Pol Pot
Page 76
forms government-in-exile 415–16
becomes head of state 420
and Sihanoukist National Army 421
meets Hun Sen at Fère-en-Tardenois 424
attends Jakarta talks 424–5
returns to Cambodia, reascends throne 427–8, 430–2
as symbol 448
Norodom Suramarit, King 110, 111, 131
North Korea 332, 377
Nuon Chea 454–5
becomes communist 5, 119
heads Phnom Penh City Committee 119–20
conducts political seminars 122
Sieu Heng’s betrayal 124
member of General Affairs Committee 135
elected to CPK Standing Committee at 1st Congress 137–9
undercover in Phnom Penh 143–4, 151
travels to Loc Ninh 161
orders end to ‘Samlaut events’ 166
decides on armed uprising 169–70, 173
travels to Ratanakiri 186
meets Pol Pot, rebases on the Chinit river 213, 222–3
cousin to Sak Sutsakhan 264
inspects evacuation of Phnom Penh 286–7
and new linguistic usages 325
becomes President of National Assembly Committee Standing Committee 336
on importance of leading organs 337–8, 399
practices nepotism 347
and Vietnam 356
responsible for Tuol Sleng 358–9
calls for ‘revolutionary vigilance’ 369
visits Beijing 388
re-appointed Pol Pot’s deputy 392
abandons Phnom Penh 398
orders killing of prisoners at Tuol Sleng 400
agrees to dissolve CPK 416
defers to Son Sen 423
on Southern Front 431, 438
rallies to Mok 441
defects to Hun Sen government 443
Oberg, Jean-Christophe 241
Observateur, l’ 132, 133, 134, 139
Observer (newspaper) 207
Oda 431
Office 100 (Kang Lêng) 103, 172, 173, 176
Office 100 (Ta Not) 146, 148, 162, 169, 176
Office 102 172, 192
Office 131 411, 413
Ohira, Masayoshi 420
Ok Sakun 137, 314n
Ong Thong Hoeung 314, 315–26
Operation Eagle Pull 263
Operation Menu 182, 185
Orsini, Prince Raimondo 333
Orwell, George 12, 325
O’Suosadey (‘Good-day River’) 421–2, 423
Ouch 58
Oudong 6, 16, 228
occupied by Khmers Rouges 255
evacuated 257
Northern Zone troops capture for second time 263
Oum Mannorine 196
Overseas Chinese 374
Overseas Vietnamese 39, 42
Oxfam 290
P-36 159
Pach Choeunn 30, 74–5
Padevat newspaper 326
Pailin 102, 165, 436, 443
Khmers Rouges occupy 277
and Chinese Embassy (1979) 406
and Pol Pot’s headquarters 428–9, 431
overrun by Vietnamese 432
and Son Sen’s disgrace 440
Pan Sothi 273
Pancasila 108–9, 140
Pâng 172, 212, 455
Paracel Islands 297
Paris accords on Cambodia (1991) 427–8, 432, 437
Paris accords on Vietnam (1973) progress of talks 181, 197, 239
consequences for Khmers Rouges 242–3, 245, 249
Paris Commune (1871) 69, 287
Paris Match 435
Party of Democratic Kampuchea 423, 429
Pathet Lao 54, 103, 242
Patriotic Democratic Front of Grand National Union of Kampuchea (FGUNDPK) 415
PCF see French Communist Party
Peam commune 228
Peangpas, Princess 79
‘peasantisation’ 433, 436
Pen Sovann 379, 390, 424
Peng Zhen 159, 160
Penn Nouth 106, 108, 184, 455
on Cambodia’s past 33
and Khmer students in Paris 79
heads GRUNC 240, 304
and Khmers Rouges 334–5, 336n, 336, 404
Penn Yuth 114, 124
People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) 427; see also Cambodia; Democratic Kampuchea
established 409
Hun Sen’s coup (1997) 447
People’s Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea (PRPK) 409, 428
People’s Revolutionary Party of Khmerland (PRPK) 55, 97–8, 119, 121, 135
Pétain, Marshal 28, 29
Pham Hung 242
Pham Van Ba 96, 97, 105, 122
Pham Van Dong 455
at Geneva Conference 103
and Sihanouk 182, 198–9
and Zhou Enlai 185
and Pol Pot 188, 202
and halting of Vietnamese aid to Khmers Rouges 250
acrimonious visit to Beijing (1977) 374
seeks support in South-East Asia 390
Phay 99
Phem 16
Phi Phuon 228, 276, 307, 455
and Pol Pot 212, 265
and Caldwell killing 394
at Kamrieng 412
Phnom Chhat (‘Umbrella Mountain’) 431, 432, 434
Phnom Penh
falls to the Khmer Rouge 3–4, 7, 9–10, 264–5, 271, 273
evacuated 10, 272–4, 287–8
cosmopolitan population 24–5, 216
districts 25
Americans mistakenly bomb city (1945) 33
Teacher Training College 37, 122
demonstrations by Son Ngoc Thanh’s supporters 75
anti-Vietnamese protests 194–6
rotting from within 261, 264
besieged 262
Pol Pot enters 286
looted 310–11
appearance 310–13
Roman Catholic Cathedral demolished 313
abandoned by Khmer Rouge leaders 398
Phouk Chhay 154, 169, 367
Phoumi Nosavan 138
Phoune Sipraseuth 303
Phu Quoc Island 296
Phuong 336n
Pich Chheang 306–7, 358, 442, 455
Picq, Laurence 349, 414
impressions of Phnom Penh 309–10
spends the Khmer Rouge years in Cambodia 309–10
at the Foreign Ministry 311–12, 314–15, 318, 366, 396
and inequalities 345–6, 412
Pin Yathay 267, 278, 282, 320, 327–8, 349
Ping Sây 153, 455–5
and Pol Pot 31, 36, 42
joins the Democrats 37
student days in Paris 63–4, 83
and Ea Sichau 89
edits Ekhepheap 114
attends CPK 1st Congress 138n
at S–71 with Pol Pot 224–5, 247–8
under suspicion 304, 330
writes Khmer Rouge textbooks 349–50
Po Kombo Regiment 99, 104
Pochentong Airport 270, 286
Pok Deuskomar 190, 224
Pok Khun 35
Pol Pot 450
as a teacher 5, 6, 120, 190, 434
blacklisted as subversive 5, 142–3
becomes Party leader, convenes 2nd Congress 6, 141–2
multiple aliases 5, 192, 212–14
childhood 15, 16
schooldays 20, 28, 31, 34, 36, 42–3
influenced by Buddhism 21–3
adolescent affairs 27
sense of fun 27, 28, 44, 190
love of music 31, 117
visits Angkor Wat 32–3
first job 33
talents as cook 45–6
studies in France 47–52, 57–60, 68, 82
acquires a girlfriend 49–50
member of Cercle Marxiste 63–6
joins PCF 66
influenced by Stalin, Mao 67–8, 70–2
meets Khieu Ponnary 68
inspired by French Revol
ution 72–4
criticises Sihanouk 79–80
returns to Cambodia 81–3, 86
reports to Cercle Marxiste on state of resistance 89–90
at Eastern Zone HQ 95–100
returns to Phnom Penh 104–5
and Democratic Party 107–8, 113
lives double life 116–17
marries Khieu Ponnary 117–18
appearance and personality 118, 120, 338–41, 396–7, 435
member of Phnom Penh Party Committee 119, 121–2
member of General Affairs Committee 135
prepares CPK’s 1st Congress, elected to Standing Committee 135–9
at Office 100 143–6
elaborates distinctive Khmer communist ideology 147–50
travels to Hanoi (1955) 156–9
visits Beijing 159–61
convenes 3rd Plenum of 2nd CC 161–2
draws lessons from fate of Indonesian CP 164
decides on armed uprising 169–70
in Ratanakiri (1968–69) 172–3, 176–7
alliance of peasants and intellectuals 179, 192
forges alliance with Sihanouk 186, 198–200, 202
holds talks in Hanoi 202–5
relations with Vietnamese 204–7, 236–9, 249–51
in Ratanakiri (1970) 210–13
and ‘independence-mastery’ 213
at new base on the Chinit river 222–7
convenes CPK 3rd Congress 227
radicalises CPK policy 227–33, 235–6, 244–9
allows Sihanouk to visit ‘liberated zones’ 242–4
at Chrok Sdêch 251–6
convenes Central Committee meeting at Meakk 256–60
and final offensive 262–6
enters Phnom Penh 286
justifies evacuation 286–8
defines policies of slave state 288–9, 291–6, 305–8, 320–1, 325–7, 350–1
leads CPK delegation to Hanoi 296–8
travels to Beijing and Pyongyang 298–303
restructures army 303–4
decides to abolish money 308–9
resides at Bank Buildings (K–1) 312
watches Sihanouk’s return 330
and diplomatic missions 333
and Sihanouk’s resignation 334–6
becomes Prime Minister 336
conception of power 339–40, 344
presides over memorial meeting for Mao 340
revolutionary vision 341–3
refuses to consider that vision might be flawed 353
launches purge of internal enemies 354–5, 357–61
resigns as Prime Minister 362
travels secretly to Beijing 362
widens purge 363–4, 368–9
personally decides key arrests 371
‘bristly dog gambit’ towards Vietnam 372–4
announces existence of CPK 375
visits China and North Korea 375–7
proposes united front 380–1
envisages personality cult 381
decides opening to outside world 381–3
orders Eastern Zone purge 383–7
travels secretly to meet Deng Xiaoping 388–9
approves Sihanouk’s re-emergence 389
purges Vorn Vet and Kong Sophal 392
receives British and US guests 393–4
meets Sihanouk 396–7
flees Phnom Penh 398
builds new anti-Vietnamese alliance 402–3, 406–8, 415, 419–21
in Thailand 408–9, 422, 432
at Office 131 411, 413–14, 418–19, 421–2
travels secretly to China (1981) 415–16
dissolves Communist Party 416–18
learns he has Hodgkin’s disease 421–3
attempts to prepare succession 422–3
marries Meas 423
and Paris peace accords 425–7, 429–31
resumes military struggle 432–4
at Anlong Veng 434–41 ff
overthrown by Mok 441
interviewed by Nate Thayer 441–2
‘sentenced’ to life imprisonment 442
dies peacefully in bed 442
Pol Saroeun 386
polygyny 17
Pomme, Madame 330
Ponchaud, François 209, 266, 270, 273, 444
Pondicherry 24
Ponlâk 400
Pracheachon 384
registered as party 107
contests 1945 elections 111–12
harrassed by Sihanouk 114–16, 128, 134
contests 1958 elections 123–4, 140
Pracheachon in, 139, 140, 169, 171
Pracheathippadey 108
Prasith 259–60
Preah Vihear 227, 385, 410, 440
Preap In 155–6
Prek Kdam 273
Prek Phneou 273
Prek Sbauv 15, 17, 20, 25, 26, 118
Prey Nokor see Saigon
Prey Veng 104, 112, 328
prisons 254
pro-independence movements 58
Proclamation of Independence 54–5
PRPK see People’s Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea and People’s Revolutionary Party of Khmerland
Puth Chhay 40, 58, 86, 87, 88
Puth Tumniay 285
Pyongyang 334, 415
Ra Smach 252, 268, 276
Radio Beijing 198
Radio Phnom Penh 324–5
Ratanakiri 171, 181, 191, 204, 227
Pol Pot’s headquarters 162, 166, 170, 178–9, 211
armed uprising begins 174, 175–6
intellectuals arrive 177
Pol Pot leaves 212, 224
Rath Samoeun 337, 456
Ieng Sary’s best friend 36, 51
protests against National Assembly suspension 37–8
campaigns for Democrats 51
student days in France 52, 59, 61
and Cercle Marxiste 63
personality 64–5
joins PCF 66
meets Ea Sichau 89
travels to Eastern Zone HQ 95
departs for North Vietnam 104
uncertain fate 250n
Ravensbrück 61
Reaksmei (‘the Spark’) 68
Réaltiés Cambodgiennes 134
Ream 297, 302
Reamker 8
Red Guards 179
Renovation Party 197
Renseignements Généraux 63–4
Revolutionary Youths 361 n
Revolutionary Youth League 153–4
Risterucci, Jean 77, 92, 93, 94
Robespierre, Maximilien 73, 74, 206, 248
Romania 332
Ros Chantrabot 448–9
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 36, 73, 148, 168, 173, 212
Royal Ballet 20, 21
Royal Cambodian Army responsible for security in Siem Reap 75–6, 92
attacks Khmer Serei 77–8
crisis of morale 102–3
desertions to Khmers Rouges 206
Royal Palace, Phnom Penh 7, 24, 27, 43, 214, 330, 355
Royal Socialist Khmer Youth 123
Ruos Nhim 456
as Issarak 101, 115, 120, 281
revives movement in Samlaut 139
and Samlaut ‘events’ 164–7
and 1958 uprising 177
arrested and purged 386–7
Russey Keo Technical School 42–3
Russia
revolution 38
as an industrial power 71–2
Sino-Soviet dispute 160–1, 197
period of ‘War Communism’ 291
aid to Vietnam 303, 373, 373–4
19th-c Utopian socialists 343
Friendship Treaty with Vietnam 390–1, 393
invades Afghanistan 412
Soviet Empire disintegrates 426
S–21 see Tuol Sleng
S–31 224–5
S–71 223–5, 251
Saigon 45
St Louis Post Despatch 393
Sak Sutsakhan 264
Saloth Chhay
childhood 16, 20, 22–3
studies in Phnom Penh 23, 28
represents Son Ngoc Thanh 86, 90
edits left-wing journal in dies during evacuation 275
Saloth Nhep 15, 23, 28, 275
Saloth Roeung 17, 27, 28, 49, 116, 275
Saloth Sár see Pol Pot
Saloth Seng 20
Saloth Sitha 423, 435, 450
Saloth Suong 17, 20, 23, 36, 275, 427
Sam Rainsy 438
Sam Sary 111, 117, 124–8, 131, 438
Samlaut
Khmer Viet Minh North-Western Zone HQ 119
1967 peasant uprising 165–7, 175, 179
1968 rebellion 173
used as staging area 411
San river 172, 175
Sangkum Reastr Niyum 110–12, 128–9, 132, 134, 155–6, 169, 183, 186
Sang’nam 441
Santebal (political police) 223–4
Sár Kim Lomouth 261
Sarajevo 50
Sarin Chhak 200, 304, 336n
Sarit, Field-Marshal 155
Sartre, Jean-Paul 48
Sau Kouy 144
Saukham Khoy 264
Savangs Vong 58, 81, 101
SDECE (French Intelligence) 113, 367
Sdok Toel 6–7, 9, 263, 265, 276, 286
Seamans, Robert 245
SEATO see South-East Asian Treaty Organization
Sên river 15
Senegal 352
Shanghai 363
Shawcross, William 411–12
Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia 218n
Shcherbakov, Ivan 238
Siem Reap 28, 33, 35, 92, 106, 175
and Royal Khmer Army 75–8
and Dap Chhuon 125–6
anti-government demonstrations in (1963) 142
protesters condemn Lon Nol coup 206
in civil war 216–19, 229
and ‘mutiny’ against Pol Pot 354
and Vietnamese invasion 396, 405, 421
Sien An 52, 63, 114, 367
Siet Chhê 456
listed as subversive 143n
trained as monk 150
attends 3rd CPK Congress 225n
purged 368, 392
Sieu Heng 456
as Issarak and Khmer Viet Minh 54–6, 58, 119
becomes Party leader 115–16
defects 124, 135, 141, 152
Sihamoni, Prince 334
Sihanouk, Prince and King see Norodom Sihanouk
Silver Pagoda 7–9, 288, 297, 306, 312
Sim Var 110, 176, 185
Singapore 342, 352, 391, 416, 421
Sirik Matak 456
and Sihanouk 106, 187, 188–9, 195
and coup 196–8, 221–2
opposes republic 209
sidelined 260
Sisophon 28
Sisowath Entaravong, Prince 38, 188
Sisowath Essaro, Prince 195
Sisowath Somonopong, Prince 49
‘Six Rules of Party Life’ 97–8
Skoun 10, 206, 251
Slansky, Rudolf 69
‘smoke-children’ (kun krak) 19, 371
Snepp, Frank 287
Snuol 32, 144, 377
So Hong 395, 396, 397, 412
So Nem 129, 134
So Phim 116, 120, 281, 456–7