Chasing Gold: The Incredible Story of How the Nazis Stole Europe's Bullion

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Chasing Gold: The Incredible Story of How the Nazis Stole Europe's Bullion Page 60

by George M. Taber


  Rygg, Nicolai, xi, 176, 177, 182, 183

  S

  Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 356

  Sadkowksi, stanisław, 137

  St. Stephen’s Cathedral, 95

  Saint Jean, 278

  Saint-Jedan-de Luz, 280

  St John’s, Newfoundland, 298

  Saint Louis, 278

  Saint-Nazaire, 275

  Salazar, Antonio, 383

  Salo, 363

  Salzburg, closing of border between Germany and Austria at, 95

  Salzgitter, 68

  Samaria, 165

  San Sirolamo Degli Illirici, College of, 416

  Sardinia, 364

  Sas, Jacob, 209, 212

  Sauøy, 190

  Sayer, Ian, 427

  Scapa Flow, 192

  Schacht, Eddy, 25

  Schacht, Hjalmar, xi, 24, 25–27, 439

  autarky and, 39, 40–42, 386

  autobiography of, 27–28

  banking and, 25

  belief in bullion, 6

  demeanor of, 25–26

  desire to exit Reichsbank, 121–122

  at dinner party with Göring, 31–32

  economic policies of, 26, 40, 44, 45–46

  founding of Bank of International Settlements and, 78–79, 84

  as General Plenipotentiary of War Economy, 41

  German inflation and, 27, 28–29, 74

  in German politics, 31

  German Reichsbank under, 36, 66, 72–73, 75–76, 77, 78–79, 81, 82

  Göring’s challenge for control of economy, 60, 62, 70, 71–72, 73, 87

  hiding of German gold and, 45

  Hitler and, 32, 33, 35–36, 46, 67, 73, 74, 120, 122–127

  on importance of gold in military buildup, 44–45

  interest in defecting to U.S., 74

  interrogation of, at Nuremberg trials, 43

  invasion of Austria and, 97

  loyalty to the Nazis, 32, 33–34

  as managing director of Danat Bank, 27

  meeting with leaders of Roosevelt, Franklin D.’s administration, 41

  as member of Confessional Church, 356

  as member of Reich Defense Council, 36

  as Minister of Economic Affairs, 41

  as Minister of Economics, 66

  as Minister Without Portfolio, 74, 126

  New Plan of 1934 of, 325

  Norman and, 29, 120, 124, 127

  ouster of, from Reichsbank, 169, 356

  as Plenipoteniary for War Economy, 66, 70–71

  post-war memoirs of, 46

  at post-war trial at Nuremberg, 32

  reach out to anti-Hitler opposition, 119

  refusal to recognize war debt, 30

  resignation of, in 1930, 31

  role of, in start of BIS, 379

  secret financial machinations of, 130–131

  service on the Reichsbank board, 32

  takeover of Austrian National Bank and, 100–101

  Thompson, Dorothy’s interview of, 32–33

  travels of, 31, 127–128

  unexpected balance of payment difficulties and, 43–44

  working habits of, 28

  Young and, 78–79

  Schacht, Norman Hjalmar, 124

  Schacht, Wilhelm, 24–25

  Schachtian system, 26

  Schirach, Henriette von, 427

  Schleswig-Holstein, 24–25

  sending of gold to, 417

  Schloss Fuschl, 417

  Schmidt, Rudolf, 130

  Schumpeter, Joseph, praise of gold as automatic system, 4

  Schuschnigg, Kurt, xi, 91–92, 109

  holding of national plebiscite on union with Germany, 93

  invasion of Austria and, 95–96

  meeting with Hitler, 91–92

  Schutzstaffel, 69

  Schwed (Orlov’s code name), 18

  Schwedler, August, Funk, Lanners, and, 420, 422–423

  Second Book (Hitler), 39

  The Secret of Santa Victoria (Crichton), 367

  Sedan, 206, 243

  Selassie, Haile, 290

  Self-sufficiency, 37, 68

  Serbrovsky, Alexander, 336

  Serov, Ivan, 394, 411

  Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 95, 96, 98, 224

  Shadrin, Dmitry, 344

  Shakespeare, William, 1

  Shaw, George Bernard, 4

  Shawe, Dr., 404

  Sheffield, 185

  Shirer, William, 135

  Sicily, 148

  Allied invasion of, 363

  Siedlce, regional bank office in, 136

  Siemens, start of dummy company and, 42

  Siepmann, Harry, 286–287

  Simon, Sir John, 114, 288–289

  Siret River, 141

  Sitskrieg, 205

  SKF (Swedish Ball Bearing Factory), 382

  Skoda Works, 105–106, 117

  Skorzeny, Otto, 363, 417–418

  Slany, William, 432

  Slovakia, 110

  German takeover of, 165

  Slovaks, language of, 105

  Smith, Adam, 26, 78

  Smith, Al, 56

  Smith, Bedell, 408–409

  Smith, Howard, 178

  Smolensk, 346

  battle of, 349

  Smuts, Jan, correspondence with Churchill, Winston, 313

  Sniatyn, 148

  goal to get Polish gold to, 141

  Soviet takeover of, 143

  war refugees in, 142

  Sobibór death camp, 356

  Sobieski, 297, 298

  Societa Bancara Romana (Bucharest), 385

  Société Belge de Banque, 229

  Socony-Vacuum Oil, 144, 146

  Söhne, Friedrick Roessler, 386

  Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 340

  Sontag, Henri, protection of Belgian assets, 229–230

  South Africa

  British gold in, 291

  gold production in, 289, 337

  South Africa Reserve Bank, Belgian gold at, 231

  Southwest Africa, 88

  Soviet Central Bank, 154

  Soviet Depository of Precious Metals (Moscow), 23

  Soviet occupation zone, 429

  Soviet Union, 334–354. See also Russia

  alliance with Czechoslovia, 106

  breakup of, 155

  capture of Berlin, 411–412

  capture of Nazi gold and, 412

  Cheka in, 14

  collectivization in, 11–12

  deceptive diplomacy of, 132

  desire for weak Germany, 388

  economy in, 11

  Estonia, Latvia, and Finland and, 151

  ethnic groups in, 334

  German invasion of, 38–39, 225, 326, 339, 382

  gold production in, 58, 337–338

  Great Terror in, 11

  Hitler’s concerns over, 131

  Lend-Lease for, 352

  protection of Austria or Czechoslovakia and, 89

  sales of Nazi gold and, 338–339, 442

  Secret Service in, 19

  shipment of Spanish gold to, 17, 18–23

  signing of nonaggression treaty with Germany, 133

  Spanish Civil War and, 13–14

  under Stalin, 11–12, 23, 336, 341, 345–346, 347–348

  Stalin’s desire to avoid war with Germany, 131–132

  warning of German attack on, 339–340

  Spaak, Paul-Henri, 233

  Spain

  Azaña as prime minister and president of, 9

  national election in 1936, 9

  Nazi gold received in, 432–433

  negotiations with the Allies, 432

  raw materials in, 39, 383

  receipt of Nazi gold by, 432

  sale of raw materials to Nazis, 383

  sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  stockpile of gold as weapon of war in, 8

  tungsten in, 376, 383

  wartime activities of, 431

  Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 8–23
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  Blue Shirts in, 9

  carpet-bombing in, 8

  deaths in, 8, 10

  destruction in, 10

  efforts of British and French to stop, 12–13

  Franco in, 17, 18–23

  Germany and, 90

  Giral, José, in, 10, 11

  Göring’s Luftwaffe during, 131

  Hitler and, 10–11

  International Brigades in, 9

  Italian and German involvement in, 12–13, 15–16

  Moors in, 12

  movement of gold in, 17

  Mussolini and, 10

  National Front in, 9

  Nationalists in, 8, 9, 10–11, 12, 15–16

  Operation X in, 13

  Popular Front in, 9

  Republicans in, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15–16, 184

  Roman Catholic Church in, 8–9, 10

  spies in, 14–15

  tank combat in, 8

  Spanish Communist Party, membership of, 11

  Spanish Morocco, coup d’etat in, 10

  Special Case Otto plans for invasion of Austria, 94

  Speer, Albert, xi, 73, 75, 87, 413–414

  as minister for armaments and munitions, 40

  on Morgenthau Plan, 391

  Spiridonov, Nikolai K., 343, 344

  Spital am Pyrhn, 414–415

  Sprague, Oliver, 53

  opposition of gold program, 56

  SS Antonia, 295

  SS Aracataca, 265

  SS Azerbaidjan, 338, 351

  SS Britannica, 265

  SS Cairo, 352–353

  SS Dneprostroy, 338

  SS Donbass, 338

  SS Duchess of Liverpool, 295

  SS Emerald, 295, 296

  SS Eocene, 144–145, 146

  SS Harding, 164

  SS Iris, 214, 215, 216

  SS Laurentic, 286

  SS Manhattan, 164

  SS Pasteur, 250, 253, 254, 255

  SS Perseus, 214

  SS President Roosevelt, 164

  SS Randsfjord, 176

  SS Rex, 260

  SS Smolny, 354

  SS Titus, 214, 215, 216

  SS Trafalgar, 176

  SS Transbalt, 338

  Staffeldt, Herbert, 70

  Stalin, Joseph, xi, 152, 156, 157, 337

  advance warning of German attack, 339–340

  claim to Merkers gold, 429

  concerns over Franco victory, 13

  desire for western offensive, 363

  desire to avoid war with Germany, 131–132

  Five Year Plans of, 336

  Hitler and, 339–340

  Hopkins, Harry and, 347–348

  movement of Spanish gold and, 8, 18–23

  national gold policy of, 336

  non-aggression treaty with Hitler, 133

  at Potsdam, 429

  problems of, in Soviet Union, 11–12

  prohibition of weapons export to Spain, 13

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von and, 151

  Soviet Union under, 336, 341, 345–346, 347–348

  Spanish Civil War and, 11, 15

  Trotsky and, 12

  at Yalta meeting, 391

  Stanton, Ellen, 4

  Stanton, William, 4

  Stashevsky, Arthur, 16, 18

  State Bank of the U.S.S.R., 154

  gold traffic and, 167

  Stauffenberg, Claus Graf von, assassination attempt, 123

  Stauning, Thorvald, 178

  Stavanger

  British and French invasion of, 177

  storage of gold at, 177

  Steinriegel, 424

  Stettin, 396

  Stimson, Henry L., 360–361, 389, 390

  opposition to Morgenthau’s plan for postwar Germany, 389, 390

  Stockholm, storage of gold bullion, 381

  Stølaag, 190, 191, 192

  Stout, George, 403–404

  Straus, Gladys, 57

  Straus, Oscar, as Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 50

  Stresemann, Gustav

  death of, 30

  meeting with Schacht over inflation, 27

  Strong, Benjamin, 29–30

  Federal Reserve Bank of New York under, 77

  Student, Kurt, 213

  Stülpnaagel, Otto von, 311

  Süddeutsche Kugelfabrik (South German Ball Bearing Factory), 382

  Sudeten German Party, 106

  Sudetenland, 111

  proposal to split off from Czechoslovakia, 108

  Südtirol, 368

  Sunde, Arne, 193

  Sunde, Bjørn, 184–185

  Sun Life Assurance Company, 297, 299

  Supreme Court, U.S., New Deal and, 59

  Šutej, Juraj, 332

  Sutter, John, discovery of gold in California, 4

  Sutton, Willy, 6

  Suwałki, 138

  Svanen, 190

  Sverdlovsk, 342, 343

  Sweden, 151

  golden inheritance and, 176

  gold transfers to U.S. and, 164, 167–168, 170

  iron ore in, 39, 174, 376

  move of Polish gold to, 155

  negotiations with the Allies, 432

  as partner with Nazi Germany, 381–382

  relations with the Allies, 382

  sale of war materials to Nazis, 381–382

  sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  wartime activities of, 431

  Swedish Central Bank

  business in bullion with the Nazis, 382

  Polish gold in, 136

  Swedish National Bank, 156

  movement of bullion, 287

  Swedish Red Cross, 382

  Swedish State Bank, 154

  The Swiss, the Gold and the Dead (Ziegler), 377, 432

  Swiss Bank Corporation, sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  Swiss banks, German gold in, 387

  Swiss Central Bank, assumptions on gold received by, 376

  Swiss commercial banks, sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  Swiss Confederation’s National Council, 377

  Swiss Independent Commission of Experts, 377–378

  Swiss National Bank

  acceptance of bullion, 418–419

  buying of German gold by, 431–432

  Czech gold at, 112

  gold for, 371

  sales of Nazi gold and, 441, 442

  Switzerland

  acceptance of stolen gold by, 376

  Belgian gold in, 316

  bullion standard of, 83

  economic and ethnic ties to Germany, 376–379

  gold standard and, 438

  Nazi gold received in, 378, 432

  as pro-Swiss, 377

  stolen gold in, 441

  U.S. receipt of gold from, 170

  wartime economic activities, 431–432

  Sydney, movement of gold to, 299

  Synthetic fuel, German production of, 28

  Syria, shipment of French gold to, 241

  T

  Tallinn, 155

  Tank warfare, 205

  Task Force Whitney, 408

  Taylor, Myron, as Roosevelt’s representative to the Vatican, 259–268

  Taylor Formula, 260

  Teichert, Max-Martin, 353–354

  Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed), 336

  Thiès, gold in, 309, 310, 312

  Third Army, discovery of German gold by, xiii, 401, 415

  Thomas, Georg, 45, 65, 71

  diary of, 119

  Thompson, Dorothy, interview of Schacht, 32–33

  Thoms, Albert, xi, 357–358, 384, 398, 399, 406, 409, 412

  Thorkildsen, Sverre, 183

  Thucydides, 2

  Thuringia, sending of gold to, 396, 397, 417

  Timbuktu, 316

  Timoshenko, Semen, 340, 345

  Tin

  German need for, 165

  U.S. buy up of, 165

  Tippelskirch, Werner von, 131

  Tirana, 202

  Tittmann, Howard, 266

  Toniolo, Gian
ni, 83, 113–114

  Tonningen, Meinoud Rost van, 225

  Tooze, Adam, 103

  Torp, Oscar, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191

  Torpedo Boat 51, 213

  Toulon, 147

  shipment of gold to, 244

  Toulouse, 231

  Tours, 240

  Towers, Graham, 286

  Trans-Siberian railroad, 343

  Traub, Admiral, 271

  Treasure hunters, 2

  Trebjesa Grotto, 330

  Treblinka death camp, 356

  Trentino-Alto Adige, 368

  Trier, Allied seizure of, xiii

  Trip, L. J. A., xi, 207, 214, 225

  Trip, Leonardus, 81

  Triparate Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold, 101, 327, 427, 429, 430–431, 432, 443, 444

  Tromp, 219

  Trompeloup-Pauillac, 278

  Tromsø, 191, 192

  Trondheim, British and French invasion of, 177

  Tropsch, Hans, 67

  Trotsky, Leon, Stalin and, 12

  Truman, Harry, at Potsdam, 429

  Tsimicalis, Panayotis, 328

  Tuka, Vojtech, 110

  Tungsten, 39

  German need for, 165

  Turin, 367

  Turkey

  chromium in, 40, 325, 384

  demand of money from Poland for transit of gold, 146

  negotiations with the Allies, 432

  sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  tungsten in, 325, 384

  wartime activities of, 431

  Turkish National Bank, gold transfer to, 167

  Turnip winter of 1917, 37

  Twilight War, 205

  Tyumen, 344

  U

  U-456, 353

  U-boats, 144, 147, 193, 289, 319

  Ukraine, 156

  wheat production in, 38–39

  Ulman, battle of, 349

  Unaterwegen, Dr., 417

  Unilever, 115

  Union Bank of Switzerland

  Hitler, Adolph’s account at, 379

  sales of Nazi gold and, 442

  Union Pacific Railroad, 4

  United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, 168

  United States

  anti-Semitism in, 50

  dropping of gold standard, 83

  gold production in, 437

  as isolationist, 79, 241

  movement of gold to, 161, 164

  on reparations from Germany, 30

  Soviet gold shipments to, 338

  Upper Silesia, 134

  Ural Mountains, 341

  Ural River, 341

  U.S. Federal Reserve, as nonmember of Bank of International Settlements, 80

  U.S. Steel, 260

  USS Block Island, 319

  USS Breeman, 319, 320

  USS Indianapolis, 53

  USS Tuscaloosa, 260, 303, 304

  USS Vincennes, 279, 280–281

  Ustaša, 415–416

  Utrecht, 210

  V

  V-1 and V-2 guided missiles, 394, 418

  Vanderpoorten, Arthur, 233

  Van Galen, 220

  Varga, Eugen, 391

  Vasilevich, Ivan, 18

  Vaterland, xiii

  Vatican. See also Roman Catholic Church

  gold of, 258–268

  information source for, 262

  San Sirolamo Degli Illirici, College of, in, 416

 

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