Before the Storm

by Rick Perlstein

  460 Candidates’ wives’ press conference on tape at WGN, FD 2555.

  460 “Very early in the last decade”: Barry Goldwater, Conscience of a Majority (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 29.

  460 For difficulties writing Chicago speech, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 208; and Shadegg, What Happened, 250. For Chicago backlash, see October 1, 1964, Martin to Moyers, briefing for LBJ October 7, 1964, Illinois trip, LBJWHAM, Box 25; and The Reporter, October 8, 1964. For LBJ with Daley, hear LBJT, 6408.25/1-3.

  461 Taped excerpts of speech at WGN, FD 2562. Transcript in Walter Judd Papers, Box 210/5, HI.

  461 For Rehnquist’s use of phrase “our aim, as I understand it,” see David Saraye, Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Supreme Court (New York: John Wiley, 1992), 39. For Phoenix antidiscrimination ordinance and Rehnquist testimony, see ibid., 31-32.

  462 For NYT statistics, see October 6, 1964. Other statistics in Matthews, “To Defeat a Maverick.” “PRIVATE POLL GIVES GOLDWATER 40%”: Republican Congressional Committee Newsletter, October 17, 1964.

  462 “Having been on the campaign trail”: Kitchel to Lawson, October 13, 1964, DK, Box 4. For Burch quote and canceling of intelligence reports, see Edwards, Goldwater, 329. For cancellation of polls, see White, Making of the President 1964, 396.

  463 For Lady Bird’s Southern tour I rely on Jane Jarboe, Lady Bird: A Comprehensive Biography of Mrs. Johnson (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 244, 247-64. For Dieu et les Dames, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 397.

  465 For Thurmond radio ads, see Westerhoff, “Politics of Protest,” 36. On Bob Jones, see NYT obituary, November 13, 1997; and Edward Cain, They’d Rather Be Right: Youth and the Conservative Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 258. For progress of GOP in South Carolina, see Time, April 17, 1964.

  466 For Warner Gear and “lay low on civil rights” quotes, see October 1, 1964, Martin briefing for LBJ October 7, 1964, Illinois trip, LBJAM, Box 25. For “Economic Bill of Rights,” and so forth, see Moyers to LBJ, September 29, 1964, LBJWHAM53. “Think of how wonderful the year 2000”: Jack Sheppherd and Christopher S. Wren, eds., Quotations from Chairman LBJ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968), 37, 106.

  466 For Cleveland speech, see Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power, 477; and Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was, 105. For Kennedy at Mormon Tabernacle, see Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 125. For Louisville, see Sheppherd and Wren, Quotations, 70. For disparate nuclear casualties, see Time, September 25, 1964. “I want to conclude”: Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was, 106.

  467 “An unusual, even sometimes awe-inspiring”: “Follow-up, Ohio Trip Speeches,” October 17, 1964, LBJWHAM, Box 30. Speech quotes from Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 244; and transcript of October 7, 1964, stop in Detroit, LBJWHAM, Box 25.

  467 For invocations of Cuban missile crisis, see Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was, 105.

  467 “Elmo Roper, polling privately”: Martin to Moyers, September 22, 1964, LBJWHAM53. For ordering billboards, ads, and polls, see Robert Divine, ed., The Johnson Years, Volume 3, LBJ at Home and Abroad (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1994), 25. For get-out-the-vote ads, see Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 220. “Didn’t I tell you”: Vance Muse, “LBJ’s Greatest Loss,” George, May 1999.

  468 On Jenkins, see Muse; Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power, 479; Clifton Carter OH, LBJL; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 66; and Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge, 92. “They’re trying to make Walter Jenkins”: Beschloss, 191.

  468 For LBJ’s crowds, see Bell, Johnson Treatment, 234, and Vance Muse, “LBJ’s Greatest Loss,” George, May 1999.

  469 “I went all de way wif LBJ”: The Keynoter, Summer 1982, 10.

  469 For New Orleans speech, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 514-15; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 183; Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was, 124; and Valenti OH, LBJL.

  469 “Johnson probably put the finishing touches on his chances”: late-October field memo, AHF, Box W¾.

  21. CITIZENS

  471 My sense of the exhilaration of young Goldwater volunteers owes especially to a breakfast interview with William Schultz, David Keene, Allan Ryskind, and Alfred Regnery.

  471 “I am especially anxious”: Buckley to Manion, September 24, 1959, CM, Box 69/5. For Buckley-Chambers correspondence, see John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Touchstone, 1990), 159-80. “Barry Goldwater is a man of tremendously decent instincts”: ibid., 274.

  472 “You are displaying a compulsion”: ibid., 228. For YAF convention, see Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., 230; and Gregory Schneider, Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right (New York: NYU Press, 1999), 85-87.

  473 SLPD series is December 5, 1964 (for quote), December 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11, 1964.

  473 For BMG and LBJ volunteer figures, see Milton C. Cummings, ed., The National Election of 1964 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1966), 47. For bumper sticker census, see Martin to Moyers, September 22, 1964, LBJWHAM53; see also Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 397.

  474 For Fortune quote, Richard Whalen, Taking Sides: A Personal View of America from Kennedy to Nixon to Kennedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 92. For “federation of the fed-up,” see Time, July 24, 1964.

  474 For “Gallup Never Asked Me!,” see Liebman to Leithead, September 23, 1964, ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign.

  474 ACA training manual in FCW, Box 19. The “Hello, Dolly!” ban is from author interview with Lee Edwards. Lyrics in Donald Bishop to author, November 19, 1997. For Kennedy-Lincoln coincidence, see Smith to Kitchel, “Does History Really Repeat Itself?,” August 8, 1964, DK, Box 4; and “Both Presidents, Lincoln and Kennedy,” in ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign.

  475 For BMG and LBJ fund-raising totals, see Nelson Polsby and Aaron Wildavsky, Presidential Elections: Contemporary Strategies of American Electoral Politics, 8th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1991), 50. For 22,000 and 44,000 figures, see BMG speech in Cedar Rapids, October 28, 1964, AHF, Box ⅛. For “over a million” figure, I average Goldwater claims in Cedar Rapids speech; Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Majority (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 42; and USN, December 21, 1964.

  475 For “sustaining membership” program versus traditional methods, see John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 147. For mailing lists generally: author interview with Ron Crawford. On Kozak Drywash Cloth Company, see George H. Mayer, The Republican Party 1854-1966 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 525.

  475 Million-dollar gifts from author interview with anonymous source; Taiwan gift from author interview with W. Glenn Campbell. For small donations: author interviews with Ron Crawford, Lee Edwards, and Gus Owens; White, Making of the President 1964, 165; F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 16, 192; and Saltz to White, July 6, 1965, FCW, Box 18/“IX—The Draft Begins.”

  476 “National Gun Alliance” and “Goldwater Campaign Fund” flyers, and photo of Boston yard signs, in JCJ. “A Fed Up Citizen” in LBJWHAM53.

  476 For McIntire quote, see “Far Right and Far Left,” NYP, March 31, 1964; for stations, see GRR, August 15, 1964. For Manion stations, see GRR, Spring 1996. For Hargis, see “Far Right and Far Left,” NYP, March 30, 1964. For R. K. Scott, see GRR, August 15, 1964; for American Security Council Report of the Air, see GRR, September 15, 1964; and Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford, 1995), 46-50.

  477 For the “hate books,” see Donald Janson, “Extremist Book Sales Soar Despite Criticism in GOP,” NYT, October 4, 1964; and GRR, October 15, 1964. The books are Phyllis Schlafly, A Choice, Not an Echo (Alton, III.: Pere Marquette Press, 1964); Phyllis Schlafly, The Gravediggers (Alton, III.: Pere Marquette Press, 1964); John A.
Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason (Florissant, Mo.: Liberty Bell Press, 1964); and J. Evetts Haley, A Texan Looks at Lyndon: A Study in Illegitimate Power (Canyon, Tex.: Palo Duro Press, 1964). For LBJ: A Political Biography, see GRR, October 31, 1964; and Diamond, Roads to Dominion, 153.

  478 At rallies the books were handed out: author interview with Ann Sullivan. For Spanish, LP versions, Virginia sales, and distribution generally, see O‘Brien field reports, October 1, 1964, October 2, 1964, October 6, 1964, and October 20, 1964, LBJWHA: Wilson, Box 3/Memos to the President—O’Brien Trips. Hear also LBJ and Houston Harte, August 31, 1964, LBJT, 6408.42/12. 500,000 were sent out by the Walter Knott-led group Citizens for Constructive Action; see Lisa McGirr, “Suburban Warriors: Grass-Roots Conservatism in the 1960s” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1995), 166.

  478 “Your letter to the President”: September 16, 1964, draft for Moyers letter, LBJWHAM53. “They are giving A Texan Looks at Lyndon”: Garth to Finney and Sharon, “Personal Campaign Evaluation,” October 2, 1964, LBJWH6-3. “We hear Haley’s book quoted”: O’Brien field report, October 1, 1964.

  478 For Sullivan, see Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 208-9. Goldwater “has fenced with personal attacks”: Dutton to Moyers, September 21, 1964, LBJWHAM53. This memo was forwarded to the President.

  479 “Destroy-After-Reading”: Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 271. For authorized publications at Goldwater offices, see White to Vukasin, October 7, 1964, FCW, Box 1/California, and author interview with Lee Edwards. For Dade County distribution, see October 20, 1964, O’Brien field report; for Harris County, Texas, see Janson, “Extremist Book Sales Soar Despite Criticism in GOP.” “We have no way of controlling people”: see Janson.

  479 For no Goldwater offices in New England, see White, Making of the President 1964, 397. For failed request for guidance see, for example, Russel and Dannemiller to White, September 24, 1964, FCW, Box 3/Ohio. For rubble from primaries, see Shadegg, What Happened, 200.

  480 For Harvard Club meeting, see report by public relations director for Nassau County Republican Party marked “CONFIDENTIAL,” July 29, 1964, RAC.

  480 For job offer to White, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 18; and Shadegg, What Happened, 185. For citizens groups traditionally and in Eisenhower campaign, see ibid., 186; NYHTEN, August 10, 1964: and June 26, 1964, Clayton memo in DK, Box 4. For budget and staff, see “Citizens for Goldwater-Miller National Headquarters Staff Directory,” AHF, Box W¾; and Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 146. For guerrilla strategy built on Draft Goldwater organization and Arizona Mafia’s wish to purge White: Shadegg, What Happened, 186; and author interview with Jameson Campaigne Jr. For Arizona Mafia being too harried, see Shadegg, What Happened, 188.

  481 For Liebman, see Liebman to Rickenbacker, August 6, 1964, and August 18, 1964, ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign. For Lehigh County Citizens: NYHTEN, August 10, 1964. For others, see August 11 and 12, 1964, and September 11, 1964, telegrams, FCW, Box 1/California; and late September 1964 Lake County in FCW, Box 3/Ohio. 481 For TV listings: Yurchuck to White, September 22, 1964, FCW, Box 3/Ohio. For helicopter, see Cincinnati Inquirer, October 3, 1964. For 11.5 tons of Goldwater material, see clipping attached to Ohio chair to White, October 5, 1964, FCW, Box 3/Ohio. “TOUR PROVING TREMENDOUS”: Summers to White, October 28, 1964, FCW, Box 3/Ohio.

  482 For legal loophole, see Shadegg, What Happened, 187.

  482 For Rus Walton generally I rely on Shadegg, 187; Best to O’Donald [sic], April 23, 1964, WAR, Box 154/7; and author interviews with Robert Gaston, Jameson Campaigne Jr., and Pamela Walton. For Shell rallies, see Kurt Schuparra, Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-1966 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 63. For NAM booklet, see National Association of Manufacturers Papers, HI.

  483 Goldwater quotes from October 1964 speeches in AHF, W¾.

  484 Mormon Tabernacle transcript in JCJ. See also Salt Lake Tribune, October 11, 1964, AI. For ratings, see Karl Hess, In a Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 148. For “friendly criminologists,” see Hayes to Moyers, September 1, 1964; for “candidate’s family” and “prominent women,” Dutton to Moyers, September 28, 1964; for Graham and Spellman, Dutton to Moyers, September 21, 1964; all in LBJWHAM53. See also Dutton to RFK, July 17, 1964, LBJWHAM53; and Manatos to Moyers, October 16, 1964, LBJWHNG.

  484 “In the great struggle”: cited in September 8, 1964, Goldwater Dodger Stadium speech. See Julius Duscha, WP, September 9, 1964. “One of the most disturbing trends”: quoted in Choice, Goldwater campaign film, AC.

  484 For Goldwater’s nightclub passion, see March 22, 1963, Jack Paar show appearance, AHFAV, BG-C/2. For bikinis at Beverly Hills rally, see James M. Perry, A Report in Depth on Barry Goldwater: The Story of the 1964 Republican Presidential Nominee (Silver Spring, Md.: National Observer, 1964), 102. For a classic expression of libertarianism, see Ronald Hamowy, “ ‘National Review’: Criticism and Reply,” New Individualist Review (November 1961), cited in E. J. Dionne Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 166. For Governor Welsh’s crusade against the rock song “Louie, Louie,” see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 229. For “dank blond hair” and “revenge” quotes, see White, Making of the President 1964, 199, 279.

  485 “The origin of this commendable”: Richard Rovere, “Letter from San Francisco,” The New Yorker, July 25, 1964. For Walton’s brochure on Goldwater’s religious piety, see “In the Image of God,” text of February 6, 1962, speech to Notre Dame student body, in JCJ.

  485 BMG TV spots are in AHFAV, tape BG-F/73. 486 “No pale pastels”: Campaigne interview. All Citizens for Goldwater-Miller brochures are from JCJ.

  487 “We want to just make them mad”: Laurence Stern, “Goldwater Film Contrasts ‘Two Americas,’ ” WP, October 20, 1964, which also notes transcription by LBJ spy.

  22. FOREGONE CONCLUSIONS

  488 For 10,000-mile figure, see Gil Troy, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 216. For LBJ Western tour, see John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 243-44; Jon Margolis, The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties” (New York: Morrow, 1999), 348 (for quote); and Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 514. Johnson had earlier said that out of courtesy to BMG, “I wouldn’t even consider campaigning in Arizona.” “To describe this week’s work”: David Broder, “Johnson Creates a Campaign Style,” WS, October 13, 1964. “Jackson in a jetliner”: Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976). “Not so much excited about Johnson”: James Reston, NYT, August 26, 1964.

  489 My account of the Jenkins affair rests on Vance Muse, “LBJ’s Greatest Loss,” George, May 1999; Jane Jarboe, Lady Bird: A Comprehensive Biography of Mrs. Johnson (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 264-68; White, Making of the President 1964, 436-42; FBI press release, October 22, 1964, in LBJWHA: Jenkins, Box 11; and the conversations archived at http://www.cspan.org/lbj/lbjtest.asp.

  492 For Vietcong air strike, see Charles Brereton, “1964: A Yankee Surprise,” Historical New Hampshire 42, no. 3 (1987). For LBJ statement, see LBJWHA: Jenkins, Box 11. For gristle, see Frank Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was: A Personal Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 127.

  492 For TV Committee disillusionment, see Virtue to Davis, October 7, 1964, FCW, Box 3/California. Cordiner and Mardian campaign plane attempts are in Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 240-41.

  493 For Jenkins-inspired kitsch, see The Keynoter (Summer 1982): 10. Gold
water’s snide references: Time, October 30, 1964. For Baroody dropping nobility of failure, see Shadegg, What Happened, 241.

  493 For dispute over TV time, see J. Leonard Reinsch, Getting Elected: From Radio and Roosevelt to Television and Reagan (New York: Hippocrene, 1988), 215; and John Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 213. For figure of 63 million, see LBJWH, Press Office, Box 38, Briefing 431, October 19, 1964. “We will demonstrate anew”: Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 237.

  493 For Burch speech and $500,000 figure, see Kessel, 212. For LBJ Hoover taping, see AHFCP, vol. 8, picture 40.

  494 For BMG response to LBJ, see Aaron Singer, ed., Campaign Speeches of American Presidential Candidates, 1928-1972 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1976), 345-51. For “Brunch with Barry” transcript, see Ranges to MCS, October 25, 1964, Barry Goldwater folder, Arizona Congressional Delegation file, MCSL.

  494 “Agree completely with you”: Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 329.

  494 For Choice planning, execution, and fallout, see Laurence Stern, “Goldwater Film Contrasts ‘Two Americas,’ ” October 20, 1964; “GOP Faces Dilemma Over ‘Choice’: What to Do with Morality Film,” October 22, 1964; and Elsie Carper, “ ‘Moral Mothers’ Is Paper Unit,” all in WP; Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 215-16; Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), 144-45; Karl Hess, Mostly on the Edge: An Autobiography (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1999), 173; and Shadegg, What Happened, 254-55. For MMA pamphlet, see JCJ.

  495 Choice film is in AC; see also AHFAV, tape BG-F/45.

  496 Telegram of complaint to White is in FCW, Box 1/California.

  496 NO EVIDENCE IS UNCOVERED: NYT, October 23, 1964. “That was a wonderful thing”: Vance Muse, “LBJ’s Greatest Loss,” George, May 1999.