Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England

by Thomas Penn

  38. Starkey, ‘Court and Government’, pp. 38–9; CPR 1495–1509, p. 591; Richardson, ‘Surveyor of the King’s Prerogative’, pp. 63–6; Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 131; Watts, ‘ “Newe fundacion” ’, p. 35; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 413–15; Cooper, ‘Henry VII’s Last Years Reconsidered’, p. 111.

  39. Memorials, pp. 126–8; Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, pp. 244–5; Samman, ‘The Progresses of Henry VIII’, pp. 71–2.

  40. GC, p. 336; Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, pp. 15–23; TNA E 36/214, f. 141.

  41. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 476; Carlson and Hammond, ‘Sweating Sickness’, p. 47 n. 116.

  42. TNA E 36/214, f. 151.

  43. Cavendish, Life of Cardinal Wolsey, pp. 7–10.

  44. TNA E 36/214, f. 144v, 146.

  45. Cavendish, Life of Cardinal Wolsey, pp. 7–10; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 425–52; Chronicle of Calais, pp. 48–51; Memorials, p. 438; Foedera, XIII, pp. 171, 175–89.

  46. Chronicle of Calais, pp. 54–7.

  47. TNA E 36/214, f. 151v; Darr, ‘New Documents for Pietro Torrigiani’, p. 121.

  48. Anglo, Spectacle, p. 107; Anglo, ‘Court Festivals’, pp. 24–6.

  49. TNA LC 9/50, ff. 143-47v.

  50. Horowitz, ‘ “Agree with the king” ’, p. 335.

  51. Anglo, Spectacle, p. 107.

  52. ‘The Spousells’ of the Princess Mary, pp. 32–3.

  53. I am grateful to Steve Gunn for highlighting this point.

  54. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 160; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 27 n. 72; TNA E 36/214, f. 158; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 102–5.

  55. CWM, 3, 2, no. 147.

  56. ‘The Spousells’ of the Princess Mary, pp. 27–8.

  14. THE ART OF DYING

  1. TNA E 36/214, f. 157v; SJC D102.1, ff. 4–5v.

  2. TNA E 23/3 (all references to TNA E 23/3 follow Margaret Condon’s edition, in Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII’, pp. 112–240); LP HVIII, III (i), nos. 186–7, 497; Wilson, ‘The Functional Design of Henry VII’s Chapel’, p. 140.

  3. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 344–5.

  4. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 143; Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII’, p. 105. I am grateful to Margaret Condon for her thoughts on this dating.

  5. Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 280–81; Cameron, ‘The Giving of Livery’, p. 25.

  6. TNA E 36/214, f. 160.

  7. CSPS Supp., no. 4.

  8. CSPS Supp., no. 2.

  9. CSPS Supp., no. 4.

  10. CSPS no. 603.

  11. TNA E 36/211, passim; TNA E 101/517/15, f. 9v; Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber’, pp. 32–3, 361–5.

  12. Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber’, pp. 49–50.

  13. TNA E 36/214, f. 158v; TNA E 101/517/15, f. 9v; TNA E 101/416/7 (unfoliated); Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, pp. 76–82; CCR 1500–1509, no. 675 (i); Gunn, ‘Court of Henry VII’, p. 135.

  14. TNA E 36/214, f. 162; SJC D102.1, f. 9v.

  15. Ars moriendi, p. 17; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 301–43.

  16. The English Works of John Fisher, I, pp. 278–9.

  17. I am grateful to Rosemary Horrox for her observations on Henry VII’s preparations for death.

  18. TNA E 23/3, f. 17v; Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII’, pp. 106, 119.

  19. TNA C 67/93.

  20. The English Works of John Fisher, I, pp. 273–4; Ars moriendi, p. 18; for the king’s confessor, Stephen Baroms, see CPR 1495–1509, no. 568.

  21. BL Add. MS 45131, ff. 52v–53, I am grateful to Adrian Ailes for his thoughts on this document; Gunn, ‘The Courtiers of Henry VII’, pp. 36–7, 44.

  22. Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 278–9 and passim; BL Add. MS 45131, f. 52v.

  23. SJC C7.11, ff. 38–40.

  24. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 513; Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 280–81.

  25. Third Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 226.

  26. TNA E 154/2/17.

  27. Third Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 226; GC, p. 365; Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 284–6; SJC D102.1, f. 107.

  28. BL Add. MS 71009, f. 17; BL Add. MS 45131, f. 52v; Household of Edward IV, pp. 114–15.

  29. BL Add. MS 45131, f. 52v.

  30. BL Add. MS 59899, f. 23; Receyt, p. 73; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 198–203.

  31. BL Add. MS 45131, f. 52v; BL MS 71009, ff. 14v–15; Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 140–42, 157, 557.

  32. BL Add. MS 45131, f. 52v.

  33. SJC D102.1, f. 10v; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 149, 152; Hall, Chronicle, p. 505.

  34. GC, p. 365.

  35. TRP, I, nos. 59, 60; LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 2, 4–7; Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, p. 278; Hall, Chronicle, p. 505.

  36. Febvre and Martin, The Coming of the Book, pp. 61–7.

  37. GC, p. 336; Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, p. 19; LP HVIII, I (i), no. 12.

  38. GC, pp. 351, 337.

  39. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, p. 516; GC, p. 343.

  40. Hall, Chronicle, p. 505; BL Add. MS 21481, f. 4v; CWM, 3, 2, no 19.

  41. BL Add. MS 45131, ff. 52v–3.

  42. The English Works of John Fisher, I, pp. 278–9.

  43. Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 303–9; The Obituary Roll of John Islip, pls. XXI, XXII.

  44. TNA E 23/3, f. 2, in Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII’, pp. 113–14.

  45. Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 303–9; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 506–7; Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies, p. 412; Gunn, Early Tudor Government, pp. 163–4; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. xvii; Given-Wilson, ‘The Exequies of Edward III’, pp. 272–4; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Royal Funerals of the House of York, pp. 41–5.

  15. RICH, FEROCIOUS, THIRSTING FOR GLORY

  1. Machiavelli, Lettere familiali, p. 293.

  2. CSPV, no. 944.

  3. Sutton, Mercery, p. 355.

  4. LP HVIII, I (i), no. 37. Wolffe, Crown Lands, pp. 84–7; Horowitz, ‘Henry Tudor’s Treasure’, passim; Grummitt, ‘Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the “New Monarchy” ’, pp. 238–43.

  5. James P. Carley, ‘Marney, Henry, first Baron Marney (1456/7–1523)’, ODNB.

  6. Starkey, ‘Court and Government’, p. 39; Bernard, ‘The Rise of Sir William Compton’, pp. 756, 775.

  7. CWE, 2, ep. 215.

  8. CWE, 2, ep. 214.

  9. CWE, 2, ep. 216. For an earlier example of Latin secretaries influencing their aristocratic masters, see Rundle, ‘Humanism before the Tudors’, p. 27.

  10. CWE, 2, eps. 657, 658.

  11. Fuensalida, Correspondencia, pp. 516–20.

  12. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 93–6.

  13. LP HVIII, I, no. 84; LP HVIII, I, (i), no. 119.

  14. LP HVIII, I, nos. 3, 5, 9; LP HVIII, I, (i), no. 39.

  15. LP HVIII, I, nos. 8, 13, 18.

  16. GC, pp. 339–40; TNA LC 9/50, ff. 217–18; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 505–8.

  17. CWM, 3, 2, no. 19; Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 151.

  18. CWM, 3, 2, no. 19.

  19. TNA E 36/228, ff. 7–8.

  20. Anglo, Spectacle, p. 46.

  21. Skelton, Complete English Poems, IX; CWM, 3, 2, no. 23.

  22. Hall, Chronicle, pp. 505–8.

  23. Gunn, Early Tudor Government, pp. 163–8; Wooding, Henry VIII, pp. 53–4.

  24. Hall, Chronicle, pp. 505–8; Memorials, p. 123; LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 211, 213; GC, pp. 340–41.

  25. BL Add. 12060, ff. 23–23v; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 236–7.

  26. Hall, Chronicle, pp. 510–12.

  27. Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 110–11.

  28. LP HVIII, I (i), no. 82/2; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 510–12.

  29. BL Add. MS 21481, ff. 7, 8v, 10v; LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 320, 697; LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 158/75, 414/26, 414/58.

  30. LP HVIII, I (i), n
o. 94/87.

  31. R. W. Hoyle, ‘Darcy, Thomas, Baron Darcy of Darcy’, ODNB.

  32. Letters of Richard Fox, no. 29.

  33. LP HVIII, I (i), no. 157; Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, pp. 59–61.

  34. TNA C 82/342/1/576, quoted in Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, p. 21.

  35. Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, pp. 20–22.

  36. LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 309, 310, 312, 18 July; see also Richardson, ‘Surveyor of the King’s Prerogative’, pp. 74–5; Starkey, ‘Court and Government’, pp. 48–50; Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, pp. 226–8; Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 285–6.

  37. Gunn, ‘Survival Strategies’, pp. 6–7; Anglo, ‘Ill of the Dead’, p. 31; GC, pp. 338–9.

  38. ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley, pp. 87–90; WAM 12249.

  39. ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley’, p. 87.

  40. ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley’, pp. 85–6.

  41. TNA E 154/2/17; LP HVIII, I (i), no. 218/13.

  42. Wolffe, Crown Lands, no. 18, pp. 162–3; Wolffe makes this point in ibid., p. 85; see also Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, p. 23.

  43. Fortescue, On the laws and governance of England, pp. xxxv, 121; Richardson, Tudor Chamber Administration, pp. 164, 184.

  44. Grummitt, ‘Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the “New Monarchy” ’, pp. 240–43; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 448–52; BL Add. MS 21481, ff. 289–305v, 318–352v; Cavill, ‘Debate and Dissent’, pp. 173–4; Gunn, Early Tudor Government, p. 170.

  45. Wolffe, Crown Lands, nos. 18–20, pp. 162–70, no. 22, p. 180; Starkey, ‘Court and Government’, pp. 29, 37, 48–50; Elton, ‘Henry VII: A Restatement’, p. 23.

  46. TNA C 82/343/1/615; GC, p. 365.

  47. LP HVIII, I (i), nos. 559, 381/6, 52; Gunn, ‘Structures of Politics’, p. 78; Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, p. 524, citing TNA C 1/303/62.

  48. GC, p. 366.

  49. Stapleton, The Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 25.

  50. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, p. 33.

  EPILOOGUE

  1. Dudley, Tree of Commonwealth, passim.

  2. Howard Leithead, ‘Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex (b. in or before 1485, d. 1540)’, ODNB; Gunn, Early Tudor Government, pp. 56–7, 149–51; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 451–2.

  3. LP HVIII, I (ii), nos. 2947, 3004, 3029, 3129, 3165, 3240; Hall, Chronicle, p. 569.

  4. Cecil H. Clough, ‘Gigli, Silvestro (1463–1521)’, ODNB.

  5. Sicca, ‘Pawns of International Finance and Politics’, passim; Lindley, ‘ “The singular mediacion and prayers” ’, pp. 268–74; Wooding, Henry VIII, p. 279.

  6. Bacon, History of the Reign of King Henry VII, p. 3.

  Acknowledgements

  I have met with a great deal of kindness and generosity in the course of writing this book. Staff at the British Library, The National Archives, Cambridge University Library and the Bodleian Library have all dealt with my enquiries with patience and helpfulness. Christine Reynolds facilitated my visits to Westminster Abbey Muniments, while Malcolm Underwood’s hospitality and erudition made my time in the archives at St John’s College, Cambridge a pleasure.

  Margaret Condon, Cliff Davies, John Watts, Adrian Ailes and Samantha Harper have all been generous with their time, and in sharing information and documents.

  I am particularly indebted to those who have read though drafts of part or all of the book: Diarmaid MacCulloch and Carl Watkins; Steven Gunn, who also kindly allowed me to look at an early chapter of his forthcoming book on Henry VII’s new men; Sean Cunningham and James Ross, who have both been great funds of encouragement and insight; and Rosemary Horrox, whose discernment and attentiveness I have been fortunate enough to enjoy a second time.

  I am lucky in the friendship of Michael Peel, Jon Butler, Ed, Linda and Tom Harvey, and John Berger. Thanks, too, are due to Tariq Ali, Perry Anderson, and colleagues at Verso: Jacob Stevens, Rowan Wilson, Bob Bhamra, Tania Palmieri, Tamar Shlaim, Sarah Shin and Anwar Fazul.

  My thanks to all at Penguin, in particular Simon Winder for his perceptive editing and enthusiastic support; I am also grateful to Jenny Fry, Natalie Ramm, Marina Kemp and Richard Duguid. Charlotte Ridings has been a painstaking copy-editor. I would also like to thank Bob Bender at Simon and Schuster US and, at Aitken Alexander, Anna Stein and especially Andrew Kidd, who has been a source of calm advice, reassurance and friendship throughout.

  Lastly, I owe more than I can say to my parents, Alan and Jessica; and to Kate Harvey, without whose love and support I could not have written this book.

  ALLEN LANE

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  First published 2011

  Copyright © Thomas Penn, 2011

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  ISBN: 978-1-84-614509-4