Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine

by Anne Applebaum

    6. RGASPI 17/3/911/43, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 480.

    7. HDA SBU Donetsk 4924f/4–13, in Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 207–15.

    8. Lozyts’kyi, Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv, 134.

    9. HDA SBU 16/25/3 (1951), 105, in Borysenko, ed., Rozsekrechena pam’iat’, 425–6.

   10. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 346.

   11. Vasyl’ev, Politychne kerivnytstvo URSR i SRSR, 332–3.

   12. HDA SBU 16/25/3 (1932), 109, in Kokin et al., eds., Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnytstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru, 160.

   13. HDA SBU 6/--/75165 (1964), 84–5, in ibid., 193–5.

   14. DADO 19/1/20 (1932), 69–70, in ibid., 165.

   15. HDA SBU 6/--/75165 (1964), 88–90, in ibid., 196–8.

   16. Ibid., 196–8; TsDAHOU 1/16/9 (1932), 59–61, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 396–7.

   17. RGASPI 17/162/14 (1932), 17, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 407.

   18. HDA SBU 16/25/3 (1932), 69–100, in Danylenko et al., eds., Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni za dokumentamy HDA SBU, 60–1.

   19. HDA SBU 42/9/-- (1932), 52–5, in Borysenko, ed., Rozsekrechena pam’iat’, 428–9.

   20. V. Pryluts’kyi, ‘Opir molodi politytsi bil’shovyts’koho rezhymu ta represyvni zakhody proty neï v USRR (1928–1936 rr.)’, Z arkhiviv VUChK-GPU-NKVD-KGB 2/4 (13/15) (2000), 94.

   21. HDA SBU 16/25/3 (1951), 111–51, in Borysenko, Danylenko, Kokin, et al., eds., Rozsekrechena pam’iat’, 430–72 (exact quote on 431).

   22. Ibid., 430–72 and 520–8; for an example of Makhno see 359, for ‘active’ and ‘former Petliurites’ see 431–2.

   23. HDA SBU 1607 (1932), 10, and HDA SBU 6852 (1932), 8, both in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 539–41.

   24. HDA SBU 9/666/-- (1933), 56, 58–62, 63, in Borysenko, Danylenko, Kokin, et al., eds., Rozsekrechena pam’iat’, 512–16.

   25. HDA SBU 9/36 (1933), 36a, in Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 266–75.

   26. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, 42.

   27. TsDAHOU 1/20/5242 (1932), 5–10, in Kokin, Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnitstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru, 210–29.

   28. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 268–73.

   29. Hennadii Iefymenko and L. Iakubova, ‘Natsional’ni vidnosyny v radians’kii Ukraïni (1923–1938)’, in V. M. Lytvyn et al., eds., Natsional’ne pytannia v Ukraïni XX–pochatku XXI st.: istorychni narysy (Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr, 2012), 222–3.

   30. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 348.

   31. Hrihorii Kostiuk, Stalinizm v Ukraïni (Kyiv: Vyd-vo Smoloskyp, 1995), 192–6.

   32. Ibid., 192–6.

   33. Iurii Shapoval, ‘Fatal’na Ambivalentnist’, Krytyka: mizhnarodnyi ohliad knyzhok ta idei (May 2015), https://krytyka.com/ua/articles/fatalna-ambivalentnist.

   34. Ibid.

   35. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 241–2.

   36. Ibid., 258–66.

   37. L. D. Iakubova, Etnichni menshyny v suspil’no-politychnomu ta kul’turnomu zhytti USRR, 20-i – persha polovyna 30-kh rr. XX st. (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2002), 126–31.

   38. S. V. Kul’chyts’kyi, ‘Holodomor in the Ukrainian Countryside’, in After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine on Ukraine, eds. Andrea Graziosi, Lubomyr Hajda and Halyna Hryn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2013), 9.

   39. Ibid.

   40. Iakubova, Etnichni menshyny v suspil’no-politychnomu ta kul’turnomu zhytti USRR, 126–31.

   41. H. Koval’chuk, ‘Dyrektory Vsenarodnoï Biblioteky Ukraïny (20-30-ti rr.)’, Z arkhiviv VUChK GPU NKVD KGB 2/4 (13/15) (2000), 179–206.

   42. O. Rubl’ov and O. V. Iurkova, ‘Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny: vikhy istorii (1936–2006 rr.)’, ed. V. A. Smolii, Urkaïns’kyi Istorychnyi Zhurnal 6 (2006), 5–7.

   43. Iurii Shapoval, Ukraïna 20–50 rr.: Storinky nenapysanoï istoriï (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1993), 126–31.

   44. S. A. Tokarev, ‘Represiï proty vykladachiv Nizhyns’koho Pedahohichnoho Instytutu v 1930-kh rr.’, Z arkhiviv VUChK GPU NKVD KGB 1/2 (2013), 146–69.

   45. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 363.

   46. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 332–9.

   47. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 363.

   48. Hanna Skrypnyk, Etnohrafichni muzeï Ukraïny: Stanovlennia i rozvytok (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1989).

   49. Alla Kyrydon, ‘Ruinuvannia kul’tovykh sporud’, 91–102.

   50. M. M. Kholostenko, ‘Arkitekturnaia rekonstruktsiia Kieva’, Arkitektura SSSR 12 (1934), 19.

   51. A. G. Molokin, ‘Proektirovanie Pravitel’stvennogo Tsentra USSR v Kieve’, Arkitektura SSSR 9 (1935), 11.

   52. Titus D. Hewryk, Vtracheni arkhitekturni pam’iatky Kyieva (New York-Kyiv: Ukrainian Museum, 1991).

   53. Ibid.

   54. Serhii Bilokin’, ‘Masovyi teror iak zasib derzhavnoho upravlinnia v SRSR (1917–1941)’, Dzhereloznavche doslidzhennia 2 (Drohobych: ‘Kolo’, 2013), 452–90.

   55. Ibid., 519–22.

   56. Shevelov, The Ukrainian Language in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, 154–8.

   57. Ibid., 160–7, quote on 167.

  10. FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: THE SEARCHES AND THE SEARCHERS

    1. Vasilii Grossman, Everything Flows, trans. Robert and Elizabeth Chandler (New York: New York Review Classic Books, 2009).

    2. Boriak, 1933, 684.

    3. Ibid., 685–6.

    4. For hundreds of examples see Valentyna Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati: Usna istoriia pro henotsyd ukraïntsiv u 1932–1933 rokakh (Kyiv: Stylos, 2007). Also published in English as A Candle in Remembrance: An Oral History of the Ukrainian Genocide of 1933–34 (Svicha pam’iati), trans. Mark Tarnawsky (New York: Ukrainian Women’s League of America, 2010). For this chapter, I used the Ukrainian version of the book.

    5. Testimony of Ol’ha Viktorivna Tsymbaliuk, in ibid., 229.

    6. Testimony of Anastasiia Mykolaïvna Pavlenko, in ibid., 130–1.

    7. Testimony of Larysa Fedorivna Venzhyk (née Shevchuk), in ibid., 137–8.

    8. Testimony of Mariia Patrivna Bendryk, in ibid., 247.

    9. Testimony of Leonid Iukhymovych Vernydub, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and Yushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 65.

   10. Testimony of Mariia Myronivna Kozhedub, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 269.

   11. Roman Dzwonkowski and Petro Iashchuk, Głód i represje wobec ludności polskiej na Ukrainie 1932–1947: relacje (Lublin: Tow. Nauk. Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 2004), 160.

   12. Testimony of Petro Kuz’mych Mostovyi, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 495.

   13. Testimony of Hanna Oleksandrivna Maslianchuk, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 91.

   14. Testimony of Paraskeva Vasylivna Kolos, in ibid., 268.

   15. Testimony of Mykola Ivanovych Patrynchuk, in ibid., 114.

   16. Testimony of Valentyn Kochno, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 119–20.

   17. Testimony of Hanna Omelianivna Flashkina, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 237.

   18. Testimony of Anastasiia Mykolaïvna Pavlenko, in ibid., 130.

   19. Testimony of Natalia Stepanivna Kuzhel, in ibid., 269.

   20. Testimony of Mykhailo Pavlovych Havrylenko, in ibid., 208.

   21. Testimony of an anonymous woman, in United States Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Report to Congress. Report adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988, submitted to Congress, 22 April 1988 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1988), 341–2, 346.

   22. Testimony of Mykola Petrovych Khmel’nyk, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 98.

 
 23. Testimony of Tetiana Tymofiïvna Kotenko, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 1, 645.

   24. Testimony of Halyna Hryhorivna Kovtun, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 257.

   25. Testimony of Hanna Iakivna Onoda, in A. V. Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv pro holod 1930–40-kh rr. na Sivershchyni (Hlukhiv: RVV HDPU, 2008), 49.

   26. Lev Kopelev, ‘Interview with Lev Kopelev’, 1981, Harvest of Despair Series, excerpted from the archives of the copyright holder, UCRDC.

   27. Testimony of Hanna Semenivna Sukhenko, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 149.

   28. Testimony of Ihor Vasyliovych Buhaievych, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 454–7.

   29. Testimony of Halyna Omel’chenko, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and Yushchenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 87.

   30. Testimony of Mykola Mylov, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 3, 129–30.

   31. RGASPI 81/3/215 (1932), 1–24, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 497.

   32. Pavlo Ivanovych Sylka, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 492.

   33. Testimony of Kateryna Stepanivna Tsokol, in ibid., 63.

   34. Testimony of Lidia Vasylivna Poltavets’, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 2, 215–16.

   35. Daria Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing: The Cultural Memory of Holodomor Rank-and-File Perpetrators’, in Anna Wylegała and Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper, eds., The Burden of Memory: History, Memory and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2017).

   36. Testimony of Petro Serhiiovych Voitiuk, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 96.

   37. Testimony of Volodymyr Ivanovych Teslia, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 2, 665–7.

   38. Testimony of an anonymous woman, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 127.

   39. Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer, 233.

   40. Testimony of Ivan Leonidovych Prymak, in Mytsyk, Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 99.

   41. Testimony of an anonymous woman, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 66.

   42. Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin, vol. 1, 201.

   43. Testimony of Ivan J. Danylenko, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 77.

   44. Testimony of Hryhorii Antonovych Harashchenko, in Borysenko, Svicha pam’iati, 178–9.

   45. Testimony of Anna Pylypiuk, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 111–12.

   46. Kostiantyn Mochul’s’kyi, ‘I Was Eight Years Old’, trans. Marta Olynyk for the Holodomor Research and Education Consortium, original available in Kostiantyn Mochul’s’kyi, ‘Meni bulo visim lit’, Kryms’ka svitlytsia 12 (Simferopol’, 21 March 2003), 6.

   47. Testimony of Anastasiia Kh., in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 158.

   48. Testimony of Varvara Svyrydivna Moroz, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv pro holod 1930–40-kh rr. na Sivershchyni, 51.

   49. Testimony of Hnat Fedorovych Myroniuk, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and Yushchenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 64.

   50. Testimony of Ivan Tarasiuk, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 2, 656.

   51. Testimony of Mykhailo Oleksandrovych Balanovskyi, in ibid., vol. 1, 95–9.

   52. Testimony of Hryhorii Moroz, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 74–5.

   53. Testimony of Hanna Andriïvna Talanchuk, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 2, 184.

   54. Boriak, 1933, 682–4.

   55. Tamara Demchenko, ‘Svidchennia pro Holodomor iak dzherelo vyvchennia fenomenu stalins’kykh aktyvistiv’, in Problemy istoriï Ukraïny: fakty sudzhennia, poshuky: Mizhvidomchyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats’, vol. 19, no. 2 (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 2010), 71–81.

   56. Viola, The Best Sons of the Fatherland, 206–9.

   57. RGASPI 81/3/215 (1932), 1–24, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 504–5.

   58. Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing’.

   59. Testimony of Maria N., in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 152–4.

   60. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official, trans. Rhett R. Ludwikowski (London: Robert Hale, 1946), 75.

   61. Ibid., 92.

   62. Ibid., 91.

   63. Ibid., 63, 74.

   64. Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer, 235.

   65. Georges Simenon, ‘Peuples qui ont faim’, in Mes Apprentissages: Reportages 1931–1946, ed. Francis Lacassin (Paris: Omnibus, 2001), 903–4.

   66. Andrei Platonovich Platonov, Fourteen Little Red Huts and Other Plays, trans. Robert Chandler, Jesse Irwin and Susan Larsen (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016), 104.

   67. Lev Kopelev, Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre interview.

   68. Ibid.

   69. Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing’.

   70. Testimony of Halyna B., in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 125.

   71. Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer, 245.

   72. Testimony of Vasyl’ Onufriïenko, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 91.

   73. Valerii Vasyl’ev and Iurii I. Shapoval, Komandyry velykoho holodu: Poïzdky V. Molotova i L. Kahanovycha v Ukraïnu ta Pivnichnyi Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. (Kyiv: Heneza, 2001), 317.

   74. Testimony of Mykola Hryhorovych Musiichuk, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 2, 76.

   75. Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing’.

   76. Testimony of Vira Karpivna Kyryrchenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 7, 180.

   77. Boriak, 1933, 185, 229, 387, 605.

   78. Noll, Transformatsiia hromadians’koho suspil’stva, 170–1.

   79. Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing’.

   80. Graziosi, ‘Collectivisation, révoltes paysannes et politiques gouvernementales’, 442–3.

   81. DAZhO (Zhytomyr) F. R-1520/4828 (1931), 9–16.

   82. Testimony of Maryna Matviïvna Korobs’ka, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 110.

   83. TsDAHOU 1/20/5394 (1932), 3542, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 441.

   84. RGASPI 17/42/81 (1932), 103–5, in Danilov, Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 640–2.

   85. Testimony of Kateryna Ielyzarivna Iaroshenko, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 2, 881–2.

   86. Testimony of Nataliia Arsentiïvna Talanchuk, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 3, 61.

   87. Testimony of Pavlo Kostenko, in ibid., vol. 5, 181.

   88. Testimony of Father Tymofii Minenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 3, 145.

   89. Mattingly, ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing’.

   90. Testimony of Vasyl’ Vasyl’ovych Bashtanenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 138.

   91. TsDAHOU 1/6/238/32–6, in M. M. Starovoitov and V. V. Mykhailychenko, Holodomor na Luhanshchyni 1932–1933 rr.: Naukovo-dokumental’ne vydannia (Kyiv: Stylos, 2008), 65–8.

   92. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 269–70.

   93. All of the material on the Richyts’kyi case comes from Kokin et al., eds., Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnytstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru, 289–444, and by the same authors, ‘Dokumenty orhaniv VKP(b) ta DPU USRR pro nastroï i modeli povedinky part
iino–radians’kykh pratsivnykiv u respublitsi, 1932–33 rr.’, Z arkhiviv VUChK GPU NKVD KGB 1–2 (40–1) (2013), 392–400.

   94. RGASPI 81/3/215 (1932), 1–24, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 504–5.

   95. S. A. Kokin, Valerii Vasyl’ev and Nicolas Werth, eds., ‘Dokumenty orhaniv VKP(b) ta DPU USRR pro nastroï i modeli povedinky partiino-radïans’kykh pratsivnykiv u respublitsi, 1932–33 rr.’, Z arkhiviv VUChK GPU NKVD KGB 1–2, nos. 40–1 (2013), 392.

  11. STARVATION: SPRING AND SUMMER, 1933

    1. Testimony of Mariia Hnativna Dziuba, in Mytsyk, Ukraïns’kyi holokost, 10 vols. (Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylians’ka Akademiia, 2004), vol. 1, 262.

    2. Quoted in Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow, 143.

    3. Testimony of Mariia Andronivna Zapasko-Pryimak, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 354–5.

    4. Testimony of Tetiana Pawlichka, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 75.

    5. Testimony of Mykola Stepanovych Pud, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 567–8.

    6. Testimony of Hanna Stepanivna Iurchenko in ibid., 536.

    7. Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 115.

    8. Testimony of Anastasiia Maksymivna Kucheruk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 148.

    9. Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 47.

   10. Testimony of Zadvornyi Volodymyr Fedorovych, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 164.

   11. Testimony of Nadiia Iosypivna Malyshko (née Sol’nychenko), in Mytsyk, Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 27.

   12. Testimony of Hlafyra Pavlivna Ivanova, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 97.

   13. Testimony of Anastasiia Maksymivna Kucheruk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 149.

   14. Ibid., 148.

   15. Testimony of Nina Ivanivna Marusyk, in ibid., 157.

   16. Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin, vol. 1, 303.

   17. Testimony of Volodymyr Pavlovych Slipchenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 88.

   18. Testimony of Oleksij Keis, in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 22.