Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory
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Mierevelt, Michiel van, 88, 126
Minuit, Paul, 321–3
Mitjens, Daniël, 132
Moer, Elizabeth van der, 122
Mollet, André, 222–4, 237, 259; The Garden of Pleasure, 21–2, 223, 223
Moluccas, 241
Molyneux, Thomas, 309
Monconys, Balthasar de, 202
Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of: birth, 77
Montias, John Michael, 120
Moray, Sir Robert: and Burnet, 43; as President of Royal Society, 202; in Low Countries, 268–9; and Christiaan Huygens’ watch and clock mechanism, 269–72, 274–5, 277–80, 282, 284, 289, 301; serves Charles II, 272; as founder member of Royal Society, 273; friendship and correspondence with Christiaan Huygens, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; and Huygens’ questioning of Holmes’s report, 285–6; recommends Hooke’s Micrographia to Christiaan Huygens, 293, 298; on Hooke’s lens-grinding, 298, 300, 306; in Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304, 308; with Royal Society in Oxford, 305; letter from Winthrop on astronomy, 317
Mordaunt, Charles, 50
Morgan, Anna (later Lady Strickland), 160–2
Morgan, Sir Charles, 160
Morgan, Sir Lewis, 160
Morley, George, Bishop of Worcester, 176
Morrice, William, 281–2
Münster, Treaty of (1648), 175
Mytens, Daniel, 108–9
N
Nantes, Edict of: Revocation (1685), 31, 41
Nassau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland, 172
Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van, 138, 157, 252–3, 333
Nassau-Zuijlenstein, Frederick van, 28, 170
Nassau-Zuijlenstein, Mary van (née Killigrew), 170
Neile, Sir Paul, 202
Netscher, Gaspar: portrait of Susanna Huygens, 244
New Amsterdam (later New York), 322, 323, 324–5, 326, 331–3
New Netherland (North America): settled by Dutch, 320–1, 323–6; appropriated by British, 326, 329, 331–2, 341, 346
New Netherland Company, 321
Newcastle, Duchess of see Cavendish, Margaret
Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 175, 195–8, 199, 200, 203, 208–9; Méthode et invention de dresser les chevaux, 197
Newton, Sir Isaac: political activities, 310–11, 311, 313; preferment at Cambridge, 311–12; relations with Christiaan Huygens, 312–13; at Royal Society meetings, 313–14; as Master of Royal Mint, 313; Principia, 309–10, 313
Nicholas, Sir Edward, 134, 190
Nicolls, Richard, 329–31
Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678), 38
North-East Passage, 321
North-West Passage, 321
Nys (or Nice), Daniel, 100–1
O
Ogle, Utricia see Swann, Utricia, Lady
Oldenburg, Henry, 202, 265–6, 268, 274, 282, 289, 297–9, 301–7
Oosterwyck, Severijn, 276, 278
Orange, House of: and English succession, 54, 56, 66–7; control of Netherlands, 64; marriage negotiations with Stuarts, 73–8; art interests and collecting, 113, 125
Orange (southern France), 63, 315
Orléans, Philippe, Duke of, 78
Orléans, Princess Henriette, Duchess of, 78, 132
Orlers, Jan, 129
Orphan Chamber auctions, Amsterdam, 122
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 101
Oxford, 32
P
Palmer, Sir Geoffrey., 282
Pegge, Catherine, 77
Pembroke, Anne, Countess of (née Clifford), 218, 220–1
Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of, 218–19, 220–1
Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, 47–8
Pepys, Samuel, 135, 145, 147, 173, 285–7, 287, 289, 327, 346
Petty, Sir William, 302, 305
Philip I V, King of Spain, 67, 117
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 265, 283, 297, 303–5, 307–8
plants (botanical), 247–50, 252
Plein, Het, 157
Poelenburg, Cornelis van, 126
Porter, Endymion, 195
Portland, 1st Earl of see Bentinck, Hans Willem
Portugal: expels Dutch traders from Recife, 323
Post, Pieter, 157, 209, 211, 245
Poulle, Magdalena, 246, 249–50, 252
Povey, Samuel, 145
Prince Rupert’s drops, 200–3
Q
Quellinus, Erasmus, 140
R
Ravestijn, Anton van, 132
Ravestijn, Maria van (wife of Adriaen Hanneman), 132
Recife: garden, 252–3
Rembrandt van Rijn, 126–8, 137–8, 143; Judas Returning the Pieces of Silver (painting), 127
Rensselaer, Jeremias van, 333
Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, 323–4, 328
Rensselaerswijck (Fort Orange), 323–5, 328
Reynst, Anna, 140
Reynst, Gerrit and Jan, 140
Rhenen (castle), Netherlands, 88
Rhijne, Willem ten, 343–5, 344
Rijswijk, 85, 140
Robinson, Sir John, 286
Rodrigues, Leonor (Duarte), 177
Roe, Sir Thomas, 167
Roemers Visscher, Anna, 149; engraved glasses, 150–1
Rotterdam: art in, 120–1
Rowlett, Thomas, 218
Royal African Company, 327
Royal Exchange, London, 205
Royal Society: Burnet elected a Fellow, 43; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 202; Christiaan Huygens requests copy of Evelyn’s Sylva from, 227; activities, 264–5; founded, 273; timekeeping and longitude experiments, 273–4, 279–83, 288, 289–90; and Robert Holmes, 286; reorganisation after William’s arrival in England, 292; and Hooke’s Micrographia, 297–9; and Hooke’s lens-making machine, 300; Hooke appointed Curator of Experiments, 301, 313; evacuated from London in plague (1665), 302, 305; elects Christiaan Huygens to overseas membership, 309, 316; Christiaan Huygens attends, 310, 313; receives and translates Busschoff’s book, 343; examines Chinese medical practices, 344–5; see also Philosophical Transactions
Rubens, Sir Pieter Paul: Amalia von Solms acquires painting, 83; Carleton’s statues offered to, 102–7; house, 103–4, 195; family, 106; sells works in England, 106–7, 131; Carleton buys paintings from, 108–9; sells Carleton sculptures, 109; wife’s death, 109; self-portrait, 111; replaces studio paintings for Carleton, 123; Sir Constantijn Huygens praises, 126; van Dyck works for, 130; influence, 193; Sir Constantijn Huygens negotiates with for Frederik Hendrik and Amalia, 207; Huygens sends engravings of The Hague house to, 208; Alexander Crowning Roxane (painting), 83, 84, 110; Head of Medusa (painting), 124–5, 126
Rubenshuis, Antwerp, 103–4, 104, 193, 195, 196, 197–8, 200, 203, 207
Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of Rhine, 203, 285
Russell, Nicasius, 132
Russell, William, Lord, 43
Ruysch, Frederik, 265
Ruysch, Rachel: still-life of flowers, 251
Rye House Plot (1683), 43
S
Saenredam, Pieter, The Large Organ and Nave of the St Bavokerk, Haarlem, from the Choir (painting), 140, 142, 143
St Andreas, the Gambia, 327
St James’s Palace, London: gardens, 22–3, 224, 259; guarded by Dutch troops, 23
St James’s Park, London, 22, 24–5
St Kitts, 261
Salisbury cathedral, 50
Sanderson, William, 136
Saturn (planet), 316–17
Schama, Simon, 213
Schurman, Anna Maria van, 149
science: in United Provinces and England, 264–6, 291; see also Royal Society
Sehested, Hannibal, 198
Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess (née Killigrew), 77, 168–72
Shannon, Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount, 169–72
Siebrechts, Jan, 123
Skelton, Bevil, 37
slave trade: African, 327
Sloane, Sir Hans, 315
Solms, Princess Amalia von: marriage to Frederik Hendr
ik, 67, 68, 212; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; and proposed marriage of Charles II, 76; court life and culture, 82–5, 90, 110, 118; art interests and collection, 83, 129, 132; status, 118; Dieussart models statues for, 138; art collection dispersed on death, 147; supports Charles II in United Provinces, 162; and Duarte, 178; and Anne de la Barre, 186–7; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 190; and building works, 209; and garden design, 223
Solms, Heinrich Maastricht, Count of, 20–1
Solomon, Temple of: Leon’s model, 356
Somerset, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of, 312
Somerset, Frances, Countess of, 101
Somerset House, London, 116–17
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, 100–1, 129
Sommelsdijck, Cornelis van Aerssen, Heer van, 271
Sommelsdijck, François van Aerssen, Heer van, 67–9, 212, 228
Sorgvliet, 50, 239, 241, 250, 256
Southwell, Sir Robert, 315
Soutman, Pieter, 90
Spa, Netherlands, 161–2, 175
Spain: Charles I’s relations with, 67, 69; defeats Elector Frederick, 86–7
Sprat, Thomas, 81, 319–20
Stafford, Sir Thomas, 173
Stanhope, Alexander, 145
Stanhope, Katherine Wotton, Lady, 163
States General (Dutch): sanctions and finances invasion of England, 5; Stadholder lacks authority in, 70; Maurits controls, 97; prohibits Princess Mary from offering sanctuary to brothers, 112, 175, 188; bans House of Orange from Stadholdership, 118
Stent, Peter, 219
Stone family, 206
Stone, Henry, 206
Stone, Nicholas, 205–6
Strasbourg: Louis XIV captures, 63
Strickland, Sir Walter, 161
Stuart family: and English succession, 54–5; marriage negotiations with House of Orange, 73–8; court, 82; art interests and collecting, 113, 125; portraits, 116; see also individual members
Stuyvesant, Peter (Petrus), 324–5, 330–1, 346
Suasso, Francisco Lopes see Lopes Suasso, Francisco
Surinam, 241
Swammerdam, Jan, 264–5
Swann, Utricia, Lady (née Ogle), 149, 163–4, 166, 178, 197, 200, 217
Swann, Sir William, 163, 166
Sweerts, Catherina, 152
T
telescopes, 316–18
Temple, Sir William, 217, 227–8, 335–6, 341
Terbrugghen, Hendrik, 126
Terschelling island, 285
Tessers, Hendrik, 123
Thulden, Theodoor van, 90
Thuret, Isaac, 266
timekeeping see clocks and watches
Titian: Pardo Venus (painting), 114, 116; Venus with Organ Player (painting), 116
Torbay: Dutch fleet arrives in, 10, 12–13, 15; William in, 28
Torrington, Earl of see Herbert, Admiral Arthur
Tromp, Admiral Cornelis Maartenzoon, 162
tulips, 257, 258, 259–60
U
United Provinces (Dutch Republic): prepares invasion of England, 4–5, 8, 36–7; trade war with France, 33, 39–40, 42; French threat to, 37, 41, 62–3, 353; strategic reasons for invasion, 37–41; financing of William’s invasion, 52; Protestantism, 55–6; Henrietta Maria and Princess Mary in, 72–3; admired in England, 81; courtly life and culture, 82, 85–6, 88, 90–1; art and artists, 89–90, 113–14, 118, 120–39, 142; relations with England, 112, 116, 159, 172, 205–7, 264, 319, 349–50, 357–8; Stadholdership banned to House of Orange, 118; gifts to Charles II on Restoration, 139–40, 142, 143, 144–5; marriages with English partners, 159–60; exchange of craftsmen and artists with England, 205–6; gardens and garden design, 218, 222–6, 225, 228, 231–6, 234, 236, 239, 241–2, 244–50, 252–3; land reclamation and drainage expertise, 231–3, 235–9; economic prosperity, 239; luxury goods and extravagance, 259–60; campaign against France, 263–4; scientific and medical enterprise, 264–5; overseas competition with England, 319, 326–7, 329–30, 332–3, 340; colonial settlements, 320; national character, 320; financial and banking practices, 338–41, 345, 347; proposes political union with England, 349; economic decline, 357; see also Anglo-Dutch wars; States-General; William III (of Orange), King
Uylenburgh, Gerrit van, 137, 140
Uytenbroek, Moses van, 126
V
Velde, Esaias van de, 126
Vermeer, Jan, 144; Young Lady Playing the Clavecin, 121
Vermuyden, Cornelius, 237–8
Vermuyden, Cornelius, jr, 237
Versailles: garden, 242, 245–6
Visscher, Maria Tesselschade, 149
Vrijburg Palace, Recife, 253–6
W
Waller, Richard, 280–2, 314–15
Wallis, John, 289, 315
Walter, Lucy, 77
Webb, Colonel William, 114, 116
Weede, Everard van see Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede van
Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, 210
West Indies: African slaves in, 327
Westerschelling, 285
Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 88
White, John, 31
White Mountain, battle of the (1620), 87, 229
Whitehall: guarded by Dutch troops, 23
Whitehall Palace: Banqueting Hall decoration and paintings, 135, 140
Wicquefort, Joachim of (Joachim Factor), 180, 182
Wildens, Jan, 126
Wilhem, Constantia de (née Huygens), 152, 154, 211
Wilhem, David de, 211
Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester, 273, 280, 282, 302, 305
Willem Frederik, Stadholder see Nassau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland
William II, Prince of Orange: marriage, 67, 85, 111; court, 81, 85–6; death, 113, 119, 139, 185–6, 191
William III (of Orange), King of England, Scotland and Ireland: invasion of England (1688), 1, 2–3, 4–7, 10–11, 26, 42, 47, 79, 292; strength of forces, 8–9; progress to and arrival in London, 15–16, 18–21, 44–5, 47; gardening interests, 21, 23, 47–8, 51, 241, 248–9, 262; accepted as monarch, 26, 79, 349; propaganda campaign, 27–9, 31, 247; pictured, 28, 32, 133, 134; Declaration, 29–35, 42–3, 46, 64; proposes war with France, 39; sightseeing detours on way to London, 48–50, 262; presents Suasso with painting of orange tree, 51, 52; busts, 60, 65; marriage to Mary, 62, 66, 69–70, 71, 72, 163, 182, 239, 352; regime as Stadholder, 62, 263; and succession to English throne, 62–6, 79–80, 247; and French threat, 63; art interests and collection, 118, 147–8; Dieussart figures of, 138; and Dutch paintings in Royal Collection, 144–5; asthma, 148, 248; education, 170, 204; command of English, 171; and Duarte, 178; gives wedding jewel to Mary, 180–3, 182; birth, 191; at Hampton Court, 248–9; on Blathwayt’s dullness, 260; campaign against French, 263, 290; legitimacy to throne settled by Convention, 310; and Newton’s academic position at Cambridge, 311–12; attempts to recover money from Charles II, 350–2; and Dutch economic decline, 357; see also United Provinces
William, Prince of Orange (the Silent), 33, 64, 205, 229; tomb and epitaph, 354–5
Wilson, Elizabeth (wife of Daniël Mitjens), 132
Wilton House, near Salisbury, gardens, 47–50, 48, 218–22, 262
Windsor Beauties: painted, 135
Windsor Castle: Constantijn Huygens jr inspects art in, 18; pictured, 19
Winthrop, John, jr, 316–18, 330
Witt, Cornelius and Johan de, 37, 62
Witte, Emanuel de, 337
Wolff, Pieter de, 250
women: Sir Constantijn Huygens’ regard for, 149; status in United Provinces, 154–5; in Anglo-Dutch marriages, 159–60; and science, 202
Wotton, Sir Henry, 98, 250
Wouw, Cornelia van, 134
Wren, Sir Christopher: certifies Fox’s expenditure, 17; in Royal Society, 273, 289; and Christiaan Huygens’ horological innovations, 289; Auzout wishes to meet, 298; in Paris during Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304–5; supports Stuarts, 308; on Chinese medicine, 344; letters from Sir Constantijn Huygens, 353–5; and pr
oposed inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire, 353–4; and Leon’s model of Temple of Solomon, 356–7
Wren, Matthew, Bishop of Ely, 70
Y
York, Anne, Duchess of (née Hyde), 54, 64, 66, 135, 191
Z
Zuylestein, Frederick, Count van, 28
Author’s Note: Names, Money and Dates
You only have to try to buy a map of or a guidebook to the Netherlands to realise that the naming of territory in the Low Countries is fraught with difficulty. Strictly speaking, ‘Holland’ is only one of the seven provinces which have, since the end of the sixteenth century, made up the United Provinces or Dutch Republic. Most ordinary people, however, refer to that territory as ‘Holland’. In this book, which is intended for a general rather than a narrowly academic readership, I have used ‘Holland’, ‘Dutch Republic’ and ‘United Provinces’ interchangeably, and I hope that my readers will accept an occasional looseness or even vagueness about the country thus designated. I consistently refer to the people of that territory as ‘Dutch’. I have largely avoided calling the diverse and mingled community in Antwerp ‘Flemish’, because my protagonists there moved regularly between what today we know as Belgium and the northern Netherlands, which is the focus of my story. Academics will, I hope, forgive me for my occasional cartographic imprecision, in the interests of a clearly comprehensible story.
Dutch and English currency conversion in the period:
£9 sterling = one hundred Dutch guilders.
One pond Vlaams = six guilders;
one guilder (fl) = twenty stuivers;
one stuiver = twelve penningen
Two calendars were in use throughout the period this book covers. The Julian calendar was followed in England, and the revised Gregorian calendar was followed everywhere else in western Europe. The difference between them was ten days in the seventeenth century and eleven days in the eighteenth century (because England observed the year 1700 as a leap year, but the Continent of Europe did not). Thus 12 April in the Julian calendar (in England) would be 22 April in the Gregorian (in the Dutch Republic) before 1700, and 23 April after 1700.
Throughout this book I have given dates in the form appropriate to the location, unless I state otherwise. Sometimes, where correspondence I follow crosses boundaries, the difference in dates becomes significant. In those cases I have specified in brackets following a date whether it is old style (Julian) or new (Gregorian).