Songs of Blood and Sword
Page 48
and the Six Point programme of Awami League, 97
1970 election manifesto, 98
and 1970 election result, 99
takes direct control of the government in 1972, 107
and land reforms, 113, 114
departure of some leading supporters from 119–20
image damaged by public feuding, 124
newspaper see Musawat
Nisar Khuro brought into, 174
political resistance to Zia, 209, 210
MRD spearheaded by, 210
activists in prison, 225
Benazir appointed Chairperson of, 240
Asif Zardari stands as Lyari candidate for, 283
Hakim Zardari’s connection with, 284
many members alienated from, 289–93
1988 election result, 293, 294
in government, 300–4
disappointment about government by, 309–10
support for Murtaza in, 311
Murtaza is refused election tickets for, 312, 313
attacks on Murtaza’s candidacy by, 317
Murtaza is perceived as heir apparent of, 321
press perceptions of Murtaza in relation to, 322–3
Murtaza speaks out about, 32, 341, 365
and 1994 celebrations for Zulfikar’s birthday, 346, 348
Nusrat’s role in, 360–1
launches Operation Clean-Up, 3, 370
Zardari is presidential candidate of, 425
Zardari takes over, 429
and twenty-ninth anniversary of Zulfikar’s death, 430–1
fate of political opponents of, 7–8
brief references, 4, 5, 16, 17, 88, 89, 90, 96, 117, 146, 147, 151, 169, 227, 329, 369, 370, 381, 382, 388, 426
Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed Bhutto), 17, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 389–90, 395
Pakistan Press Institute, 200
Pakistan Resolution (1940), 72
Pakistan Students Federation (PSF), 301
Pakistan Women Lawyers Association (PWLA), 207
Palace Hotel, Karachi, 49, 52
Palestine, 76
Palestinians, 222, 271
Papadopoulos, President, 155–6
Paris, 145–6, 324
author’s meeting with Vergès in, 257–60
Parnassos, Mount, 159
Pashtoon National Alliance Party, 210
Pasvantidis, Anastasios, 154
Pasvantidis, Nana, 159, 163, 175,240
Pasvantidis, Vou, 159, 175
Pearl, Daniel, 83
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 178–9, 180, 181
Peshawar, 14, 69, 70, 151, 189, 193
Peterson, Chase N., 95
Petroline FZC, 386
Philippines, 58
PIA see Pakistan International Airlines
Pirzada, Hafeez, 289
PLA see People’s Liberation Army
Plains, Georgia, 161
PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 180, 181
PML (Pakistan Muslim League), 417
Polk, George, 158
Polk, Milbry, 133–4, 136, 158, 162, 181
Polk, William, 158
Port La Galère, 249
PPP see Pakistan People’s Party
PPP (SB) see Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed
Bhutto)
PSF (Pakistan Students Federation), 301
PTV, 200
Punjab, 39, 68, 72, 99, 218, 239, 358, 365
see also
Lahore
Punjab University, 94
Pushtun, 187
PWLA (Pakistan Women Lawyers Association), 207
Qadir, 427
Qaisar (guard), 27, 29, 395–6, 399, 400, 401, 403, 418
Quetta, 69, 118, 358
Quinn, Michael Ng, 141–2
Qureshi, Shukaib, 398, 400, 401–2, 419
Rahim (guard), 395, 396, 399
Rahim, J. A., 71, 119, 120
Rahim, Major Tariq, 225
Raj, the, 39, 41, 43, 115
Rajasthan, 39
Rajpar, Sattar, 27, 395, 399, 418
Rajputs, 39
Ramchandani, Dingomal, 49
Rangers, 3, 374, 375, 376, 377, 397, 398
Raphel, Arnold, 281
Rashdi, Mehtab, 200
RAW (Research and Analysis Wing, India), 349
Rawalpindi, 81, 110, 118, 148, 171, 237, 290, 428
Rawalpindi Jail Case, 204–5
Raza, Dr Halim, 73
Rehman, Abdur, 189
Rehman, General Akhtar Abdur, 280–1, 282
Rehman, Maulana Fazlul, 303
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India, 349
Roe v. Wade case, 390
Roufogalis (née Pasvantidis), Della
family background, 154
marriage, 155–6
lobbies for husband’s release, 156, 194
meets Murtaza, 154–5, 156–7
relationship with Murtaza, 157–60, 163, 176, 215–16
and Murtaza’s last letter from his father, 169
and death of Zulfikar, 172, 173
and Shah’s call to Pakistani embassy, 174
remains with Murtaza, 175
spends time with Murtaza in Kabul, 176–7
visits Nusrat and Benazir, 177–8
letter from Murtaza about PLA, 179–80
in Syria with Murtaza, 180
and Murtaza’s meeting with Sheikh Zayed, 181
hears about Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 190
tries to understand Afghan politics, 190–1
makes her way to Afghanistan, 191–2
in Kabul during Russian occupation, 192–3
Murtaza stops over in Athens with, 194, 195, 196
unable to visit India with Murtaza, 195
considers leaving her husband, 215
Murtaza’s hopes for future with, 215–16
receives letter from Murtaza, 216–17
response to Murtaza’s letter, 219
and Murtaza’s postcard from Libya, 219–20
makes contact with Murtaza, 220
hears news of hijacked plane, 220
end of relationship with Murtaza, 233
investigated by Afghan Intelligence Service, 235
meeting with Fatima, 162–4
Roufogalis, General Michael, 155, 156, 159, 176, 180, 215
Russell, Bertrand, 46
Sadaqat, 200, 201
Sadat, President, 110
Saddar, 5, 21, 28, 91, 95, 118, 368
Sahafat, 200
St John’s Ambulance Association of Pakistan, 87
Sajjad, 24–5, 27, 397, 399
Samarkand, 57
San Diego, 47
Santin, Peter, 99–100, 134–5
Saudi Arabia, 112, 208
Save Bhutto Committee, 15, 148, 150, 161, 162, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 195, 213, 214
SEATO (South-East Asian Treaty Organization), 53, 58, 59, 64, 75, 111
Section 144 of criminal code, 72
Sethi, Ali, 242, 323
Sethi, Bilal, 242, 323
Sethi, Kamar, 242, 263
Sethi, Suhail
on Zulfikar’s attitude to his children, 87
carries messages to Murtaza in London, 150
family harassed, 150–1
on Nusrat, 150–1,360–1
on communications between Benazir and Murtaza, 151–2
delivers news to Nusrat about planned execution of Zulfikar, 167
on legal conference about Zulfikar’s trial, 168
on the decision to begin armed struggle, 175–6
on the historical tradition of exile, 187
in Kabul with the Bhutto brothers, 175, 187, 189–90, 192, 193, 217–19, 222–5, 233, 234–5, 236, 237, 238–9, 241
on the hijacking, 222–5, 226
moves to Libya, 241–2
problems of life in Libya, 242–3
moves to Syria, 243
on Shah’s decision to move to France, 244
&n
bsp; on Murtaza’s grief after death of Shah, 263
on Hakim Zardari, 284–5
on Asif Zardari, 285
on remaining abroad after formation of first PPP government, 298–9
and the PPP’s first period in government, 309–10
on the pressure for Murtaza to participate in Pakistani politics, 310
on Murtaza’s decision to contest elections, 311–12
prepares for return home with Murtaza’s family, 323
remains in Damascus with Murtaza’s family, 325
on Murtaza’s return to Pakistan, 327
on the response to Murtaza in the Sindh Assembly, 340
on Murtaza’s visit to the family graveyard, 357–8
Fatima’s difficulties in interviewing, 221
70 Clifton
becomes Bhutto family home, 54, 81
Della Roufogalis visits Nusrat and Benazir at, 177–8
Murtaza’s family move into, 333–4, 353
Murtaza returns to, 355–6
Murtaza under surveillance at, 358–9
visitors kidnapped, 367–8
tanks stationed outside, 21
shooting of Murtaza and his guards outside, 33–6, 397–403
supporters escort Murtaza’s family from, 420
dispute about ownership of, 421
Fatima’s feelings in, 3–4
brief references, 50, 67, 84, 85, 86, 92, 127, 221, 332–3, 335, 371, 382
71 Clifton, 17, 18, 21, 178
press conference in, 24, 25–6
SGS/Cotecna case, 386, 387
Shadadkot, 302
Shah, Abdullah, 26, 32, 367, 381, 416, 423
Shah, Ghous Ali, 16, 329
Shah, Kausar Ali, 301
Shalimar Gardens, Lahore, 71–2, 90
Sharia law, 113, 204
Shari Andalous Hotel, Tripoli, 242
Sharif, Masood, 398
Sharif, Nawaz, 4, 210, 309, 310, 370
Sharri, Naeem, 373, 376–7
Shashtri, Lal Bahadur, 65
Sheikh, Omar, 83
Sheraton Hotel, Damascus, 278, 295, 296, 298
Sherpao, Aftab, 292, 312, 313
Sherpao, Hayat, 313
Shia Islam/Shiites, 24, 50, 51
Shuja Shah, 171
Sial, Haq Nawaz, 400, 422
Siddiq (photographer), 30
Simla talks and agreement, 108–10
Sinbad amusement park, Karachi, 23
Sindh
electricity supply in, 4–5
the Bhuttos settle and become prominent in, 39–40
1937 election, 43
Zulfikar’s adolescent years spent in, 45
land holdings of the Bhuttos in, 46, 113, 161
1970 election result, 99
rumours of planned massacre in, 101–2
civil disobedience against Zia in, 239
Murtaza’s candidacy and election campaign, 315–17
Murtaza’s visit to, 356–8
ethnic violence in, 366
brief references, 16, 55, 209, 302, 322, 356, 365, 369, 383, 384, 390, 418
see also Sindh Assembly; names of places Sindh Assembly, 174, 331, 340, 366, 370, 436–7
Sindhi, Obaid Ullah, 187
Sindhi, Sheikh Abdul Majeed, 43
Sindhis, 53, 298, 300, 332
Sindh Madrassah, 51–2
Sindh Public Service Commission, 44
Sinkiang region, 61
Sinsabaugh, Nancy, 130–1
Sofi (nanny), 405–6, 411–12
Sonara, Ali, 14–20, 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 329, 420
Sonara, Sakina, 17–18
Soomro, Allahbux, 44
Soomro, Ilahi Bux (‘Iloo’), 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
South Africa, 155, 361
South-East Asian Treaty Orgainization see SEATO
Soviet Union/Russia, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65, 86, 108, 127, 190, 192, 215
Spain, 386
Sri Lanka, 145
see also Ceylon
State Bank of Pakistan, 60
Stephens, Professor Ian, 213
Suddle, Shoaib, 25–6, 32, 398, 401, 416, 422, 436
Suez Canal, 66
Suez crisis, 58
Sukarno, President, 66
Sukkar, 239
Sun, 200
Sunnis, 50, 51
Surat valley, 377
Surjani Town, 25, 28–33, 395, 396, 397
Swat, 365, 436
Sweden, 169, 228
Switzerland, 148, 150
Syria
Murtaza and Shahnawaz visit, 176, 180
Della Roufogalis in, 180
hijacked plane in, 226–7
Murtaza decides to move to Damascus, 242
Shahnawaz and Suhail Sethi join Murtaza in, 243
Shahnawaz leaves, 247
Murtaza and his family live in Damascus, 91, 263, 268–72, 275–80, 293–4, 295–300, 307–8, 314, 318, 323–5
Murtaza leaves, 325–6
brief references, 312, 321, 334, 385
Tahir, Rai, 398, 400, 401–2, 403, 418, 419
Talbot, Ian, 289, 290, 303
Taliban, 6, 25, 370
Tameer, 200
Tamewali firing range, 281
Taraki, President, 190, 192
Tashkent Declaration (1966), 65–6, 69
Texas, 132
Thailand, 58
Thatcher, Margaret, 174
Thatta, 39, 315–16
Third World, 53, 76–7, 107, 111
Tikka Khan, General, 100, 124
Tipu, Salamullah, 220–1, 221–3, 224–5, 229–30
Toronto, 162
Trader Vic’s restaurant, London, 154, 156, 157, 160
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 60
Tribal Belt, 237
Tripoli, 148, 228, 242, 243
Turkey, 52
United Arab Emirates, 112, 181
United Kingdom/England, 169, 240, 385 see also
London; Oxford
United Nations, 75, 103, 107, 154, 227, 386
General Assembly, 161
Security Council, 65, 103
United States
Arms Control Disarmament Agency, 108
Della Roufogalis in, 156, 194
and India, 62, 64, 66, 96
Murtaza’s visit to, 161–2
National Archives, 282
and Pakistan, 5–6, 7, 52–3, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63–4, 66, 75, 95–6, 110–11, 112, 123
State Department, 99
Zulfikar’s comments about, in letter to Murtaza, 128, 129
brief references, 169, 174, 247, 259, 292, 365
see also Berkeley, University of California at; Harvard
Urdu Digest, 200
Vanity Fair, 281
Venceremos (magazine), 92, 93–4, 95
Vergès, Jacques, 255, 257–60
Veria, 154, 155, 159
Victoria, Queen, 41
Vietnam War, 54, 62, 66, 74, 76, 98, 137, 139, 140
Volker, Paul, 386
WAF (Women’s Action Forum), 207
Wajahat (guard), 397, 399, 418
Waldheim, Kurt, 149
War on Terror, 292
Washington, 62, 94, 138, 161
Washington Post, 161
Wassom, General Herbert M., 281
Waziristan, 7, 365
Weekend Post, 339
White, Bill, 99–100, 130, 132–3, 136, 182
White House, 138
Women’s Action Forum (WAF), 207
Yahya Khan, General Agha Mohammad, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 116
Yar Mohammad, 24–5, 27, 30, 396–7, 398–9, 403
Yousef, Mohd, 301–2
Yousseff Goth, 28–33
Zahid, Justice Nasir Aslam, 383, 422
Zaidi, Hasan, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377
Zainab market, Karachi, 28
Zardari, Asif
before his marriage, 285
Benazir marries, 284, 342
stands for 1988 election from Lyari, 2
83
allocation of 1988 election tickets, 289–90
and business dealings of his friends, 302–3
first stint in jail, 310
stables of, 310
criticized by Mumtaz Bhutto, 310
and change in the nature of PPP, 311
and 1993 election tickets, 312
gift to Fatima, 323–4
comment on Zulfikar, 360
allegations of corruption against, 385–8
second period in jail, 386–7
and Murtaza’s assassination, 35–6, 405, 423
at Benazir’s funeral, 426, 428–9
becomes presidential candidate, 425
Fatima encounters security staff of, 429
as president, 111, 429, 430, 431
and Garhi Khuda Bux, 431, 432, 433
murder cases against, 433–6
acquitted of Murtaza’s murder, 435, 436
brief references, 17, 25, 382, 402
Zardari, Hakim, 284–5, 435
Zayed, Sheikh, 112, 181
Zia ul Haq, General
and Avari guestbook, 14
promoted by Zulfikar, 124–5
declares martial law, 146
not permitted a state visit to Libya, 148–9
and Arafat, 149
not expected to kill Zulfikar, 160–1
international protests fail to provoke uprising against, 170
regime kills Zulfikar, 171
destruction of Rawalpindi jail, 171
Bhutto brothers begin to organize armed struggle against, 175–6, 178, 180, 182
resistance to regime of, 199–210
and the hijacking of PIA plane, 225–6, 229
attack on plane of, 237
referendum on Islamization programme, 239–40
1985 elections, 240
allows Benazir to return to Pakistan, 240
hold on power strengthened, 241
and death of Shahnawaz, 253
attends tank trials, 280–1
killed in plane crash, 281–2, 285
brief references, 15, 16, 31, 151, 154, 159, 167, 186, 227, 228, 234–5, 247, 277, 284, 290, 293, 298, 303, 314, 360–1, 369