Tomorrow-Land
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Murphy, Michael J., 137, 143–44, 181, 199, 227, 231
Muslim Mosque, Inc., 137
Mutual Admiration Society, 11
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Chrysler Pavilion song complaints, 294
demonstrations, 76, 83, 141, 177
fair pavilion proposal, 79
leadership, 83
militancy warnings to Kennedy Administration, 80
Mississippi governor’s speech on, 218
pavilion revue complaints, 235
stall-in plan response, 180–81, 182–83
Nagare, Masayuki, 210
Naked Lunch (Burroughs), 131
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 47–48, 206–7
National Renaissance Party, 79
Nation of Immigrants, A (Kennedy, J. F.), 319
Nation of Islam, 71, 80, 129, 135–37, 186, 217, 289
Negro Revolt, The (Lomax), 71, 81
“Negro Revolt–What Comes Next, The,” 139
Nervi, Pier Luigi, 209
Neumann, Julius G., 161
New England Pavilion, 267
Newport Music Festival, 306–7
“New York: A City Destroying Itself” (Whalen, R. J.), 261–62
New York City
articles criticizing, 261–63, 288
civil rights demonstrations in (see New York City civil rights demonstrations)
clean-up campaigns, 109, 160–72, 173
crime in, 143–48, 156, 230, 234–35, 257, 295, 325
fair financial loans from, 271–72, 276–77, 323
as fair location, 7, 13–14
fair planning and urban reconstruction, 4
history and tercentennial celebrations, 12
as homosexual center, 112–14
Manhattan districts and Beat culture, 109–14
riots, 224–31
urban reconstruction history, 4–5, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27
New York City civil rights demonstrations
bridge blockades, 177–78
protests, 76–82, 90, 141, 173
racial dynamics during, 190
school boycotts, 176, 177, 178
stall-ins, 81–82, 90, 138, 160–61, 178–87, 191, 194, 199–200
subway blocks, 189–91
water wasting activism, 181
at World’s Fair, 185–86, 191–94, 195, 197–99, 293–94
New York City Pavilion, 27, 293
New York State Pavilion, 100–102, 149–50, 153–57, 193, 200
Nixon, Richard, 66–67, 167, 190, 207–8
nuns, 259–60
O’Dwyer, Paul, 312–13
O’Dwyer, William, 30
O’Hara, Frank, 113–14, 160–61, 167–68
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey), 105, 246, 247, 249
On the Road (Kerouac), 247, 250
Operation: Yorkville, 161–63, 164, 166–67
Pacific International Exposition (San Diego, 1935), 236–37
Paley, William S., 92
Parable (film), 210–11
Paterson, William, 141
Patterson, Floyd, 128
Paul VI, Pope, 271, 315–20
Pavilion of Fine Arts, 210
Pavilion of the Mind Exhibit, 251
“Peace Through Understanding” (theme), 3, 5
“People’s Wall” theater, 205
Pepsi Pavilion, 56–57
Pierce, Lawrence, 59
La Pietà (Michelangelo), 48, 63, 133
Plastic Exploding Inevitable (Warhol), 326
Pocket Theater, The, 165
Poletti, Charles, 35, 41, 45, 46, 59, 64, 94–95, 203, 266
Port Authority Building, 41, 98, 207, 303
Potter, Dan M., 211
Potter, William E., 42, 215
Poupées de Paris, Les (puppet show), 265
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 63
Powell, James, 224–26, 228
Presley, Elvis, 122
Preusse, Charles F., 12, 214
Price, Cecil, 222, 232
Prinz, Joachim, 213, 214
Project C, 69–71
Protestant and Orthodox Pavilion, 203–4, 210–11, 260
protest music, 300–301
Pryor, Samuel, Jr., 272
Rand, Sally, 236
Randolph, A. Phillip, 82–83
Rauschenberg, Robert, 150, 151, 152, 155
Redevelopment Companies Act, 28
Reeb, James, 291
Reuther, Walter, 266
Richmond, Frederick W., 58
riots, race, 224–31, 297, 324
Riverton Houses, 28, 62–63
Robert Moses Dam, 98
Robert Moses Twenty-Five Times (Warhol), 156–57, 158
Robertson, Carole, 88
Robinson, Jackie, 128, 180
Robinson, Johnny, 88
Robinson, William E., 16, 34
Rochdale Village, 64, 77–78
Rockefeller, David, 16, 34, 58, 274, 276
Rockefeller, Nelson A.
civil rights movement and, 67, 76, 175
fair opening ceremony, 195
fair planning, 13, 16, 33, 67
Moses’ city appointments, 31
Moses removal, 277–78
New York riots, 229
presidential candidacy, 157, 173, 174
Warhol mural complaint, 155, 157–58
Rocket Thrower, The (De Lue), 323
Rolling Stones, 298, 304
Roman, Henry, 295
Roosevelt, Franklin, Jr., 55, 119
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 24, 25, 120, 140
Rose, Alex, 214
Rosenberg, James N., 100
Rosenquist, James, 150, 151–52
Rosenthal, A. M., 112, 143–44, 148, 260–61
Rosset, Barney, 131
Roth, Arthur T., 276
Rotolo, Suze, 111
Rusk, Dean, 45, 79
Russell, Richard B., 6, 61–62, 108, 140, 221, 284–85
Rustin, Bayard, 89, 191, 192–93, 228
Saarinen, Eero, 305
Sak, August, 96–97
Savio, Mario, 172
Schiffer, George, 294
Schwerner, Michael “Mickey,” 218–24, 226, 232–33 Schwerner, Rita, 218–21, 223, 233
Scully, Vincent J., 209
segregation, 27–28, 122, 164, 174–75, 244
Selma, Alabama, demonstrations, 290–91, 292
Shabazz, Betty, 289
Shea Stadium, 14, 30, 43, 103–4, 302–5
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 87
Sims, Larry Joe, 89
16th Street Baptist Church bombings, 88–89, 176
Slum Clearance Commission, 28
Smith, Alfred E., 20–24, 25, 32, 62
Smith, Jack, 160, 165, 166
Smith, Jerome, 72
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 61, 78, 183, 184, 217, 290–91
Snyder, Gary, 325
Society for the Prevention of Negroes Getting Everything (SPONGE), 294
Solomon, Ella, 169
Solomon, Howard, 168–69
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 61, 70, 83, 290–91. See also King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Soviet Union, 6, 44–45, 216, 266, 267
Spanish Pavilion, 46, 103, 203, 277
Spargo, George, 258
Spellman, Francis, Cardinal, 48, 132–33, 171–72, 271, 315, 316–17, 318, 323
Stable Gallery exhibitions, 158–59
stall-ins, 81–82, 90, 138, 160–61, 178–87, 199�
��200
state pavilions, 47, 204
Stern, Alfred, 78–79
Stevenson, Adlai, 185, 195, 265
Stone, Martin, 265–66
Stone, Robert, 250
Student Peace Union, 296
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 116, 218
Stuyvesant Town, 27–28, 63
subway protests, 189–90
Sullivan, Ed, 105, 120–21, 123, 124, 127, 303–4
Sulzberg, Ochs, 92
Summer of Love, 326–28
Sundsten, Paula, 250
Sunnyside Gardens, 29
Sweeney, Joseph A., 289
Taft, Robert A., 29
Texas Pavilion, 235
Theaterama, 153
Thirteen Most Wanted Men (Warhol), 149–50, 153–58
Thurmond, Strom, 61, 83, 167
Till, Emmett, 132
Tivoli Gardens, 95
To Broadway With Love (musical revue), 235, 257, 269
Tomorrow Forever (Keane, Walter), 156, 216
Top of the Fair restaurant, 98–99, 207, 267, 273
Tower of Light, 205
Towers of Tomorrow, 204
Transportation & Travel Pavilion, 206–7
Travelers Insurance Pavilion, 205
Travia, Anthony, 12
Triborough Bridge (renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), 24, 177–78
Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA, renamed Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, TBTA), 24, 25, 278
Tropic of Cancer (Miller), 131–32, 171
Truman, Harry S., 195
Turchyn, Bill, 188
UNICEF, 56–57
Unisphere, 186, 296
United States Federal Pavilion, 3, 5–6, 7–10, 55, 66, 119, 296
United States Space Park, 47
Urban League of Greater New York, 58–59, 60, 64, 79, 80, 141, 177, 183
US Royal Tires, 205
Van Wyck Expressway, 4, 26, 43
Vatican Pavilion, 48, 63, 133, 203, 267, 271, 272, 318, 323
Velvet Underground, 311, 326
Verrazano Bridge, 18, 98
Vietnam War, 283–87, 292–93, 296, 300, 316, 317–18, 323–24, 325
Villa, Raphael, 295
Voting Rights Act, 292, 296
Wagner, Robert F., Jr.
Catholic political allies of, 133
city clean-up campaigns, 109, 160, 161, 162–63, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173
civil rights movement and, 76, 175, 179, 186–87, 230–31, 293
description at opening ceremony, 5
exhibition countries and invitations, 44–45
fair controversies, 213
fair financial loans, 271–72, 276–77
fair opening ceremony, 195–96
fair planning, 12, 13, 33, 94
Moses city appointments, 31–32
Moses removal, 277–78
Warhol mural complaint, 155
Wagner, Robert F., Sr., 32
Walker, Jimmy, 21
Walker, Jimmy Lee, 290, 291
Walker, Wyatt, 70
Wallace, George C., 68–69, 73, 87, 88, 148, 290, 292
Ware, Virgil, 88–89
Warhol, Andy, 101, 102, 149–59, 166, 311, 326
Wechsler, James A., 60
WED Enterprises, 49–50, 53–57
Wesley, Cynthia, 88
West Berlin, 46–47
Westinghouse Time Capsule, 269
West Village, 110–14
Whalen, Grover, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 38–39, 41, 97
Whalen, Richard J., 261–63, 264
Wilkins, Roy, 80, 83, 129–30, 138, 180, 182–83, 183, 230
Williams, Wheeler, 101–2
Wiltenburg, Robert, 161
Winston, Norman K., 5, 119
Wisconsin Pavilion, 296
Women Strike for Peace, 296
Wonder World (musical revue), 257
World’s Fair (Chicago, 1893), 3–4
World’s Fair (Chicago, 1933, Century of Progress), 188, 236
World’s Fair (Moscow, 1967), 45
World’s Fair (New York, 1939–40)
advertising, 312
art exhibitions, 97
criticism of, 29–30
description and theme, 4
exhibitions, 178
finances, 26–27, 32, 41
first customer at, 188
location and park development, 25–26, 43
opening day address, 120
pavilion rentals, 15
risqué acts at, 237
staffing statistics, 41
technological exhibitions, 4, 120, 205
theme, 4, 237–38
World’s Fair (New York, 1964–65)
advertising, 13, 257, 268, 312
anti-Vietnam demonstrations at, 296
architectural design, 41–42, 95–96, 208–9
art exhibitions, 48, 63, 96–102, 103, 133, 149–58, 202, 210, 216, 323
attendance predictions and statistics, 33, 199–200, 201–2, 210, 214, 268, 270, 273, 293, 320
attendance records, 320
city reconstruction for, 4, 43, 44
civil rights demonstrations at, 185–86, 191–94, 195, 197–99, 293–94
closing day, 320–21
complaints and controversy, 165, 169, 210, 211–16, 235–39, 260, 294–95
crime and attendance fears, 148, 156, 234–35, 257, 289
duration, 14
early planning, 11–13
entertainment policies and censorship, 235–38, 265, 269
exhibition and ride designs, 49–57, 95–96
exhibitions and participants, overview, 44–47, 201–8
grounds acreage, 15
location selection, 7, 13
management (see Moses, Robert, World’s Fair management; World’s Fair Corporation)
media coverage and reviews, 91–93, 208–10, 257, 259–61, 265–66, 267–68, 320, 323
murders at, 295
opening day, first season, 188–89, 199–200
opening day, second season, 292, 293
opening day keynote address, 196–99
pavilion rentals, 14, 38
profit predictions and finance statistics, 33, 257–58, 270
second season improvements, 235–36, 238–40, 266, 267, 268–69, 271, 272–73, 278
themes and purpose, 3, 5–6, 238, 320
ticket prices, 93–95
World’s Fair (Philadelphia, 1876), 3–4
World’s Fair (Seattle, 1962, Century 21 Exposition), 12, 14, 15, 38, 188
World’s Fair (St. Louis, 1904), 4
World’s Fair Corporation. See also Moses, Robert, World’s Fair management
board of directors, 58–59
Design Committee, 41–42
employment discrimination charges, 58–61, 63–64, 76, 78–79, 180
funding and finances, 13, 15–16, 258–59, 270–77, 313–14, 323
Moscow World’s Fair pavilion agreement, 45
president selection, 16–17, 32–34
staffing statistics, 41
World Trade Center, The, 207
Yamasaki, Minoru, 207
Yeterian, Karnick, 295
Young, Whitney, 80, 183
Zaretzki, Joseph, 215
Zoro’s Nudist Gardens, 236–37
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Joseph Tirella is a writer and editor whose work has appeared in the New York Times, Vibe, Rolling Stone, Esquire, People, the Daily News, Portfolio.com, and Reader’s Digest, among other publications. A former senior editor at Fortune Small Business, he is currently the Associat
e Director of Media Relations at Herbert H. Lehman College of the City University of New York. He lives in New York City with his family.
On February 1, 1961, John F. Kennedy met with Robert Moses, President of the World’s Fair Corporation, and Thomas J. Deegan, the World’s Fair Executive Vice President. Kennedy was an enthusiastic Fair supporter from the earliest days of his administration.
Courtesy of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Kennedy’s shocking assassination cast a dark shadow over the World’s Fair and his successor President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was heckled by college students on the Fair’s Opening Day.
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
The US Federal Pavilion was one of the largest buildings at the World’s Fair and one of Robert Moses’ least favorite. He called the Charles Luckman–designed, modernist structure “a square doughnut on stilts.”
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
Philip Johnson’s New York State Pavilion, hailed as “the architectural delight” of the Fair, was embraced by Moses as well. Defending it against conservative critics, he described it as a building “that grows on you.” It was one of the few Fair buildings selected by Moses to have an afterlife in his post-Fair Flushing Meadow Park.
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
There was no shortage of corporate pavilions at the 1964–65 World’s Fair, and one of the most popular was the General Motors Pavilion, which housed the Futurama II exhibit, a sequel to the carmaker’s “World of Tomorrow” Futurama exhibit at the 1939–40 World’s Fair.
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
Inside Futurama II fairgoers saw a glimpse of “Tomorrow-Land”—a futuristic city of sleek modernist skyscrapers and smart superhighways, which bore a striking resemblance to the bustling—some would say soul deadening—urban landscapes that Robert Moses had devoted his life to creating.
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
One of the most interesting structures at the Fair was the IBM Pavilion by Charles Ames and Eero Saarinen. On the outside, the pavilion looked like a giant industrial egg nestled atop a forest of metallic trees.
Photograph courtesy of Bill Cotter
Inside the IBM Pavilion, visitors were treated to the “People Wall”—a 500-seat indoor theatre—that rose several stories. Once airborne, the audience watched a multi-screened film projected onto numerous walls of the Pavilion.