Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine

by Anne Applebaum

   19. Testimony of Hryhorii Fedorovych Sim’ia, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 510–11.

   20. Testimony of Oleksandr Honcharenko, in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 333–4.

   21. Testimony of Dmytro Zakharovych Kalenyk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, 33-i Holod, 31.

   22. Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin, vol. 1, 305.

   23. Testimony of Petro Kyrylovych Boichuk, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 95.

   24. Pitirim Sorokin, Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1975), 73.

   25. Testimony of Mykola Ivanovych Opanasenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 526.

   26. Testimony of Oleksii Iuriiovych Kurinnyi and Oksana Iukhymivna Hryhorenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 2, 200.

   27. From the diary of O. Radchenko, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 1,013.

   28. Testimony of Nadiia Dmytrivna Lutsyshyna, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 88.

   29. Testimony of Iaryna Vasylivna Kaznadzei, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 6, 160.

   30. Testimony of Anton Tykhonovych Bredun, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 88.

   31. Testimony of Halyna Spyrydonivna Mashyntseva, in ibid., vol. 1, 117–18.

   32. Testimony of Uliana Fylymonivna Lytvyn, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 98.

   33. Dolot, Execution by Hunger, 92.

   34. Testimony of Iaryna Petrivna Mytsyk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 299.

   35. Testimony of Mariia Mykolaïvna Doronenko (née Puntus), in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 27.

   36. Athanasius D. McVay and Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, eds., The Holy See and the Holodomor: Documents from the Secret Vatican Archives on the Great Famine of 1932–33 in Soviet Ukraine (Toronto: The Kashtan Press, 2011), 5.

   37. Dariusz Stola makes this point. Quoted in Anne Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 (New York and London: Doubleday and Allen Lane, 2012), 141.

   38. Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin, vol. 1, 284.

   39. Testimony of Anastasiia Kh., in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 156–7.

   40. Ibid.

   41. Testimony of Oleksandra Fedotivna Molchanova, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 91.

   42. N. R. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli, 1933–1935 rr.’, Naukovi pratsi istorychnoho fakul’tetu Zaporis’koho Natsional’noho Universytetu XXIX (2010), 186.

   43. Testimony of Ihor Vasyl’ovych Buhaevych, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 455–6.

   44. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli’, 186; citing DADO 1520/3/36/(1933), 674 and 1,127, and TsDAHOU 1/20/6395 (1933), 107.

   45. Ibid., 186–7.

   46. Testimony of Motrona Andriïvna Krasnoshchok, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 6, 284–5.

   47. Ivan Brynza, ‘I Was Dying amidst Fields of Grain’, in Zlochyn, ed. Petro Kardash (Melbourne-Kyiv: Vyd-vo Fortuna, 2003), trans. Marta Olynyk for the Holodomor Research and Education Consortium.

   48. From the diary of O. Radchenko, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 1,125.

   49. Testimony of Motrona Andriïvna Krasnoshchok, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 6, 284–5.

   50. Testimony of Maksym Petrovych Bozhyk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 126.

   51. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 146–8, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 750.

   52. Testimony of Oleksii Semenovych Lytvyns’kyi, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 148–9.

   53. Testimony of Hanna Oleksandrivna Tsivka, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 116.

   54. Testimony of Mykola Lavrentiiovych Basha, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 30.

   55. Testimony of Stephen C., in U.S. Congress Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 126–7.

   56. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli’, 188; citing DADO 19/1/1494 (1933), 109.

   57. Testimony of Mykola Ivanovych Opanasenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 526.

   58. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli’, 189; citing DADO 1520/3/37 (1933), 104.

   59. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli’, 190; citing DADO 1520/3/35 (1933), 4, TsDAHOU 1/20/6580 (1934), 107, and TsDAHOU 1/20/6777 (1935), 113.

   60. Testimony of Marfa Pavlivna Honcharuk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 29.

   61. Testimony of Ol’ha Kocherkevych, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 1, 651–2.

   62. Testimony of Mykola Romanovych Proskovchenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 3, 128.

   63. Diary of Oleksandra Radchenko, in Bohdan Klid and Alexander J. Motyl, The Holodomor Reader: A Sourcebook on the Famine of 1932–33 in Ukraine (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 2012), 182.

   64. Testimony of Halyna Kyrylivna Budantseva (née Piven’), in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 485.

   65. Petro Hryhorenko, interview by Slavko Novytskyi, UCRDC.

   66. Grossman, Everything Flows, 136.

   67. HDA SBU 65/6352/1 (1932), 444–6, in Danylenko et al., eds., Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni za dokumentamy HDA SBU, 283.

   68. TsDAHOU 1/20/6276 (1933), 55–60, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 888.

   69. Noll, Transformatsiia hromadians’koho suspil’stva, 296–300.

   70. Testimony of Kateryna Romanivna Marchenko, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 2, 11–12.

   71. Testimony of Mariia Ivanivna Korniichuk, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 490.

   72. ‘Schedule A, vol. 36, Case 333/(NY)1582 (Interviewer J. F., Type A4) Male, 29, Ukrainian, Student and Worker’, 1–8 July 1951, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Slavic Division, Widener Library, Harvard University, 25.

   73. Testimony of Vasyl’ Iosypovych Huzenko, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 54–5.

   74. Testimony of Anna S., in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 26–7.

   75. Testimony of Mykola Iakovych Kovtun, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 313.

   76. Testimony of Paraskeva Serhiivna Pidlubna, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 186.

   77. Testimony of Tetiana Pawlichka, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 75–6.

   78. Testimony of M. Barkov, in Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 1, 108.

   79. Testimony of Larysa Vasylivna Vasyl’chenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 477–8.

   80. Testimony of Oleksandr Honcharenko, in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 332–3.

   81. Testimony of Petro Kuz’mych Mostovyi, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 495.

   82. Noll, Transformatsiia hromadians’koho suspil’stva, 183.

   83. Oleg Bazhan and Vadym Zolotar’ov, ‘Konveier Smerti v chasy “Velykoho Teroru” v Ukrayïni: Tekhnologiia rozstriliv, vykonavtsi, misstia pokhovan’’, Kraieznavstvo 1 (2014), 192.

   84. Ibid., 193–4.

   85. Testimony of Varvara Dibert, in U.S. Congress, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 73.

   86. Testimony of Leonid A., in ibid., 132–3.

   87. Testimony of an anonymous woman, in Kovalenko an
d Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 508.

   88. Testimony of Mykola Iakovych Pishyi, in ibid., 266.

   89. Testimony of Larysa Donchuk, in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 138.

   90. Testimony of Oleksandra Mykhailivna Krykun (née Reznichenko), in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 524.

   91. Testimony of Ivan Pavlovych Vasianovych, in ibid., 551–3.

   92. Testimony of Vira Prokopivna Kadiuk, in ibid., 346.

   93. Daria Mattingly, ‘Oral History Project of the School Students of Tororyshche’, 2007, from her private collection.

   94. ‘Schedule A, vol. 36, Case 333’, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Slavic Division, Widener Library, Harvard University, 25.

   95. Testimony of Liuba Arionivna, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 280.

   96. Testimony of Mariia Ievlampiïvna Petrenko, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 2, 187.

   97. Testimony of Stephen C., in U.S. Congress Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 126–7.

   98. Testimony of Denys Mykytovych Lebid’, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 306.

   99. Testimony of Fedir Dmytrovych Zavads’kyi, in ibid., 268.

  100. See testimonies in ibid., 98, 327–9, 335 and 340; and Veselova and Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu, vol. 1, 401, 427, 454.

  101. Testimony of Anna Pylypiuk, in U.S. Congress Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 111–12.

  102. This, again, is the letter to Kosior and Kaganovich. TsDAHOU 1/20/6276 (1933), 55–60, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 888.

  103. Karel Berkhoff, ‘The Great Famine in Light of the German Invasion and Occupation’, in Halyna Hryn and Lubomyr Hadja, eds., After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine of Ukraine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2014).

  104. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 185–90, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 763.

  105. Testimony of Larysa Fedorivna Venzhyk, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 138–9.

  106. Testimony of Mariia Pavlivna Davydenko, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 9.

  107. Testimony of Iaryna, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 69.

  108. Testimony of Mykola Oleksiiovych Moskalenko, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 56.

  109. Andrea Graziosi, Lysty z Kharkova: Holod v Ukraïni ta na Pivnichnomu Kavkazi v povidomlenniakh italiis’kykh dyplomativ 1932–33 roky (Kharkiv: Folio, 2007), 125–7.

  110. Nicolas Werth, ‘Keynote Address for the Holodomor Conference, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 17–18 November 2008’, in Hryn and Hajda, eds., After the Holodomor, xxxiv.

  111. TsDAHOU 1/20/6275 (1933), 124–31, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and V. I. Ul’iachenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Kyïvs’ka oblast’ (Bila Tserkva: Bukva, 2008), 1,291.

  112. DADO 1520/3/9 (1933), 431, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and E. I. Borodin et al., eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Dnipropetrovs’ka oblast’ (Dnipropetrovsk: ART-PRES, 2008), 1,111.

  113. DADO 710/2/2 (1933), 18–19, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and T. T. Dmytrenko, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Kirovohrads’ka oblast’ (Kirovohrad: TOV ‘Imeks LTD’, 2008), 853–4.

  114. Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and F. H. Turchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Zaporiz’ka oblast’ (Zaporizhzhia: Dyke Pole, 2008), 777.

  115. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 146–8, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 750–1.

  116. TsDAHOU 1/20/6276 (1933), 39–46, in ibid., 877.

  117. Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Donets’koi Oblasti 326/1/130 (1933), 47, in ibid., 822–3.

  118. Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger, 422.

  119. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 185–90, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and Ul’iachenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru: Kyïvs’ka oblast’, 1,287.

  120. HDA SBU, 6/75501-fp.

  121. Interview with Olga Mane, HREC/UCRDC Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre.

  122. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 95–9, in ibid., 1,284.

  123. Romanets’, ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli’, 190.

  12. SURVIVAL: SPRING AND SUMMER, 1933

    1. Testimony of Hryhorii Ivanovych Mazurenko, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 165.

    2. Testimony of Vira Mykhailivna Tyshchenko, in ibid., 147.

    3. Testimony of Todos Khomovych Hodun, in ibid., 231.

    4. Letter from Khoma Riabokon’, in D. F. Solovei, Skazaty pravdu: Try pratsi pro Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. (Kyiv-Poltava: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2005), 77.

    5. See, for example, the testimony of Ivan Oleksiiovych Maksymenko, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 32–3; the testimony of Mariia Andrivna Oliinyk (née Liakhimets’), in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 108–9; the testimonies of Nadiia Dmytrivna Lutsyshyna and Larysa Fedorivna Shevchuk (née Venzhuk), in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 88 and 137–41; the testimony of Ivan Pavlovych Vasianovych, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 552–3. See also, as a general reference, Oleksa Riznykiv, Ïdlo 33-ho: slovnyk holodomoru (Odessa: Iurydychna literatura, 2003).

    6. Testimony of Mariia Pavlivna Davydenko, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 10.

    7. See the testimony of Oleksandra Vasylivna Sykal, in ibid., 35; also, the testimonies of Lida Oleksandrivna Kolomiiets’ and Mykola Mykhailovych Ostroverkh, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 99 and 222.

    8. Testimony of Nadiia Dmytrivna Lutsyshyna, in ibid., 99.

    9. Testimony of Mykola Demydovych Fenenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 542.

   10. Testimony of Mariia Vasylivna Pykhtina, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 189.

   11. Testimony of Halyna Spyrydonivna Mashyntseva, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 117–18.

   12. Testimony of Petro Kuz’mych Mostovyi, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 495.

   13. Testimony of Mariia Semenivna Pata, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 6.

   14. Testimony of Vira Illivna Petukh, in ibid., 52.

   15. Testmony of Nadiia Zakharivna Ovcharuk, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 103.

   16. Testimony of Kseniia Afanasiïvna Maliar, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 56–7.

   17. Testimony of Oksana Andriïvna Zhyhadno, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 151.

   18. Ibid., 152.

   19. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 149–58, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 156–9.

   20. Testimony of Kateryna Prokopivna Butko, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 143.

   21. Testimony of Mykola Hryhorovych Sobrach, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 28–30.

   22. Testimony of Liubov Andriïvna Orliuk, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 158.

   23. Testimony of Petro Kuz’mych Mostovyi, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 495.

   24. Testimony of Hnat Fedorovych Myroniuk, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and Iushchenko, Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru, 64.

   25. Testimony of Mariia Semenivna Pata, in Karas, Svidchennia ochevydtsiv, 10–11.

   26. Testimony of Sofiia Iakivna Zalyvcha, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 472.

   27. Testimony of Dmytro Dmytruk and Mykola Shvedchenko, in Oksana Kis, ‘Defying Death: Women’s Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–33’, Aspasia 7 (2013), 54.

   28. Testimony of Anatolii Stepanovych Bakai, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 48
4–5.

   29. Testimony of Ihor Vasyliovych Buhaievych, in ibid., 454–7.

   30. Testimony of Mariia Terenivna Havrysh, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 80–1.

   31. Arthur Koestler, The Invisible Writing: An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1954), 55–6.

   32. Oleh Wolowyna, Serhii Plokhy, Nataliia Levchuk, Omelian Rudnytskyi, Pavlo Shevchuk and Alla Kovbasiuk, ‘Regional Variations of 1932–34 Famine Losses in Ukraine’, Canadian Studies in Population 43, nos. 3/4 (2016), 175–202.

   33. Marco Carynnyk, Bohdan S. Kordan and Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, eds., The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933 (Kingston, Ontario: Limestone Press, 1988), 104–65.

   34. Ibid.

   35. Interview with Peter Egides, conducted by Marco Carynnyk in Toronto on November 1981. From the archives of the Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre, Toronto.

   36. HDA SBU 6/68805-FP, vols. 6 and 8, cited in Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine, 607.

   37. Carynnyk et al., eds., The Foreign Office and the Famine, 107.

   38. Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 608.

   39. Ibid., 609.

   40. Timothy Snyder, Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2015), 249.

   41. Petro Shelest, Spravzhnii sud istorii shche poperedu: Spohady, shchodennyky, dokumenty, materialy, ed. V. Baran, O. Mandebura, Yu. Shapoval and H. Yudynkova. (Kyiv: Heneza, 2004), 64–5.

   42. Testimony of Ielyzaveta Petrivna Radchenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 492.

   43. Testimony of Kylyna Vasylivna Dykun, in Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 1, 90.

   44. Testimony of Nadiia Iosypivna Malyshko (Sol’nychenko), in ibid., vol. 1, 27.

   45. Testimony of Varvara Stepanivna Horban’, in ibid., vol. 1, 29–30.

   46. Kis, ‘Defying Death’, 55.

   47. Testimony of Halyna Pavlivna Tymoshchuk, in Borysenko, A Candle in Remembrance, 96.

   48. DAVO 136/3/74 (1933), 4–4, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noi pam’iati and V. P. Latsyba, eds., Natsional’na knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Vinnyts’ka oblast’ (Vinnytsia: DP ‘DFK’, 2008), 1,191.