Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England

by Thomas Penn

  12. SJC D105.162, f. 2v.

  13. Memorials, p. 287.

  14. Chronicle of Calais, p. 55.

  15. SJC D105.162, f. 2v; HKW, IV, p. 5; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 73.

  16. Hampton, ‘White Rose, Part 2’, p. 474 n. 92; Memorials, p. 292.

  17. Memorials, p. 292.

  18. TNA E 101/416/3, f. 20r.

  19. Gachard, Collection des voyages, p. 424.

  20. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 290; Foedera, XIII, 123ff.; The Reign of Henry VII, III, pp. 83–96; Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 67–8.

  21. Gachard, Collections des voyages, p. 426.

  22. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 83.

  23. Memorials, pp. 299, 301–2.

  24. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 83.

  25. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 156; SJC D91.21, pp. 99–103; TNA E 36/214, f. 21.

  26. CSPV, no. 854.

  27. Hall, Chronicle, p. 501; Memorials, p. 292.

  28. Gachard, Collections des voyages, p. 429.

  29. CSPV, nos. 867, 869.

  30. BL Add. MS 21404, quoted in LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 285–6. For Don Pedro Manrique’s role, see CSPS, no. 288.

  31. Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VII, p. 92.

  32. Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 62.

  33. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, p. 71.

  34. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 138; Chronicle of Calais, pp. 5–6.

  35. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 273–4.

  36. Hampton, ‘White Rose, Part 2’, pp. 473–4.

  37. SJC D91.21, p. 108.

  38. TNA E 36/214, f. 32v; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, pp. 94–5, 108–15.

  39. S. Cunningham, ‘Guildford, Sir Richard (c.1450–1506)’, ODNB.

  40. The Pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde, passim.

  41. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 165; LP HVIII, I (i), no. 713.

  42. Select Cases in the Council of Henry VII, pp. xxix–xxx; Pugh, ‘Henry VII and the English Nobility’, p. 71.

  43. Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 289; Cameron, ‘The Giving of Livery’, pp. 32–3; Pugh, ‘Henry VII and the English Nobility’, pp. 66–7; Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 259–64.

  44. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 139; Hall, Chronicle, p. 502; Chronicle of Calais, p. 6.

  45. Grummitt, ‘ “Surety for the Towne and the Marches” ’, pp. 200–202; Luckett, ‘Crown Patronage and Political Morality’, pp. 592–5.

  46. CCR 1500–1509, nos. 825 (i–iv); Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 289.

  47. BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 19 (Lucy Browne), ff. 33, 34 (Daubeney), ff. 47v, f. 53v (Bergavenny), f. 50v (Northumberland), f. 40v (Nanfan).

  10. NEW HEAVEN, NEW EARTH

  1. CWE, 2, ep. 181.

  2. Rundle, ‘ “Not so much praise as precept” ’, pp. 148–70.

  3. CWE, 2, ep. 181.

  4. CWE, 2, ep. 185.

  5. MacCulloch, Reformation, pp. 97–105.

  6. St Thomas More: Selected Letters, pp. 4–5.

  7. Sowards, ‘Two Lost Years of Erasmus’, p. 169; Ackroyd, More, pp. 66, 103–4.

  8. J. B. Trapp, ‘Ammonius, Andreas [Andrea della Rena] (bap. 1476, d. 1517)’, ODNB; Clough, ‘Three Gigli of Lucca in England’, p. 143 n. 72.

  9. ML Add. MS 8441, f. 156, quoted in Chambers, Cardinal Bainbridge in the Court of Rome, p. 9.

  10. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 164–5, 169.

  11. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 164–5; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, II, pp. 533–6; Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War, p. 111.

  12. Singer, The Earliest Chemical Industry, p. 318 n. 241.

  13. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 159.

  14. Wilkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England, p. 29; Underwood, ‘The Pope, The Queen and the King’s Mother’, p. 78; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 141–3, 158; Clough, ‘Three Gigli of Lucca in England’, p. 138.

  15. Hay, Polydore Vergil, pp. 6, 22–3; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 144–5.

  16. Clough, ‘Three Gigli of Lucca in England’, p. 144.

  17. CWE, 2, ep. 198.

  18. Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Dean and Chapter of Wells, 2 vols., Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12 (1907–14), II, pp. 139–40, quoted in Gunn, ‘Court of Henry VII’, p. 137.

  19. CWE, 2, ep. 188.

  20. CWE, 2, eps. 189, 191–6, 206.

  21. Tournoy, ‘Two Poems written by Erasmus for Bernard Andre’, pp. 45–51; CWE, 2, ep. 191; CWE, 10, ep. 1490; CWM, 3, 2, no. 148.

  22. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. xx.

  23. Hay, Polydore Vergil, pp. 79–128.

  24. Hay, Polydore Vergil, pp. 131–5, 143–4.

  25. Talbot and Hammond, The Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, pp. 179–82, 300–301; CWE, 2, eps. 195, 236.

  26. Finot, ‘Le commerce d’alun dans les pays-bas’, p. 425.

  27. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, III, p. 49; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 350–51.

  28. TNA E 36/214, f. 58v; Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War, pp. 110–12; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 140–47, 157–8; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 27; BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 52v.

  29. LP RIII/HVII, II, pp. 167–8; BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 34v; Hay, ‘Pietro Griffo, An Italian in England’, p. 120.

  30. Underwood, ‘The Pope, The Queen and the King’s Mother’, p. 79; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 29.

  31. Sicca, ‘Consumption and Trade of Art between Italy and England’, pp. 7–8.

  32. Cellini, Autobiography, p. 18.

  33. Verdon, The Art of Guido Mazzoni, pp. 139–41.

  34. Galvin and Lindley, ‘Pietro Torrigiano’s Portrait Bust of King Henry VII’, p. 900; HKW, III, pp. 200–201; MS Bodley 488.

  35. Verdon, The Art of Guido Mazzoni, pp. 137–8.

  36. Darr, ‘New Documents for Pietro Torrigiani’, pp. 108–25.

  37. CWE, 2, eps. 200, 203, 205.

  38. CWE, 2, ep. 206.

  39. CWE, 12, pp. 369–70.

  40. CWE, 2, ep. 215.

  11. EXTRAORDINARY JUSTICE

  1. GC, pp. 332–3.

  2. Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, pp. 468–9; Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, p. 123.

  3. TNA DL 3/4, N1 d. I am grateful to James Ross for an early look at his perceptive article ‘Sedition and the King “Beyond the See”?’

  4. Horowitz, ‘Richard Empson’, p. 46.

  5. BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 53.

  6. Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, pp. 463–4, 470; Horowitz, ‘Henry Tudor’s Treasure’, pp. 562, 568–75; Gunn, Early Tudor Government, pp. 124–7; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 443–5.

  7. Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, pp. 523–4; Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, p. 480; Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’, p. 159.

  8. TNA X-2860 (temporary reference). I am grateful to James Ross for bringing this document to my attention, and for an early look at his article, ‘ “Contrary to the right and to the order of the lawe” ’, which explores it in depth.

  9. GC, p. 348.

  10. Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, p. 577; Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 13, 115. Bratchel, ‘Alien Merchant Communities’, pp. 6–7, 52–5, 129–32, 143–6, 172; Sutton, Mercery, pp. 333–51.

  11. Sutton, Mercery, pp. 343–4; GC, p. 348; Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 6; BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 31.

  12. English Historical Documents, p. 189; TNA E 154/2/17; Schofield, Medieval London Houses, nos. 178, 225.

  13. Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, pp. 85, 125.

  14. Grummitt, ‘Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the “New Monarchy” ’, p. 236; GC, p. 352; Ives, Common Lawyers, pp. 268–9.

  15. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, pp. 111–29; Vilar, A History of Gold and Money, p. 47; Sutton, Mercery, p. 114.

  16. GC, p. 352; Bratchel, ‘Alien
Merchant Communities’, pp. 201–2, 321.

  17. A Relation of the Island of England, p. 33.

  18. GC, p. 349.

  19. Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages, p. 53; Ramsey, ‘Overseas Trade’, nn. 48, 50, 51, 53; GC, p. 349; CPR 1495–1509, p. 470; Karras, Common Women, p. 28; Pugh, Imprisonment in Medieval England, pp. 109–11.

  20. TNA E 36/214, ff. 34, 151.

  21. ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley,’ nos. 12, 58, 63; BL Lansdowne MS 127, f. 49.

  22. Sutton, Mercery, p. 354; Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, pp. 352–3; GC, p. 336; ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley’, no. 75.

  23. SJC D91. 19, pp. 8–11.

  24. SJC D91. 19, p. 13; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 198.

  25. SJC D91.19, p. 11.

  26. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 91–2, 159; SJC D91.19, p. 9; TNA E 36/214, p. 142.

  27. Penn, ‘Literary Service’, p. 21.

  28. Cavendish, Life of Cardinal Wolsey, p. 7; Condon, ‘Last Will of Henry VII’, p. 105 nn. 21, 22: TNA E 36/314, pp. 141, 147, 156; see also Starkey, ‘Court and Government’, pp. 51–2.

  29. TNA E 36/214, f. 74; TNA LC 2/1, f. 63; The Pension Book of Gray’s Inn, pp. xxiii–xxiv.

  30. Horowitz, ‘Richard Empson’, p. 43; TNA E 36/214 ff. 70, 73, 73v; GC, p. 333; Hall, Chronicle, p. 502.

  31. CSPS, no. 511; CSPS Supp., pp. 90–91.

  32. GC, pp. 336, 343; see Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, p. 354.

  33. WAM 13601–2; Horowitz, ‘Richard Empson’, p. 39.

  34. WAM 12249.

  35. Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, pp. 339, 341–2.

  36. WAM 9260.

  37. BL Lansdowne 127, ff. 46, 48; TNA C 82/307, 24 November 1507.

  38. Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, pp. 363–4.

  39. BL Lansdowne MS 127.

  40. GC, p. 334; Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, p. 88.

  41. Roper, Lyfe of Sir Thomas More, Knighte, pp. 7–8.

  42. CWE, 2, ep. 250; Erasmus, Ecclesiastae, II, p. 373; CSPS, II, no. 44.

  43. Marius, Thomas More, pp. 51–2, 86–7.

  44. Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, passim; Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 226–7.

  45. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 83, 92; Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’.

  46. Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, pp. 515–16; J. B. Trapp, ‘Urswick, Christopher (1448? –1522)’, ODNB.

  47. Trapp, ‘Christopher Urswick and his Books’, passim.

  48. GC, pp. 334–5; TNA C 82/320, 286, quoted in Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, p. 443 nn. 155, 156.

  49. Bacon, History of the Reign of Henry VII, p. 202; Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 293.

  50. Harris, Edward Stafford, pp. 165–6.

  12. COURAGE TO BE BOLD

  1. GC, pp. 328, 331; HKW, III, p. 312.

  2. CSPS, no. 552.

  3. BL Harleian MS 69, ff. 2v–3v.

  4. HKW, II, pp. 967–9; HKW, IV, p. 306; ‘Justes of the Moneths of May and June’, p. 109; Gunn, ‘Chivalry’, p. 117.

  5. LP HVIII, III (ii), no. 765; A. Hawkyard, ‘Neville, Sir Edward (b. in or before 1482, d. 1538)’, ODNB.

  6. Gunn, ‘Thomas Lovell’, p. 120; Gunn, ‘Henry Bourchier’, p. 138 n. 30; S. J. Gunn, ‘Thomas Knyvet (c.1485–1512)’, ODNB.

  7. Gunn, ‘Henry Bourchier’, p. 137.

  8. Babees Book, p. 1; ‘John Russell’s Boke of Nurture’, in ibid., pp. 162–3.

  9. Lander, Government and Community, pp. 76–7; Gunn, Charles Brandon, pp. 23, 48–9.

  10. Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments, p. 35; Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 27.

  11. SJC D91.19, p. 34.

  12. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 165; SJC D91.19, pp. 80, 92.

  13. ‘Justes of the Moneth of May’, pp. 148–50; Kipling, Triumph of Honour, pp. 133–4.

  14. ‘Justes of the Moneth of May’, pp. 148–50; Richardson, The White Queen, p. 38.

  15. Bratchell, ‘Alien Merchant Communities’, p. 199; Bernard, ‘The Fortunes of the Greys’, p. 679; Ives, Common Lawyers, pp. 375–6.

  16. Bernard, ‘The Fortunes of the Greys’, pp. 673–4.

  17. Pugh, ‘The Indenture for the Marches’, pp. 437–8; Bernard, ‘The Fortunes of the Greys’, p. 675 n. 33, citing TNA E 368/290/rot. xlviii–l.

  18. ‘Justes of the Moneth of June’, p. 128.

  19. Baker-Smith, ‘ “Inglorious glory” ’, pp. 135–6; Anglo, The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, pp. 233–4; Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 180; Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 50.

  20. ‘Justes of the Moneth of June’, p. 126; LP HVIII, I (i), no. 880.

  21. Bernard, ‘The Fortunes of the Greys’, p. 676; Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, I, no. 530.

  22. ‘Justes of the Moneth of June’, p. 129.

  23. Hall, Chronicle, p. 19; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 79–81; LP HVIII, I (i), no. 880.

  24. ‘Justes of the Moneth of June’, pp. 126–7.

  25. Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court, pp. 140, 196, 211, 215; TNA E 36/214, f. 14v.

  26. For example, Hawes, Minor Poems, pp. 90–91, 122; Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure, pp. 5, 13.

  27. AR, II, p. 208; Hawes, Minor Poems, p. 97.

  28. Samman, ‘The Progresses of Henry VIII’, pp. 59–74.

  29. Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 73; Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’, citing TNA PROB 2/199, mm. 1–2, 5, 6, 9.

  30. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 158, 189–90, 194, 217; TNA E 23/3, in Condon, ‘Last Will of Henry VII’, p. 128.

  31. HKW, IV, pp. 40, 42.

  32. CSPS, no. 541.

  33. Gunn, ‘Court of Henry VII’, p. 137 nn. 29, 30.

  34. Bernard, ‘The Fortunes of the Greys’, pp. 673, 677; CCR 1500–1509, no. 797.

  35. CPR 1495–1509, pp. 163–4; TNA C 142/26/21; Cooper, ‘Henry VII’s Last Years Reconsidered’, p. 119.

  36. TNA C 82/304, quoted in Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, p. 448.

  37. Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 60; HKW, III, pp. 349–51.

  38. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 88–9.

  39. CSPS, no. 526.

  40. CSPS, nos. 527, 529, 551; CSPS Supp., no. 22; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 34.

  41. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 146–7.

  42. CSPS, nos. 549, 550, 552; CSPS Supp., no. 23.

  43. CSPS Supp., no. 23; CSPS, nos. 551, 553.

  44. CSPS, nos. 511, 525; Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 76–7.

  45. Aram, Juana the Mad, pp. 96, 101–2.

  46. CSPS Supp., no. 19.

  47. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 130; CSPS, nos. 541, 545, 551.

  48. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 66, 82–3, 266.

  49. Letters of Richard Fox, p. 122.

  50. HKW, IV, pp. 147–8.

  13. SAVAGE HARSHNESS MADE COMPLETE

  1. BL Add. MS 28623, ff. 11–12; Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 449.

  2. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 42–3.

  3. TNA E 101/415/11; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VII, p. 91.

  4. AR, II, p. 193; Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court, pp. 244–5, 252, 269, 278, 283, 286–7; Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, p. 200; Bennett, English Books and Readers, pp. 150–51.

  5. Bernard, ‘The Rise of Sir William Compton’, p. 755.

  6. Gunn, Charles Brandon, pp. 23, 49.

  7. ‘The Most Pleasant Song of Lady Bessy’, p. 2.

  8. CSPS, no. 587; TNA E 36/214, f. 117.

  9. Gunn, ‘War, Dynasty and Public Opinion’, p. 142; GC, p. 323; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 37.

  10. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 131.

  11. TNA DL 5/4, f. 102v; GC, pp. 335–6; Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, pp. 353–5, 361–2.

  12. CLRO, Journal 11, LMA Col/cc/0
1/01/011 (thanks to Samantha Harper for this reference).

  13. CSPS, no. 552; Bacon, History of the Reign of Henry VII, p. 199.

  14. TNA E 36/214, p. 447; CPR 1495–1509, p. 366; BL Lansdowne MS 127, ff. 3v, 31v, 41v; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 80, pp. 113–15, quoting TNA SC 1/51/179; Starkey, ‘Intimacy and Innovation’, pp. 74–5; Cameron, ‘The Giving of Livery’, pp. 26–7.

  15. Gunn, ‘The Courtiers of Henry VII’, p. 30 and n.; TNA PROB 11/16/16, cited in S. J. Gunn, ‘Daubeney, Giles, first Baron Daubeney (1451/2–1508)’, ODNB.

  16. Memorials, pp. 108–9, 112, 115–16; TNA E 36/214, f. 119.

  17. TNA E 36/214, ff. 121v–122; Horowitz, ‘Richard Empson’, p. 44 n. 85.

  18. SJC D91.19, pp. 75–8, 82.

  19. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 152.

  20. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 418.

  21. TNA E 36/214, ff. 123–123v; Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 225; Memorials, pp. 106, 110; Starkey, Henry, pp. 124, 232; Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 78–91; Fuensalida, Correspondencia, pp. 131–5, 194.

  22. TNA E 36/214, pp. 252, 254.

  23. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 84–6.

  24. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 449.

  25. CSPS, no. 588; CSPS, II, no. 12.

  26. Preest and Clark, eds., Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 386; Cunningham, Henry VII, p. 116; Kingsford, ed., The First English Life of Henry V, p. 18.

  27. Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court, p. 2.

  28. CWM, 3, 2, no. 19; GC, p. 373; Anglo, The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, p. 231. SJC D91.19, f. 94; TNA E 36/214, f. 134; Memorials, pp. 120, 124; Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments, p. 194.

  29. Memorials, p. 111.

  30. Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, pp. 24, 27; TNA E 36/214, f. 134v; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 350–64.

  31. CSPV, no. 936.

  32. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 363–4.

  33. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 365–6.

  34. TNA E 36/214, ff. 136–138v.

  35. Horowitz, ‘Henry Tudor’s Treasure’, pp. 563–4, 572 (figure 4).

  36. SJC C7.11, f. 40.

  37. CCR 1500–1509, no. 896; Richardson, ‘Surveyor of the King’s Prerogative’, pp. 65–75.