed. R. S. Sylvester, CWM, vol. 2 (New Haven, 1963), p. 81, quoted in Gunn, ‘The Court of Henry VII’, p. 132.

  9. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 174.

  10. E. Charlton, ‘Roll of Prayers Formerly Belonging to Henry VIII when Prince’, Archaeologia Aeliana, n.s. 2 (1858), pp. 41–5; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 47–9.

  11. Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 67.

  12. Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, p. 319; CPR 1495–1509, p. 343; Select Cases in the Council of Henry VII, p. 37; Cunningham, Henry VII, p. 178; Samman, ‘The Progresses of Henry VIII’, pp. 59–74.

  13. LP RIII/HVII, II, pp. 112–23.

  14. CSPS, no. 396; LP RIII/HVII, II, pp. 112–23; Clough, ‘The relations between the English and Urbino Courts’, p. 213; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 140–41.

  15. Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 130; CSPS, nos. 397, 398.

  16. CSPS, no. 398.

  17. Orme, ‘The Education of Edward V’, p. 182; BL Sloane MS 3479, ff. 53v–58; Ross, Edward IV, p. 14.

  18. A Fifteenth Century School Book, pp. 13–14; see also Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 32–4.

  19. N. Orme, ‘Holt, John (d. 1504)’, ODNB; Carlson, English Humanist Books, pp. 271–8; Penn, ‘Literary Service’, pp. 77–9; STC 13604.

  20. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 24, 155.

  21. Penn, ‘Literary Service’, pp. 37–9; Fleming, ‘The Hautes and their Circle’, p. 93.

  22. TNA E 101/414/6, ff. 62, 81; Backhouse, ‘Founders of the Royal Library’, pp. 36–7, n. 55; Penn, ‘Literary Service’, pp. 128–31.

  23. TNA LC 2/1, f. 73v; BL Add. MS 59899, ff. 48, 68v and passim; TNA E 36/214, f. 4 and passim; Carlson, ‘Royal Tutors’, pp. 273–4.

  24. Household of Edward IV, pp. 120–21, 127; Collection of Ordinances, p. 166.

  25. Hawes, Minor Poems, pp. 1–71, at pp. 52, 70.

  26. TNA LC 2/1, f. 73v.

  27. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 28–32; Anglo, The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, p. 231.

  28. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 191; The English Works of John Fisher, p. 308; SJC D91.20, p. 21.

  29. Arthurson, ‘The King’s Voyage into Scotland’, pp. 8–9; A. Ailes, ‘Machado, Roger [Ruy] (d. 1510)’, ODNB.

  30. Wagner, Heralds and Heraldry, pp. 84–6.

  31. A. Ailes, ‘Writhe, John (d. 1504)’, ODNB; R. Yorke, ‘Wriothesley (formerly Writhe), Sir Thomas (d. 1534)’, ODNB; I am indebted to Adrian Ailes’ observations on Machado, Writhe and Wriothesley. Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, I, p. 367; Wagner, Heralds and Heraldry, p. 84.

  32. TNA LC 9/50, ff. 230-1.

  33. GC, pp. 328–9, 331; Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, I, pp. 558, 562; Young, ‘A Calendar of Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments’, in Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments, p. 197; BL Add. MS 21480, f. 21; BL Add. MS 59899, f. 94v.

  34. LP HVIII, IV (iii), 5774 (9); Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 165–6; BL Add. MS 59899, ff. 63v, 64; BL Cotton MS Titus A XIII, ff. 186, 189–190v; Gunn, ‘Chivalry’, pp. 116–17; SJC D91.20, p. 162.

  8. NULL AND VOID

  1. CSPS, nos. 401, 405, 420.

  2. Kelly, Matrimonial Trials, p. 72; Memorials, pp. 416–17; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 221–5.

  3. Penn, ‘Literary Service’, p. 23. CSPS, nos. 412, 413.

  4. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 76.

  5. CSPS, no. 409.

  6. CSPS, nos. 401, 420; BL Add. MS 59899, f. 85v.

  7. CSPS, nos. 419, 436.

  8. Gunn, ‘Courtiers of Henry VII’, p. 41; Memorials, pp. 101, 223–39; CSPS, no. 437.

  9. Hepburn, ‘The 1505 Portrait of Henry VII’, pp. 222–57.

  10. CPR 1495–1509, p. 427; TNA E 36/214, f. 16; BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 52v; Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, p. 466 n. 25; Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, p. 72 n. 58.

  11. TNA E 36/214, f. 16.

  12. LP RIII/HVII, II, p. 112.

  13. Bratchel, ‘Alien Merchant Communities’, pp. 196–7. For della Fava payments, see BL Add. MS 59899, ff. 4, 27v, 44, 49, 55v, 57v, 60, 61v, 62v, 63v, 64v, 69, 71, 77v; TNA E 36/214, ff. 11v, 15, 34v, 51v, 58v, 66, 92, 92v, 107, 119, 119v, 125v, 144, 146, 151, 158v.

  14. CSPS, no. 429; Wroe, Perkin Warbeck, p. 382; Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence’, pp. 146–9.

  15. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 234; Foedera, XIII, p. 105; CSPV, no. 846.

  16. Wolffe, ‘Land Revenues’, pp. 217, 223; Grummitt, ‘Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the ‘ “New Monarchy” ’, p. 237.

  17. CSPV, nos. 846, 853; BL Add. MS 59899, f. 85; Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence’, pp. 140–41; Horowitz, ‘Henry Tudor’s Treasure’, pp. 560, 564 n. 13.

  18. TNA E 101/413/2/3, p. 237.

  19. De Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, p. 153.

  20. De Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, pp. 152–64.

  21. Finot, ‘Le commerce de l’a
lun dans les pays-bas’, pp. 422–3.

  22. Singer, The Earliest Chemical Industry, p. 159.

  23. CSPV, no. 509; Materials, I, pp. 299–300. Thanks to Samantha Harper for bringing this case to my attention. See also TNA E 114 (unsorted box) for more royal activities concerning alum.

  24. BL Add. MS 59899, f. 64.

  25. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, III, pp. 239, 324.

  26. Finot, ‘Le commerce d’alun dans les pays-bas’, pp. 424–5.

  27. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 7, 36–8; Knecht, Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, pp. 53–4.

  28. CSPS, no. 435; Kelly, Matrimonial Trials, pp. 126–7.

  29. CSPS, nos. 404, 438.

  30. CSPS, no. 439. Frederick Hepburn argues persuasively against Sittow’s personal authorship of Henry’s 1505 portrait: Hepburn, ‘The 1505 portrait of Henry VII’, pp. 248–9.

  31. CSPS, no. 439; CSPV, no. 850.

  32. CSPS, no. 439.

  33. CSPS, no. 539; CSPV no. 860.

  34. BL Add. MS 59899, ff. 96v–99, 101; CSPS, no. 439; CSPV, nos. 850, 858.

  35. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies, I, pp. 131–4.

  36. CSPS, nos. 410, 411; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 94–5.

  37. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 280–85; Hanham, ‘Edmund de la Pole, Defector’, pp. 247–8.

  38. CSPV, no. 861.

  39. Pugh, ‘Henry VII and the English Nobility’, p. 64 n. 42; LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 282.

  40. CSPV, no. 860; BL Add. MS 59899, f. 101.

  9. THIS DAY CAME DE LA POLE

  1. GC, p. 330; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 137–9.

  2. TNA E 36/214, f. 16.

  3. CSPV, no. 881.

  4. CSPV, nos. 864, 865; Gachard, Collection des voyages, pp. 408–10, 418.

  5. TNA E 36/214, ff. 16–17; SJC D91.21, p. 93.

  6. TNA E 101/416/3, f. 10v.

  7. Gachard, Collection des voyages, p. 422; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 138–9.

  8. The Reign of Henry VII, I, p. 263.

  9. Memorials, pp. 283–4; Gachard, Collection des voyages, pp. 422–3.

  10. Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 207, 234–5; HKW, II, p. 879.

  11. AR, II, pp. 193, 325–6; Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 140–41 and n. 40.