Pol Pot
Page 74
Chaovalit, General 408
Charny, Joel 290
Chatichai Choonhavan 339n, 426
Chau Doc 104
Chau Seng
and Sihanouk 44, 129, 200
disgraced 133–4, 80, 182
Chea Samy 36, 427–8
Chea Sim 448
Chen Boda 160
Cheng Heng 197
Cheng On 286, 336n
Chenla offensives 219
Chey Chum 336n
Chhang Song 88
Chhean Vâm 37, 43, 261, 275
chhlorp 226, 253, 345
Chhorn Hay 304, 330, 334
Chhouk (Region 24 Secretary) 355, 358, 359
Chi Hê 32
Chi Kim An 155
and Viet Minh 96, 98, 114
and Pracheachon 111
China 52; see also Beijing
Chinese community 24–5, 180, 345
Great Leap Forward 125, 301
and Sihanouk 127, 179, 182, 301–2, 403, 412
‘Socialist Education Movement’ 159
Cultural Revolution 159, 170, 179, 239, 255, 301
and USSR 160–1, 197
and Pol Pot 170, 298–303 ff, 341–2
Embassy in Phnom Penh 194
and Democratic Kampuchea 352, 373, 397
and Vietnam 380, 393, 407
and US 403, 407
and Khmers Rouges after Vietnamese invasion 405, 406–8, 420–1
Chinit river 223, 235, 242, 247, 255, 306, 314, 411, 412
Chitrous, Mt 263
chivapol (‘live forces’) 94
Chou Chet 336n
and Pracheachon 114, 140, 384
flees to the maquis 143
and Mok 259, 274
as Western Zone Secretary 305
arrested and purged 384, 387
Chrok Sdêch 251–2, 254, 255
Churchill, Sir Winston: ‘Iron Curtain’ speech 53
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and Son Ngoc Thanh 127, 131
and Sihanouk 128, 155, 196, 259
Khmer Rouge obsession with 259–60, 333, 359, 366–8, 382
Clinton, Bill 447
Cochin-China 38, 40, 85–6, 374–5
Colby, William 245
Cold War 14, 53, 92, 108, 426
Collège Preah Sihanouk, Kompong Cham Pol Pot at 28–29, 31–4, 36
headmaster stoned 75
Comecon 380
Comintern (Communist International) 38
Confucianism 18, 22, 25
corruption
and Democratic Party 77
and Sihanouk’s regime 78, 109, 122, 128, 144, 184, 190
helps communists 153, 182
and Lon Nol 261
and Khmers Rouges 287, 307, 432
COSVN (Central Office for South Vietnam) see Vietnam
cpap (traditional collections of moral maxims) 22, 23, 44, 324
CPK (Communist Party of Kampuchea) see Indochinese Communist Party, Khmers Viet Minh and PRPK for pre-1955 references to the Cambodian communist movement; see also Angkar
Standing Committee 3, 336, 340
transitional Party leadership (1955) 114–16, 132
crisis of identity 121–2
ideology 147–50, 160, 164, 213, 223–4, 230–1, 247, 318, 323n, 342–3
and Cambodian proletariat 149
moves HQ to Ratanakiri 162, 172
internal divisions 177, 258–60, 304
and ‘armed propaganda teams’ 187–8
intellectuals join 191
obsession with secrecy 192, 322, 361, 361n
use of personal histories 279–80
leadership residences 312–13
870 (CC General Office) 313
Central Committee commissariat 330
never integral part of world communist movement 343
date of Party’s foundation 356, 361n
Security Committee 359
dissolves itself 416–17
CPK Central Committee meetings
Autumn 1964 146
January 1965 147, 156
October 1966 161–2, 164, 166
January 1971 225–7
May 1972 228, 230, 246
September 1974 256–60
May 1975 Work Conference 7, 288–9
September 1975 305–9
February 1979 Work Conference 406
CPK Congresses
First Congress (1960) 137–9
Second Congress (1963) 141–2
Third Congress (1971) 227
Fourth Congress (1976) 308
Fifth Congress (1978) 392
Cuba 332
D–3 237
D–25 420
Dac Cong brigade 221
Dam Pheng 153
Danang 156
Dângkda 228, 256
Dangrek Mountains 35, 89, 106
Dap Chhuon
as Issarak leader 39, 88
and Sihanouk 41, 76–7, 92, 125
defection of a former aide 54
and French 92
and ‘Bangkok Plot’ 125–8, 131
Dean, John Gunther 264
deathtoll under Khmer Rouges 10–11
Decoux, Governor-General Jean 28–9
Dekchoa Y 16
Democratic Kampuchea 12, 346, 342, 368, 412, 381–4; see also Cambodia, People’s Republic of Kampuchea
scale of death in 11
origins of name 47
constitution 331, 332, 344
Presidium 332
Council of Ministers 336n, 336
military training in 342
communal eating 344–6
treatment of children 347, 350
squandering of intellectual resources 349–50
hospitals and schools 349–50
revolts 354
failed border talks with Vietnam 356–7
alleged assassination plot 359–60
preparations for military conflict with Vietnam 363
barbarism 370–1
refugees from 372
rupture with Vietnam 372–3, 377–8
regime’s days are numbered 392–3
Vietnam invades 395
forward defences fail 397
leaders abandon Phnom Penh 398
Democratic Party 42, 51, 58, 62, 82, 154
takes office (1946) 37
radical wing 49
and student demonstrations 75
corruption of 77
MPs imprisoned (1953) 83
relations with Son Ngoc Thanh 106
and Pol Pot 107–9
1945 elections 110–13
Sihanouk crushes 114, 123, 128
Deng Xiaoping 159, 352, 357
and Pol Pot 300, 341, 362, 377, 389, 415–16, 418
and Chinese aid 301
and Sihanouk 331, 403, 414
on resisting Vietnam 391, 402–3, 407
Deng Yingchao 378–9, 388
Deuch 450
and François Bizot 260
at S–21 358, 364, 386, 400
on system of arrests 366
Dewhirst, John 367
Dien Bien Phu 102
Dith Pran 268
Doeun 336n, 355, 366
Dom Kveth 254
Douc Rasy 176, 185
Dudman, Richard 393, 394
Duk Nem 18, 20
Dulles, John Foster 91, 92, 108, 446–7
Dumas, Roland 426
Ea Sichau 32, 52, 58–62, 75, 82, 89, 107
East Timor Liberation Front 342
Ecole Française de l’Extrême Orient 283
Ecole Française de Radio-Electricité 49, 65, 82
Ecole Miche 23, 24, 29, 31
Ecole Polytechnique 32, 61
Egypt 332
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 91, 108, 128
Ekhepheap (‘Unity’) 114
elections
1946 37
1955 110–13
1958 123–4, 129
1962 140–1
1966 162
1976 34
3–4
1993 430–2
Fère-en-Tardenois 424
Fernandez, Sosthene 249, 263
‘Fête de l’Humanité’ 52–3
foraging 346, 348, 370
Ford, Gerald 262, 296–7
France; see also Cambodia, relations with France
in Algeria 364–5, 445–6
French Communist Party (PCF) 67
and Khmer students in Paris 52–3, 59, 65, 68–9, 132
and Pol Pot 66, 96
anti-intellectual bias 98, 193
and doctrine of ‘peaceful transition’ 136
French Embassy, Phnom Penh 271
French Expeditionary Corps 38
French National Students’ Union (UNEF) 62
French Revolution 13, 206
taught in Cambodian schools 37
and Pol Pot 72–4, 80, 150, 318, 321, 343
FUNCINPEC (United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia) 415, 428–9, 431–3, 437–9, 441
FUNK (National United Front of Kampuchea) 309, 344
created 199–201, 244
as front organisation 223, 229, 267
radio station 224, 240, 314n, 379
‘Gang of Four’ 3, 357, 362, 363, 366n
Gaulle, Charles de 200
General Association of Khmer Students (AGEK) 154, 169
Geneva Conference (1954) and Cambodia 103, 106, 108
Pracheachon appeals to co-presidents 140
Germany
defeat in World War II 34
Nazis 69, 364, 365, 444
Gorbachev, Mikhail 424
Gorce, Pierre 110–11
Great Lake 15, 17, 26, 212, 228, 273
Great Leap Forward 125, 301
Great Terror 67
Groslier, Bernard-Philippe 208
GRUNC (Cambodian Royal Government of National Union)
formed 201–3
foreign relations of 202, 240–1, 243–4, 261
as transitional regime 304, 331
Gulf of Thailand 297
Haig, General Alexander 221, 420–1
Haing Ngor 278, 282, 328, 370–1, 450
Hak Sieng Layni 367
Han Nianlong 201, 420
Hang Thun Hak student days in Paris 52, 59–60
with Son Ngoc Thanh 75, 82, 107
fate under Khmers Rouges 267, 273
Hanoi 156, 158, 159, 202, 293, 334
Harben, William 215, 260
Hatien meeting (1950) 54, 100
Hay So see Nguyen Van Linh
Hébertistes 343
Hem Keth Dara 266, 267, 268, 275
Heng Samrin 284n, 386, 421, 424, 450
Hirohito, Emperor 382
Hitler, Adolf 13, 291, 444, 445
Ho Chi Minh 70, 149, 192, 192n
and first Vietnam War 38, 52, 53, 59
and Le Duan 121, 197
and Sihanouk 138, 188, 194
meets Pol Pot 157
Ho Chi Minh Trail created 97
Pol Pot travels 156, 161, 188, 203, 211
Cambodian terminus 171, 176, 185n, 250, 302
supplies Khmers Rouges 202, 228–9, 262, 306
Khmer Viet Minh return 238
Hoang Van Hoan 41
Hoang Van Loi 372
Hon Chong communist training school 56
‘Hospital No. 5’ 172
Hotel Monorom 271, 273
Hotel Phnom 264, 266, 268, 273, 312
Hou Yuon 251, 290, 336n, 450–1
opposes evacuation of Phnom Penh 10
works for Democratic Party 37
student days 52, 62, 66, 68, 78–9, 83
and Pol Pot in Paris 63
member of the Sangkum 129, 132, 134, 140–1, 151, 164
flight to the maquis 167–9, 178, 182
supports Sihanouk after overthrow 200
attends 3rd CPK Congress 227
criticises CPK CC 258–9
warns population of Phnom Penh 269
economic ideas 290
in disgrace 304, 304n, 330, 336n
Hu Nim 6, 451
member of the Sangkum 129, 134, 140–1, 164
flight to the maquis 167–9, 182
malarial attack 172, 178
supports Sihanouk after overthrow 200
attends 3rd CPK Congress 227
GRUNC and Khmer Rouge Information Minister 324, 336n, 344
purged 348, 367
Hu Yaobang 391
Hua Guofeng 341, 362–3, 389n
meets Pol Pot 362–3, 376
meets Le Duan 377
upbraids Ieng Sary 404, 406
Hue 16, 271
Hugo, Victor: Les Misérables 36
Humanité, l ’ 53, 68, 69
Hun Sen 451
as former Khmer Rouge 379, 448
becomes PRK Premier 424
and peace process 424–9, 431
and Prince Ranariddh 431–2, 436, 439
1997 coup 441
rottenness of regime 447–8
Huot Sambath 50–1, 200
Ieng Sary 336n, 392, 451
personality 3, 64, 241, 347
learns of Khmer Rouge victory 3–4
childhood 30, 31, 36
sees collapse of French rule 31–2
protests against National Assembly suspension 37–8
and Communist Manifesto 38, 59
campaigns for the Democratic Party 51
student days in Paris 51, 52, 59, 78, 83
attends Berlin Festival 60
and Son Ngoc Thanh 61
founds Cercle Marxiste 63
communist ambitions 66, 68
on Pol Pot’s character 118, 294, 339
returns to Phnom Penh 118
supports peaceful transition 136
elected to CPK CC 138–9
elected to CPK CC Standing Committee 143
flees to the maquis 144–5
becomes Zone Secretary for North East 172
CPK representative to Beijing and Hanoi 240–1, 243
returns to Cambodia 262
meets Mao in Beijing 298
in charge of Khmer Rouge foreign relations 303, 305, 312, 334
on being red and expert 350
on Pol Pot’s claims of coup attempts 360
allows Foreign Ministry to be ‘antechamber to death’ 371
flees Phnom Penh 398
meets Deng Xiaoping 402–3
upbraided by Chairman Hua 404
sidelined 419
defects to Hun Sen government 437–8
leu Koeuss 49, 77, 439
Im Phon 83
In Sokan 73, 349, 401, 451
In Sopheap 401, 452
on French Revolution 73
at Khmer Rouge Foreign Ministry 311
with Pol Pot at Kbal Ansoang 434–5, 440–2
defects to Hun Sen government 443
In Tam 214, 259, 260
India 24, 106, 108–9
Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) 40, 119, 121
Nambo Territorial Committee 38
controls Viet Minh 52
and Cambodia 53
Hatien meeting (1950) 54, 100
final congress (1951) 55
Indochinese summit (1970) 201
Indonesia 342, 365
Indonesian Communist Party 164
International Control Commission 104, 107
International Red Cross 411, 412
International Students’ Union (ISU) 59, 60, 61, 62
Issarak movement see Khmer Issarak
Ith Sarin 229, 232
Jakarta talks (1988) 424–5
Jamaique, SS 45, 82
Japan see Cambodia: relations with Japan
Jarai 174, 228
Jiang Qing 3, 334, 357, 362
Jiangxi Soviet 299
Johnson, Lyndon B. 181
Jurgens, Curt 333
K-1 176, 192, 222, 223, 355
K-5 176, 185, 187, 192, 211
K-12 176, 185n, 192,
210, 243
K-18 422–3, 435
K-30 251
Kac Sim 183
Kamm, Henry 413, 414
Kampot 101, 112, 204, 255, 349
Kampuchean Workers’ Party 142
Kampuj’bot school 123, 143, 154
Kang Chap 336n
Kang Lêng 172
Kantol, Prince 142
Kao Tak 75
Kbal Ansoang 435
Ke Pauk 412, 451
in Northern Zone 120, 135, 174, 177, 259
attends CPK’s Third Congress 227
captures Oudong 263
appointed Northern Zone Secretary 281
and Pol Pot 286, 368–9
and So Phim 374, 385
defects to Hun Sen government 442
Keat Chhon 200, 241, 336n
Keng Vannsak 30, 451
childhood 17–19
early literary efforts 20–1
student days in Paris 49, 57–61, 63, 68
and Pol Pot 51–2, 65, 108
attacks Sihanouk 78–9
Virgin Heart 107
in 1945 elections 107–11
abandons politics 113
accepts government post 129
and Lon Nol 209
Kennedy, Jacqueline 181
Kennedy, John F. 155
Keo Meas 451–2
works for Democratic Party 37
joins Khmers Viet Minh 99
meets Pol Pot 99
meets Mao 100
attends World Peace Conference (1952) 100
heads Pracheachon 107, 114, 140
elected to CPK CC 138–9
flees to Ta Not 146
with Pol Pot to Vietnam (1965) 156, 159
becomes unofficial CPK representative in Hanoi 186–7
arrested 358–60, 361n, 367
Keo Moni 39, 97, 103
Keo Yann 433
Kep 134, 250, 255
KGB 359, 367–8, 382
Khemara Nisut 48, 50, 57, 58, 78
Khieu Ponnary 83, 188, 227, 450, 452
meets Pol Pot 68
marries Pol Pot 117–18
personality 118–19
teaching 123
joins Pol Pot at Office 100 172
evades capture 183–4
fêted in Hanoi (1970) 202
paranoid schizophrenia 210–12, 422
at K–1 222
at Soy Dao 432
Khieu Samphân 178, 204–6, 434, 440, 452
popularity 5
flees to the maquis 5, 167–9, 173–4, 182
principal spokesman for the Khmers Rouges 5
meets Mao 5
hosts Sihanouk’s visit to the ‘liberated zones’ 6, 243
and Khmer Rouge victory 7
schooldays 29, 31–4
in Paris 69, 120
and l’Observateur 132–4
personality 132–3, 336
member of the Sangkum 141, 151, 164
on communist ideology 149, 233, 316–17
supports Sihanouk after overthrow 200
manages CPK liaison with Sihanouk 224
elected a CPK CC alternate 227
inspects evacuation of Phnom Penh 286–7
makes the case for autarky 289–90
and Sihanouk 329, 333–4, 344, 347, 388, 397