Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory

by Lisa Jardine

Everdingen, Caesar van, 90

  Exeter, 14, 16, 31, 46

  F

  Fagel, Gaspar: and William’s Declaration, 29; and French trade war, 39; Burnet works with, 43; as adviser to William, 246; family, 246; garden and plants, 246–50, 249, 252; transfers plants to Hampton Court, 248–9

  Fairfax, Thomas, 3nd Baron, 219

  Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 311–12

  Finch, Sir Heneage, 282

  Fitzcharles, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta, 171

  Flines, Agnes de (Agnes Block), 250

  Fort Orange see Albany

  Fourment, Hélène (Rubens’ second wife), 179

  Fox, Sir Stephen, 14–16

  France: support for James II, 4; James II’s exile in, 18; trade war with Dutch, 33, 39–40, 42; as threat to Dutch Republic, 37, 41, 62–3, 353; anti-Protestant measures, 41; William’s campaign against, 263

  Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 48, 86–8, 219, 228–9

  Frederik Hendrik, Stadholder: marriage, 67, 111, 212; and Stuart-Orange marriage alliances, 67–70, 73, 75; pictured, 68, 89, 90; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; death, 76, 89, 138, 209; court life and culture, 82, 84, 86, 89, 212; claims share of captured Spanish silver, 85; Sir Constantijn Huygens as First Secretary to, 100, 110, 126, 152; art interests and collection, 129, 132, 207–8; and Duarte, 178, 180, 183; buildings and improvements, 209; gardening interests, 222–3, 231, 235; shelters Elector Frederick, 229; acquires and rebuilds Honselaarsdijk, 235

  Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, 274, 277

  Fromanteel, John, 277

  G

  Gage, George, 102, 103, 105, 108

  Gale (Master of St Paul’s School), 354

  garden design and landscaping: Dutch, 24, 205, 210–13, 214, 215–18, 222–6, 231–6, 234, 236, 239, 241–2, 244–50, 252–3; and drainage problems, 235, 239; water features, 246; in Brazil, 253–6; financing, 256–7, 260; in Britain, 262

  Geldorp, George, 135

  Gerbier, Sir Balthasar, 131, 135

  Gheyn, Jacob de, sr (Jacob de Gheyn II), 99, 292

  Gheyn, Jacob de, jr (Jacob de Gheyn III), 99, 99, 107–8, 137–8, 292

  Glorious Revolution (1688): and William’s invasion, 27–9, 31, 42; and Dutch international aims, 41

  Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 172, 198

  Goddard, Jonathan, 274

  Goltzius, Hendrik, 126

  Good Hope, Cape of, 320

  Goree, Guinea, 327

  gout: treatment, 341–4, 344

  Goyen, Jan Josephszoon van, 126

  Graeff, Andries de, 140–2

  Great Fire of London (1666), 147; memorial inscription, 353–5

  Great Plague (1665), 302, 305

  Grebber, Frans Pieter de, 90, 134

  Greenwich palace, 206

  Gresham, Sir Thomas, 205

  Guinea: Holmes sacks Dutch settlements, 285, 288; trading opportunities, 327

  Gunpowder Plot (1605), 10

  Gunterstein: garden, 246, 249–50, 252

  H

  Haarlem, Cornelis, 126

  Hague, The: admired in England, 81; courts, 81–2, 85–6, 88, 91; building and improvement, 85; Huygens’ house in, 157–8, 158, 207–8, 209; plague (1635), 158; English exiles in, 175, 212

  Halen, Peter van, 123–4

  Halley, Edmond, 310, 315

  Hampden, John, 312

  Hampton Court: gardens, 50, 224, 226, 248–9, 252; Christiaan Huygens visits, 310

  Hanau, Count of, 84

  Hanneman, Adriaen, 132, 133, 134, 188; portrait of William, 133

  Harrison, John, 284

  Hartlib, Samuel, 316

  Hatfield Chase, Lincolnshire, 232, 237–8

  Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerckhoven, Lord of, 68

  Heidelberg, 86; gardens, 48, 48, 219, 228–31

  Hein, Admiral Piet, 84

  Heinsius, Daniel, 354

  Held, Julius, 156, 157

  Hellevoetsluis, 6, 15

  Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 70, 72–3, 75, 78, 116, 163, 186–8, 212–13, 351

  Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, 108

  Herbert, Admiral Arthur, Earl of Torrington, 16

  Hesse, Johan van, 172

  Hoefnagel family, 98

  Hoefnagel, Jacob, 98

  Hoefnagel, Joris, 292

  Hofwijk, Voorburg (Sir Constantijn Huygens’ estate), 164, 166, 183, 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 214, 215–19, 227–8, 229, 233–4, 245, 308

  Hollandine, Louise, 132

  Holles, Sir Frescheville, 284

  Holmes, Sir Robert, 283–9, 284, 326–7, 329

  Hondius, Hendrik, 126

  Honselaarsdijk, 22, 85, 204, 212, 224, 235–7, 236, 241, 245

  Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerard) van, 85, 88, 90, 126, 131, 138

  Hoogstraten, Samuel van, 145, 147; The Slippers (painting), 146

  Hooke, Robert: on William’s invasion, 15; on Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; scientific endeavour, 266; and clock and watch mechanism, 267–8, 279–82, 284, 291, 301, 306; and determination of longitude, 280–1, 285, 288; reputation, 293, 296; Christiaan Huygens jr criticises, 296; in controversy with Auzout, 297–8, 302–3, 305–8; on need for high-quality lenses, 297; involvement with Royal Society, 298–9; lens-making machine, 298–302, 304, 306; as Curator of Experiments at Royal Society, 301, 313; leaves London (1665), 302, 306; supports Stuart royals, 308; career setbacks, 313; lectures at Royal Society, 313–14; work on optics, 313; ill health, 314; on Chinese medical practices, 344–5; and inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 354; discusses Temple of Solomon with Wren, 357; Micrographia, 291–3, 294–5, 296–300, 299, 306–7, 307, 312–13

  Hortus Pembrochianus, 47

  Hoskins, Sir John, 315

  Hudson, Henry, 321

  Huguenots: support William, 31; flee France after revocation of Edict of Nantes, 41

  Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, 89–90, 138, 209, 246

  Hume, Sir Alexander, 190, 271

  Hutchinson, Colonel John, 116

  Huygens family, 47, 92, 93

  Huygens, Christiaan, jr: cosmopolitanism, 7; career, 93; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; at Hofwijk, 213; mental health problems, 213, 290, 308; requests copy of Evelyn’s Sylva from Royal Society, 227; correspondence with Philips Doublet, 245–6; develops and tests watch and clock mechanisms, 263, 266–74, 267, 276–84, 289–91, 314–15, 329; in France, 264, 308; scientific interests and activities, 264, 266; in England, 274, 309–10, 315; friendship and correspondence with Moray, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; portrait, 275; and determination of longitude at sea, 283; questions Holmes’s report, 285–6; and Hooke’s Micrographia, 291, 293, 296, 298; interest in microscopy, 292–3; and lens-making, 292, 300; criticises Hooke, 296, 304; and Hooke’s lens-grinding machine, 300–2, 306; in The Hague during Great Plague (1665), 305; retires to father’s estate, 308; elected first overseas member of Royal Society, 309, 316; reads and approves of Newton’s Principia, 309; attends Royal Society meetings, 310, 313; audience with William, 310–11; and Newton’s political involvement, 311–12; relations with Newton, 312–13; reputation, 315–16; appointment in Paris, 316; planetary observations, 316–18; Discours sur la cause de la pesanteur, 314; Horologium Oscillatorium, 284, 289–90; Systema Saturnium, 316–17; Traité de la lumière, 309, 313

  Huygens, Christiaan, sr, 93, 97, 102, 108

  Huygens, Constantia see Wilhem, Constantia de

  Huygens, Sir Constantijn: and William’s invasion, 7; and William’s expectation of English throne, 80; as art adviser to courts, 82–3, 85, 89–90, 112, 118, 125–7, 138–9, 207, 210; career and influence, 91–3, 100, 111–12; portrayed, 92, 96, 128, 131–2, 134, 144, 155, 156–9, 206, 342; in England, 94–8, 101, 105–6, 109–10, 166–7, 350; musical virtuosity and activities, 95–8, 159, 163–4, 166, 180, 185–7, 192–3, 354; art interests, 98–9, 107, 109; as personal secretary and adviser to Frederik Hendrik and William II, 100, 110, 126, 152; marriage to Susanna van Baerle, 122, 149, 152, 155–6; commends Rubens’ Head of Medusa, 125, 126; praises and
encourages Lievens and Rembrandt, 126–9, 131, 137; aids Hanneman, 132; acquires Rembrandt painting, 137; and ‘Dutch Gift’ to Charles II, 139–40, 142–3; attachment to talented women, 149, 163–4, 266; poetry, 149, 153, 157, 160, 210, 215–16, 227, 233, 354; and Susanna’s death, 152–3, 210; and Descartes, 153–4; houses and properties, 157–8, 158, 164, 166, 183, 204, 207–10, 209, 211, 212–13, 214, 215–17; relations with Anna Morgan, 160–2; and Anglo-Dutch wars, 162; friendship with Killigrews, 166–9; helps Mary Killigrew find house in UP, 173; and Duarte, 178, 180–3; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 192; friendship with Lanier, 198; correspondence with Margaret Cavendish, 200–3; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 201–3; architectural interests and taste, 204, 207–8; provides Latin inscription for William the Silent’s tomb, 205; and Rubenshuis, 207; garden designs and interests, 210, 215–19, 224–5, 227, 229, 230, 233–5; entertains exiled English royals in Netherlands, 212–13; helps broker William-Mary marriage, 212; designs road from The Hague to Scheveningen, 225, 226; visits Heidelberg, 230; helps finance Vermuyden’s drainage scheme, 238; owns land in England, 238; and daughter Susanna’s wedding, 242–4; pride in son Christiaan, 270; and Hoefnagel family, 292; sends extracts from Hooke’s Micrographia to son Christiaan, 296; son Christiaan lives with in old age, 308; and son Christiaan’s career, 315; oversees building of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, 333; and new medical knowledge from overseas, 341–3; attempts to recover money owing from Charles II to William, 351–2; role in Anglo-Dutch collaboration, 352–3; proposes inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 353–5; Pathodia Sacra et Profana (song collection), 159, 163–4, 185

  Huygens, Constantijn, jr: on invasion fleet and landing, 7, 9, 11, 14, 46–7; as William’s secretary, 7, 93, 263; portrayed, 9, 158, 159; admires English countryside, 18; paintings and drawings, 18, 211, 214, 215, 264; countersigns William’s Declaration, 46; accompanies William on journey from Torbay to London, 47–9; on Wilton House gardens, 48; and William’s claim to English throne, 65–6; selects art works from English Royal Collection for William and Mary, 147–8; in Arnhem with mother, 158; and father’s relations with Duarte girls, 163; and Duartes’ art dealing, 183; garden, 242; marriage, 242–3, 246, 273; with William on campaign against French, 290; grinds lenses, 292; status and power in England, 308–9; and brother Christiaan’s visit to England, 309–10; influence at William’s court, 312; and William’s acceptance by English, 349–50

  Huygens, Gertruyd see Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd

  Huygens, Lodewijk: career, 93; in England, 116–17; on low price of paintings in England, 116, 137, 160, 219; with mother in 1635 plague, 158; Anna Morgan’s hospitality to, 160; in First Dutch War, 162; in France, 264; and brother Christiaan, 277

  Huygens, Maurits, 152, 211

  Huygens, Susanna (née Rijkaert; Constantijn jr’s wife), 246

  Huygens, Susanna (née van Baerle; Sir Constantijn’s wife): marriage, 122, 149–51, 155–6, 159; death, 152–4, 163, 210; and Descartes’ writings, 154; portrait, 155, 156, 157–8, 206; helps plan family home, 158

  Hyde, Anne seeYork, Anne, Duchess of

  I

  Isham, Justinian, 239

  Israel, Jonathan, 27, 41

  J

  James I, King of England (James VI of Scotland): and Sir Constantijn Huygens, 94–8, 212, 237

  James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (earlier Duke of York): abdicates on William’s invasion, 1, 6, 16, 26; nosebleeds, 5; first attempted flight, 17, 20; reaches France, 18, 21, 23; Catholicism, 26, 37, 40; and English succession, 29, 66; and William’s Declaration, 29–30, 33; birth of son, 37, 63–4, 78–9; marriage to Maria of Modena, 37–8, 66, 78; pro-French stance, 40; Burnet writes against, 43; as patron of Lely, 135; and Huygens’s ballet, 188; in Antwerp, 198; Holmes serves, 285, 287–8; Hooke supports, 308; interference at Cambridge University, 310; Albany (New York) named after, 326; and West African slave trade, 327; granted Dutch territories in North America, 329

  James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales (’the Old Pretender’), birth and doubts over legitimacy, 37–8, 53–4, 63–4, 78–9

  Janssens, Cornelius, 126

  Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron: holds Great Seal, 17; Newton confronts at Cambridge, 310

  Jersey (ship), 283, 286–7

  Jews: in Antwerp, 176–7; settle in New Amsterdam, 323

  Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen see Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van

  Jones, Inigo, 102, 108

  Jonson, Ben, 167

  Jordaens, Jacob: The Triumph of Frederik Hendrik (painting), 89, 90

  Journal des sçavans, 283, 304–5, 307–8

  Jupiter (planet), 317–18

  K

  Karl Ludwig (Charles Lewis), Elector Palatine, 88

  Kensington Palace: gardens, 50

  Kerckhoven, Jan van der see Heenvliet, Lord of

  Keyser, family de, 205–7

  Keyser, Hendrick de, 205, 354

  Keyser, Hendrick, the younger, 206

  Keyser, Thomas de, 159

  Keyser, Willem de, 206

  Killigrew, Anne, 168

  Killigrew, Cecilia (née Crofts), 171, 172

  Killigrew, Charles: death, 167–8

  Killigrew, Charlotte (née van Hesse-Piershil), 172–3

  Killigrew, Elizabeth see Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess

  Killigrew, Mary, Lady (née Woodhouse; later Lady Stafford), 167–8, 173

  Killigrew, Sir Robert, 164, 166–7, 169, 198

  Killigrew, Robert (son of Thomas and Charlotte), 173

  Killigrew, Thomas, 168, 170, 171, 172–4

  Killigrew, William, 167

  Kincardine, Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of: and Christiaan Huygens’ clock mechanism, 268–79, 281–4, 289, 291

  Kincardine, Veronica, Countess of (née van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck), 271, 272, 273–4

  King’s College, Cambridge, 312

  L

  la Barre, Anne de, 185–7

  landscaping see garden design

  Lanier, Nicholas, 164, 165, 167, 169, 198

  Leake, John, 239

  le Blon, Michel, 83, 110

  Leers, Arnold, 31

  Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 264, 292, 343

  Leeuwenhorst: garden, 246–7, 249

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 312

  Leiden: gardens, 226, 250

  Lely, Sir Pieter, 134–6, 136, 147, 195

  le Nôtre, André, 245

  lenses, 292, 296–302, 304–6

  Leon, Jacob Judah (’Templo’), 356–7

  Leopold Wilhelm, Archduke, 90

  Lievens, Jan: paintings in Huis ten Bosch, 90; Sir Constantijn Huygens promotes, 126–7; qualities, 127; portrait of Huygens senior, 128, 144, 156–7; paintings for Frederik Hendrik, 129; reputation, 129; in England, 131; few works in English royal collection, 131, 145; works with van Ravenstijn, 132; crucifixion painting, 137; with Dou in Rembrandt’s studio, 143; Soothsayer (painting), 129

  Locke, John, 309; Two Treatises on Government, 35–6

  Lombeek, 264

  London: William arrives in, 18–23, 44–5; Dutch occupation, 27; see also England; Royal Society

  London, George, 252

  Long Island, 321, 326

  longitude: and timekeepers, 275–7, 279, 281–4, 286–7, 289–90

  Loo, Het, near Appeldoorn, 50, 145, 148

  Lope, Alonse de, 181

  Lopes Suasso, Francisco, 6, 51, 52

  Lorraine, Duchess of, 200

  Louis XIV: as threat to Dutch Republic, 37–8, 62–3; trade war with Dutch, 39, 42; anti-Protestant measures, 41; seizes Orange, 63, 315; Versailles garden, 242; Christiaan Huygens dedicates Horologium Oscillatorium to, 290; and Auzout’s ambitions, 308; and Treaty of Dover (1670), 352

  Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange, 230

  Louise Henriette, Princess, 75

  Louise, Princess Palatine (Amalia von Solms’s daughter), 190

  Louise-Juliana of Orange-Nassau, Electress, 229–30

  Lovelace, John, 3rd Baron, 3
2

  Lower, Sir William: Enchanted Lovers, 188

  Lucas, Margaret (Duke of Newcastle’s first wife), 195

  Lumley, Richard, Baron (later 1st Earl of Scarborough), 32

  Lundi, Sir Arnout, 180

  Luxembourg: France annexes (1684), 63

  M

  Manhattan Island, 317, 321–3, 324–5, 331–2, 341

  Marchin, General, 197

  Maria of Modena, Queen of James II: pregnancy and birth of son, 37–8, 53–4, 56, 63–4, 78–9; marriage and daughters, 66, 78

  Marnix, Elizabeth (Lady Morgan), 160

  Marnix, Philips, Heer van St Aldegonde, 160

  Marvell, Andrew: poems on gardens, 216, 219, 232

  Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland: and William’s invasion, 1, 42, 179; sees off William’s invasion fleet, 15; accepted as monarch, 26; in William’s Declaration, 33; pictured, 34; claims to English throne, 36, 62–3, 66, 79, 247, 310; porcelain collection, 52; marriage and residence in The Hague, 53, 62, 66, 69–70, 71, 72, 75, 76–7, 163, 212, 239, 352; and Maria of Modena’s pregnancy, 56, 182; bust, 61; influence, 78; Hanneman portrait, 132; art collection, 145, 148; and Boyle brothers, 170; in Antwerp, 175, 178; given wedding jewel by William, 180–3, 182; status in Netherlands, 213; garden interests, 249; and Dutch economic decline, 357; Mémoire, 79

  Mary Queen of Scots, 54

  Mary (ship), 139

  Mary (Stuart), Princess Royal (William’s mother): death, 62; as sister to Charles II, 62; status, 64, 91, 118; marriage to William II, 67, 111; court in The Hague, 81–2, 85–6, 91; forbidden to give sanctuary to English royal exiles, 113; portraits, 119, 188, 189; as patron of Hanneman, 132, 134; Huygens and, 161; in Spa, 161–2; and Anne de la Barre, 186; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 188–90; dancing, 192; in Antwerp, 198; and son William’s education, 204

  Matthew, Toby, 108

  Maurits of Nassau, Stadholder, 82, 97, 235

  Mauritshuis, The Hague, 157, 158, 204, 207, 333; garden, 256

  medicine: new knowledge imported from overseas, 341–4

  Meester, Willem, 11

  Meurs, Jan, 123–4

  microscopes, 292, 296