Pol Pot
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becomes Head of State 336
and Vietnam 356
consulted on key arrests 371
leaves Phnom Penh with Pol Pot 397
participates in CGDK 419
heads the Party of Democratic Kampuchea 423
beaten by government mob 428
negotiations with FUNCINPEC 439, 441
defects to Hun Sen government 443
Khieu Sengkim 132–3, 168
Khieu Thirith 452
and Ieng Sary 3, 64, 172
as teacher 123
heads ‘Voice of FUNK’ radio 240
Minister of Social Affairs 336n, 345, 369, 398
reports on conditions in North-West Zone 369
Khmer Daeum 79, 144, 213
Khmer Issarak 36, 39, 56, 58, 76, 151n
fight for independence from the French 5, 35
founded (1940) 35
royal pardons 81
casualties and prisoners 85
treatment of alleged spies 87–8
pledge support to Sihanouk’s cause 94
Khmer Krauk 75
Khmer Krom 42, 131, 165, 374–5
Khmer loeu 171
Khmer National Liberation Committee 393
Khmer National United Front 54
Khmer National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS) 390, 409
Khmer Rouge High Command 395–6
Khmer Rouge Foreign Ministry see B–1
Khmer Serei (Free Khmers) formed by Son Ngoc Thanh 77–8, 82
Pol Pot’s report on 89–90
and Sam Sary 125
sabotage activities 131, 139, 155–6, 303
Khmer Student Association see AEK
Khmer superstitions 19–20
Khmer-Chinese Friendship Association 180
Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital 9
Khmer-Soviet Technical Institute (K–15) 315
Khmers Rouges 203, 218, 221, 414
term coined by Sihanouk 115
armed uprising 174–6, 187
form alliance with Sihanouk 198–202
military strength 226–9, 250, 412–13
initial moderation 229, 231
social levelling 230–3, 236
‘criticism and self-criticism’ 233–5
‘Twelve commandments’ 234
manual labour 235–6
radicalisation of policy 245–9
final offensive 262–5
evacuate Phnom Penh 269–80 ff
complexity of behaviour 281–2
reasons for evacuation 287–8
build slave state 291–6, 309, 322
preserve Cambodian monuments 313n
ideology 316–17, 323–5, 347–8
regional variations 319–20, 322
linguistic reform 324–5
food shortages under 351–3
failures of system 371, 382
ousted by Vietnamese invasion 395–401 ff
get second wind 411
policy changes following defeat 414, 416–17, 419
accept Paris accords 426–7
refuse to disarm 430
withdraw from Phnom Penh 432
Khmers Rumdoh 236
Khmers Viet Minh and independence struggle 58, 61, 82, 89, 190
Pol Pot reports on 89–90
at Krâbao 95–100
in North Vietnam 104, 186, 238
and Sihanouk 120, 167
return to Cambodia 211–13, 227, 238, 250
Khoun Sophal 12
Khrushchev, Nikita 147
Khvan Siphan 34
Killing Fields, The (film) 278
Kim II Sung and Sihanouk 179, 240, 329, 331
meets Pol Pot 303, 329
supports Khmers Rouges against Vietnam 376–7
Kirirom 354
Kirk, Donald 295
Kissinger, Henry 3, 242, 251, 261, 264
Kit Mân 211–13
K’mab prison 254
Koh Kong 190, 228, 354
Kompong Cham 31, 32, 36, 86, 135, 140, 144, 176, 206, 273
South Vietnamese troops invade 204
Khmers Rouges attack provincial capital 251, 257, 271
as HQ of Highway 7 Front 385, 395
and Vietnamese invasion 396, 398
Kompong Chhnang 319
Kompong Som 302–3, 438
used for military supplies to Viet Cong 182, 301, 380
oil refinery destroyed 221, 297
Kompong Speu 81, 87, 101, 354
Kompong Thom 86, 175, 228, 232, 273, 337
in Pol Pot’s childhood 15, 20, 25
during civil war 216, 219, 230, 355n
Kompong Trabek district 104, 105
Kompong Tralach 262
Kong Duong 253–4, 338
Kong Sophal 452
as Revolutionary Youth League leader 153
and Samlaut ‘events’ North-West Zone Deputy Secretary 165–7
and 1958 uprising 173
attends CPK’s Third Congress 227
as Issarak 281
arrested and purged 392
Kor Bunheng 434
Korean War 53, 68, 128, 245n
Kossamak, Queen and Pol Pot 27
as feudal conservative 83, 92, 131–2, 153
and ‘Bangkok Plot’ 126
and Sihanouk 188, 330
Kossarak, Prince 17
Kosygin, Alexei 197
Kou Roun in, 133
Koy Thuon 452
in Northern Zone 153, 174, 212, 222
attends CPK’s Third Congress 227
and conquest of Phnom Penh 271–3, 286
on abolition of money 307
as Commerce Minister 336n, 354–5
arrested and purged 354–5, 358, 366, 368
Krâbao 96, 101–5, 117, 145, 203, 235, 314
Kranhoung 166
Kratie 144, 212
in civil war 204, 206, 212, 256–7
COSVN headquarters 223
occupied by Vietnamese 395–6
Krauchhmar 354
Kriangsak, General 381, 391, 402, 405, 408, 411
Kropotkin, Prince Pëtr 150, 317
The Great Revolution 72, 74
k’ruu, 19
Kuala Lumpur 390, 419
Kumârajîva 299
L–7 224
Lamant, Pierre 34, 58
Lancaster, Donald 167
Langlade, General Pierre de 80, 81, 87, 92, 95, 106
Laniel, Joseph 94
Lao People’s Revolutionary Party 55, 158
Laos 53, 103, 105, 181, 198, 251, 332, 357, 395
and Angkorian empire 7
and ICP 38–9, 103
and Vietnam 105, 181, 197–9, 251, 357, 374
and Democratic Kampuchea 303, 332, 395
Le Duan 55, 188, 192n, 357, 389, 452–3
organises guerrilla attacks against French 38
attends Hatien meeting 54
based in Phnom Penh 121
meets Pol Pot 157–8, 161–2, 202–5
authorises Paris peace talks 197
meets Ieng Sary 243
meets Khmer Rouge delegation in Hanoi (1975) 297–8
meets Mao 300, 373
requests Chinese aid 302–3, 377
obtains Russian aid 303
jubilant at Pol Pot’s supposed resignation 362
chairs emergency Politburo meeting 375
and ‘boat people’ 379
meets Cambodian rebels 379
signs Friendship Treaty with Russia 390
Le Due Anh 395
Le Due Tho 3, 38, 243, 386, 453
organises guerrilla attacks 38
attends Hatien meeting 54
heads P–36 158
meets Cambodian rebels 379, 390
League for Vietnamese Independence see Viet Minh
Lee Kwan Yew 342, 391, 447
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 66, 97, 98, 147, 300, 343, 444
ABC of Communism 64
Economic Problems of Socialism 66
&
nbsp; Materialism and Empirio-Criticism 66
Left-wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder 158
Lenox Hill Hospital, New York 403
Letourneau, Jean 83
Liaison Committee of Colonial Students’ Associations 62
Liu Shaoqi 150, 159
Loc Ninh meeting (1966) 161–2
Lon Nol 276, 453
seizes power from Sihanouk 4, 36, 196–8
house searched 77
kills Dap Chhuon 126
security role 123, 141, 154, 163, 167–9, 183
Prime Minister 162–9
brought back by Sihanouk 175
re-appointed Prime Minister 184–5, 187
medical treatment in Switzerland 187, 189
and Sirik Matak 195–8
distrusted by Zhou Enlai 198
wages religious war against Vietnamese communists 208–9
abolishes the monarchy 209, 214
weeps when told limits of US involvement 221–2
suffersa stroke 222
exile in Hawaii 263
Lon Non
and Pol Pot 36
and Lon Nol 209
misreads Khmer Rouge intentions 267
executed 263, 271
Long Boret 263, 267, 271
‘Long Live the Victory of People’s War!’ 159–60
Long Nârin 314–15, 330, 433, 434
Long Vísalo 315, 316, 453
Loth (Pol Pot’s father) 15, 18
Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon 45
Lycée Sisowath, Phnom Penh 42–3, 52, 83
and Pol Pot 28, 36, 42–4, 65
political stirrings 30–2, 37
student mentality at 34, 58
and Ieng Sary 36, 51
and Khieu Ponnary 68, 123
and Keng Vannsak 89, 107–8
as communist recruiting ground 123
Lycée Yukanthor, Phnom Penh 253
McClintock, Robert 109
MacDonald, Malcolm 92
Madagascar 69, 352
Mahathir Mohamad 391
Maison d’Indochine, Paris 49
Mak Ben 434
malaria 172, 319, 349, 353, 411
Malay 406, 436, 440
Malaysia 7, 8, 24, 342, 391, 421
Mam Nay 364, 436
Mân 171–2, 176, 212
Manac’h, Etienne 198
Mang 168, 172, 173, 174, 175
Mao Zedong 47, 147–9, 170, 192, 317, 445
meets Khieu Samphân 5, 329
sinifies Marxism-Leninism 41, 150
On New Democracy 64, 70–72, 148
and Keo Meas 100
and Pol Pot 148, 298–300
portrait kept by Khmer monks 154
opposes Paris peace talks 197
advocates manual labour 235
and the People’s Liberation Army 304
likens the peasantry to a blank sheet of paper 309
memorial meeting addressed by Pol Pot 340, 361
meets Le Duan (1975) 373
Maoism 13
Marx, Karl: Collected Works 61
Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick: Communist Manifesto 38, 59, 64
Marxism 55, 98, 135, 342
and Khmer students 38, 63, 74, 154
and national culture 65, 71, 97–8, 343
and Pol Pot 66, 147–8, 192, 300, 307, 323, 417
Matsui, Victor 128
Mayaguez, SS 296–7
Mazeyrac, Robert 187
Meak, Lady (Pol Pot’s cousin) 17, 27
Meakk 256, 260, 306
Meas (Pol Pot’s wife) 422, 423, 450
Memot 171
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 48, 71
Mey Mak 453
joins Khmers Rouges 220–1
based at Pochentong 270, 399
and revolutionary morality 284
and Pol Pot 338, 415
and Vietnamese invasion 399–400, 411
Mey Mann 453
early interest in politics 30, 32, 37
schooldays 36, 43
on Pol Pot’s ‘famous smile’ 44
as a student in France 45, 48, 49, 52, 57–9, 61, 63, 78, 83
joins PCF 66
Cercle Marxiste sends Pol Pot back to Cambodia 90
at Krâbao 96
quits CPK leadership 119
expelled from Phnom Penh 274–5
Mey Pho 103
Mey Prang 336n
Mey Sichân 266–7
Meyer, Charles 44–5, 152, 290
‘Middle Houses’ 438, 440, 441
Military Tribunal 131, 140, 167
Minh Mang, Emperor of Vietnam 40
Mirabeau, Comte de 206
Mitra, Sir Dhirendra 110
Modus Vivendi 34, 37
Moeun 210–12, 358, 389n
Mok 453
in South-Western Zone 175, 178, 184, 221, 228, 255, 398, 408, 412
and François Bizot 259–60
and occupation of Phnom Penh 263, 265, 274, 286
as Issarak 281
opposes use of money 307
as Pol Pot’s enforcer 369, 384, 385
becomes CPK second deputy secretary 392
and Vietnamese invasion 395, 398–9
as resistance commander 408, 431, 437
overthrows Pol Pot 440–2
captured and imprisoned 443
Mom, Princess 330
Monatio (National Movement) 266
Monde, Le 73, 163, 167
Mondulkiri 171, 172, 181, 204, 384
money 7, 11, 257–8, 306–8, 342, 383
Monique, Princess 163, 198, 424
and corruption 153, 182
tours ‘liberated zone’ 242–4
returns to Phnom Penh 329–30
and Khmers Rouges 334–5
Monireth, Prince 90, 153
Monivong, King 17, 27, 28, 49
Montesquieu, Baron de 36, 73
More, Sir Thomas 343
Moscow 334, 374
International Communist conference (1957) 136
Moscow Declaration (1960) 142
moutakeaha 89, 90
Nagaravatta newspaper 21, 29–30, 75, 110
Narindrapong, Prince 334
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 113
national anthem 54, 248
National Assembly 76, 78, 81, 128, 162, 187, 194, 425
suspended (1949) 37
suspended (1953) 83
deposes Sihanouk (1970) 197, 284n
National Library, Phnom Penh 36
National Salvation Front 393
National Solidarity Party 439
nationalisations 155
Nayan Chanda 409–10
Neak Luong 30, 207, 263
neak ta 19
Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal 58, 106, 109
New China News Agency bureau, Phnom Penh 180
New York Times 91, 163, 413
Ney Sarann 454
as Issarak 114
at Office 100 146
in North-Eastern Zone 172, 177, 263, 281
and Vietnam 356
arrested and purged 358–60
Nghet Chhopininto
and Pol Pot 43, 45, 337
in Paris 49, 63
and Yugoslavia 50, 69
on Hou Yuon 62
Ngo Dinh Diem 121, 125, 136, 138, 155
Ngo Dinh Nhu 126n, 127
Ngo Trong Hieu 125, 126
Ngork, Mt 172
Nguyen Cao Ky 195–7
Nguyen Chi Thanh 161
Nguyen Co Thach 298
Nguyen Thanh Son
fosters Khmer revolutionary movement 54–6, 139, 205, 356
alleged secret agreement with Sihanouk 113
Nguyen Van Linh 121, 141, 144, 192, 223, 297
Nguyen Van Thieu 263
Nhan Dan 100–1, 298
Nhek Bunchhay 437–40
Nhek Tioulong 163, 164
Nhun Nget 23
Nikân 153, 454
in the maquis 147, 193
and Son Sen 252
and evacuation of Phnom Penh 398
and foreign diplomats 402
at Samphou Loun 412
defects to Hun Sen government 440
Nixon, Richard 182, 204, 221, 261–2
Nixon administration 94
Nokor Khmer (Khmerland) 54, 61
Non Suon 454
as member of Pracheachon 114, 116, 134
detained and condemned to death 140–1
amnestied 226
as Khmer Rouge leader 226, 306, 336n
denounced as traitor 358
Non-Aligned Movement 113
Nop Bophann 114, 130
Norodom Phurissara, Prince 107, 169, 304, 336n
Norodom Ranariddh, Prince 454
and peace process 424
leads FUNCINPEC 428, 431, 433
makes overtures to Khmers Rouges 436, 438–9, 441
overthrown by Hun Sen 442, 448
Norodom Sihanouk, King 5, 8, 9, 16, 17, 415, 437–8, 445, 454
overthrown 5, 197
in exile in Beijing 8, 239–42
chosen to succeed Monivong 28–9
education 28–9, 36–7, 45
proclaims independence 31
appoints Son Ngoc Thanh 32
sees himself as moderniser 37
suspends National Assembly 37
personality 37, 62, 76, 153, 163, 190
and bursaries 43–4, 79
and Son Ngoc Thanh’s rebellion 75–6
assumes full powers 77, 80–1
and Khmer students in Paris 77–81, 83–4
‘Royal Crusade’ 77, 87, 90–5, 100
and the Viet Minh 100–3
and Geneva Conference 103–4
and the US 91–3, 108–9, 155–6, 181–2
abdicates 109–10, 335
forms the Sangkum Reastr Niyum 110
sanctions strong-arm tactics 111, 114
wins 1945 election 111–12
alleged agreement with Nguyen Thanh Son 113, 120
treatment of political parties 123
and ‘Bangkok plot’ 125–8
becomes head of state (1960) 132
warns about Khmer communists 139–40
publishes list of subversives 142–3
neutrality policy derailed 155
allows parliament to choose government 162–3
and flight of Khieu Samphân 167–8
orders harsh repression of rebels 175–6
quarrels with China 179–80
margin of manoeuvre shrinks 182–3
issues casino licence 184–5
flies to Grasse 188
visits Moscow 196–8
forms alliance with Khmers Rouges 198–202
and Ieng Sary 241
visits ‘liberated zones’ 243–4
tours friendly states 244
and popular support 267, 287
returns to Phnom Penh (1975) 329–32
addresses UN General Assembly 330
tours provinces 333–4, 347
resigns 334–5
under house arrest in Phnom Penh 335, 355, 388
and Pol Pot 338, 396
reappears 389
seeks political asylum in US 403
agrees to return to Beijing 403
Chinese support vis-à-vis Khmers Rouges 404–5, 414