Brazil
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25. Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda (born Sirinhaém, 1793, died Rio de Janeiro, 1870).
26. Francisco Vilela Barbosa, first Marquis of Paranaguá (1769–1846), was later Minister of the Navy under Dom Pedro I and during the regency, and a senator of the empire.
27. Cipriano José Barata de Almeida (born Salvador, 1762, died Natal, 1838). A member of Brazil’s first Masonic Lodge, the Loja Cavaleiros da Luz (founded in Salvador in 1798), he had taken part in the Conspiracy of Bahia in 1798 and the revolution of Pernambuco in 1817.
28. Francisco Agostinho Gomes was a priest who was later to found a pro-independence periodical called Escudo da Liberdade do Brasil.
29. There were five deputies for Rio de Janeiro, six for São Paulo, one for Santa Catarina, nine for Bahia, eight for Pernambuco, three for Paraíba, three for Rio Grande do Norte, four for Ceará, two for Piauí, two for Maranhão, four for Pará, two for Goiás, two for Rio Grande do Sul, eleven for Minas and one for Espírito Santo. There were also two for Alagoas, two for Rio Negro and one for Cisplatina.
30. José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763–1838). As we shall see, he will play an important part in the Brazilian Independence movement.
31. Fausto, História do Brasil, p. 132.
32. Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo (1781–1847) was a Brazilian journalist, politician and freemason, leader of the liberal and democratic faction during the period of independence.
33. Letter from Dom Pedro, 8 June 1821, quoted in Tarquínio, vol. II, p. 236.
34. Letter of 10 December 1821, quoted in Lima, Dom João VI no Brasil, pp. 149–50.
35. Oliveira Martins, p. 185.
36. These letters from Leopoldine were published in the Revista do Instituto Histórico under the title ‘Cartas inéditas da 1a Imperatriz D. Maria Leopoldina (1821–1826)’, Revista do IHGB, vol. 75 (1912), book 126, part II, pp. 109–27.
37. Desorganizadores.
38. ‘Diga ao povo que fico’. The declaration, where the verb is in the present tense, is known as ‘the Fico’.
39. These are Dom Pedro’s words, according to official Brazilian history, that have been taught in schools and memorized by children ever since.
40. Passages quoted by Lima, Dom João VI no Brasil, p. 197. See also in IHGB (DL.480.18), ‘Centenário do ‘Fico’ (9 January 1822). ‘Prefeitura do Distrito Federal’ (January 1922), p. 30. ‘Facsímile dos documentos do Senado da Câmara do Rio de Janeiro existentes no Arquivo Municipal’ (January/August 1822), 1922.
41. Lima, Dom João VI no Brasil, p. 218.
42. Correio do Rio de Janeiro, no. 56 (19 June 1822), p. 2.
43. Among them, Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada Machado e Silva (born Santos 1773, died Rio de Janeiro 1845), a politician and journalist, nephew of José Bonifácio and known for his criticism of despotism.
44. Diogo Antônio Feijó (born São Paulo, 1784, died São Paulo 1843). See below.
45. José Lino dos Santos Coutinho (born Salvador, 1784, died Salvador, 1836).
46. For an overview of this situation and the activities of the more radical groups, see Renato Lopes Leite, Republicanos e libertários: pensadores radicais no Brasil da Independência. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2000.
47. Isabel Lustosa, Insultos impressos: A guerra dos jornalistas na Independência. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000, p. 134.
48. For further information on this data and the election procedures, see Oliveira Martins, pp. 309–11.
49. ‘D. Pedro I, Príncipe Regente. Manifesto de independência. Rio de Janeiro, 1 de agosto de 1822’, Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, ms. I, 36, 28, 009, p. 1.
50. Fernando Novais e Carlos Guilherme Mota, A independência do Brasil. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1996, p. 54.
51. ‘Manifesto do Príncipe Regente do Brasil aos governos e nações amigas. 6 de agosto de 1822’, Código Brasiliense ou Coleção das Leis, alvarás, decretos, cartas régias etc. promulgadas no Brasil desde a feliz chegada do príncipe Regente Nosso Senhor a estes estados com um índice cronológico (1808–1837). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, Seção de Obras Raras, 4, 1, Impressão Régia, Tipografia Nacional e Imperial, 1811–38.
52. Ourviram do Ipiranga às margens plácidas – the first line of Brazil’s national anthem.
53. The Marquesa de Santos was later to become the prince’s favourite lover. See below.
54. riding boots.
55. Tarquínio, vol II, p. 33.
56. Quoted in Tarquínio, vol. II, p. 36.
57. ‘Memória sobre a Independência do Brasil pelo Major Francisco de Castro Canto e Mello, gentil homem da Imperial Câmara’. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, box 400, doc. 8, 1864.
58. ‘Memória … Castro Canto e Mello’, in ibid.; see also ‘Fragmento de uma memória sobre a independência do Brasil, onde se encontram alguns trechos sobre os serviços do Conselheiro José Joaquim da Rocha’, Rio de Janeiro, Arquivo Nacional, codex 807, vol. 3, 1864.
59. Quoted in Tarquínio, vol. II, p. 37.
60. Memória … Castro Canto e Mello’, op. cit.
61. BN/PR SOR 92 (1) O Espelho.
62. Quoted by Lustosa, Insultos impressos, p. 242.
63. Iara Lis Carvalho Souza, A independência do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1999, p. 257.
64. Antônio Augusto de Lima Júnior, Cartas de D. Pedro I a D. João VI relativas à independência do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Gráfica do Jornal do Comércio, 1941, p. 74.
65. See Cabral de Mello, A outra independência.
66. Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias, ‘Historicidade da condição feminina no Brasil Colonial para o curso de pós-graduação Problemas Brasileiros’, lecture given on 22 August 1986, p. 165.
CHAPTER 9
1. José Murilo de Carvalho, A construção da ordem: A elite política imperial, 2nd edn. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/Relume Dumará, 1996.
2. Luiz Felipe de Alencastro and Fernando A. Novais (eds.), História da vida privada no Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1997, vol. 2: Império – A corte e a modernidade nacional.
3. The Brazilian Empire, although it covered a vast region, did not, obviously, have any overseas dominions, although this is what the word ‘empire’ in English implies.
4. Ilmar Rohloff de Mattos, ‘O gigante e o espelho’, in Keila Grinberg and Ricardo Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2009, vol. II: 1831–1870.
5. In Latin the Pontificale Romanum, the Latin Catholic liturgical book that contains the rites performed by bishops, the first versions of which date back to the ninth century. A standard version was published by Clement VIII (r.1592–1605) for use by the entire Roman Rite. This is the version mentioned here.
6. Ricardo Salles, Nostalgia Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: mimeo [n.d.], p. 74.
7. Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil, p. 326.
8. Ibid., pp. 327–9.
9. ‘Memória estatística do Império do Brasil’, Revista do IHGB, Rio de Janeiro, 1987, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial, p. 210.
10. Mariza de Carvalho Soares and Ricardo Salles, Episódios da história afro-brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2005.
11. Mary C. Karash, Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro: 1808–1850. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987, p. 335.
12. ‘Portugal e o Brazil’, O Campeão Portuguez em Lisboa, vol. I, no. VI (11 May 1822), p. 83.
13. Lúcia Bastos Neves, ‘Estado e política na independência’, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial, p. 130.
14. 800,000 mil réis (units of 1,000 réis).
15. Marques da Costa, Azevedo and Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca dos reis.
16. Ilmar Rohloff de Mattos, O tempo Saquarema. São Paulo: Hucitec/MinC/Pró-Memória/Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1987, p. 88. (Coleção Estudos Históricos, 10)
17. Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, ‘L’Empire du Brésil’, in Maurice Duverger (ed.), Le Concept d’empire. Paris: Pre
sses Universitaires de France, 1980.
18. Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, ‘Le Commerce des vivants: Traites d’esclaves et “pax lusitana” dans l’Atlantique Sud’. Paris Nanterre: Université Paris X, 1986. PhD.
19. Manolo Florentino, Em costas negras: Uma história do tráfico de escravos entre a África e o Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1997.
20. Beatriz Gallotti Mamigonian, ‘A proibição do tráfico atlântico e a manutenção da escravidão’, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial, pp. 207–33.
21. Alcir Lenharo, As tropas da moderação: O abastecimento da Corte na formação política do Brasil, 2nd edn. Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, 1992.
22. See Marcello Otávio Neri de Campos Basile, Anarquistas, rusguentos e demagogos: Os liberais exaltados e a formação da esfera pública imperial (1829–1834). Rio de Janeiro: IH-UFRJ, 2000. (Master’s dissertation in Social History)
23. In Rio de Janeiro and the northern states an alqueire was equal to 27,225 m². Although in Minas Gerais the measure was larger (48,400 m²), in all probability it was the former that the Assembly adopted.
24. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, O Brasil monárquico, 4th edn. São Paulo: Difel, 1986, vol. 3: O processo de emancipação. (Coleção História Geral da Civilização Brasileira)
25. Ronaldo Vainfas (ed.), Dicionário do Brasil imperial: 1822–1889. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2008.
26. See the letters of Santos Marrocos (Biblioteca Nacional) in Marques da Costa, Azevedo and Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca dos reis.
27. Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (1767–1830), or Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer.
28. Richard Graham, Clientelismo e política no Brasil do século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da UFRJ, 1997.
29. Lustosa, Insultos impressos, pp. 231–3.
30. See João Armitage, História do Brasil. Belo Horizonte and São Paulo: Itatiaia/Edusp, 1981, pp. 205–8.
31. John Armitage (1807–1856) was a British traveller who wrote History of Brazil, which narrates the story of the independence process from a foreigner’s point of view.
32. Sempre-viva is a special flower. Its petals close in cold weather and open up when the temperature rises, giving the impression that it is always alive. Hence the name.
33. Basile, Anarquistas, rusguentos e demagogos.
34. Ibid., pp. 20–3.
CHAPTER 10
1. For this debate and the significance of federalism during the process of independence, see Cabral de Mello, A outra independência.
2. [Note to come]
3. Marco Morel, ‘O pequeno monarca’, Nossa História, Rio de Janeiro: Vera Cruz, 3, no. 26 (December 2005), pp. 14–17.
4. Aurora Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, no. 470 (11 April 1831), p. 2.
5. On Dom Pedro’s childhood, see, among others, Schwarcz, As barbas do Imperador.
6. Murilo de Carvalho, A construção da ordem.
7. Miriam Dolhnikoff, O pacto imperial: Origens do federalismo no Brasil. São Paulo: Globo, 2005, pp. 89–93.
8. The yellow-headed caracara, a member of the falcon family.
9. Yellow parrot, from the Tupi aîuruîuba (aîuru = parrot + îuba = yellow).
10. Ragamuffins. Supporters of the Ragamuffins’ War. See note 4.
11. The origin is the Tupi word for Moray Eel – karamu’ru.
12. An island in Guanabara Bay.
13. Rio’s twin city, on the other side of Guanabara Bay.
14. Urucum (‘red colour’ in Tupi) is a tropical shrub from which an orange-red dye is extracted.
15. Guaraná is a climbing plant of the maple family that grows in the Amazon.
16. Maria Januária Vilela Santos, A balaiada e a insurreição de escravos no Maranhão. São Paulo: Ática, 1983. (Coleção Ensaios, 101)
17. Dom José, the fifth king of the Bragança dynasty, reigned in Portugal between 1750 and 1777.
18. Dona Maria I, Queen of Portugal from 1777 to 1816, whose son became regent after she was declared mentally incapable. See chapters 6 and 7.
19. See Manuel Valentim Alexandre, Os sentidos do império: Questão nacional e questão colonial na crise do Antigo Regime português. Porto: Afrontamento, 1993.
20. The tupi name for an Amazonian tree whose seeds contain an oil with medicinal properties.
21. The plant from whose root the dye is extracted.
22. Arthur César Ferreira Reis, ‘O Grão-Pará e o Maranhão’, in Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (ed.), História Geral da Civilização Brasileira, 4th edn. São Paulo: Difel, 1978, vol. II: O Brasil monárquico.
23. Magda Ricci, ‘Cabanos, patriotismo e identidades: Outras histórias de uma revolução’, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial.
24. The term used to designate groups of Indians who didn’t speak the Tupi language.
25. See Ricci, ‘Cabanos, patriotismo e identidades’, pp. 189–90.
26. Euclides da Cunha (1866–1909) was a Paulista engineer, geologist and journalist whose book Os Sertões (The Backlands) documented the Canudos War (1896–7 – see chapter 13).
27. Euclides da Cunha, ‘Da independência à República’, in ibid., À margem da história. Porto: Lello e Irmão, 1926, p. 63.
28. For the uprising in the quilombo do Urubu, see João José Reis, Rebelião escrava no Brasil: A história do levante dos Malês em 1835 (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003, pp. 100 ff). For the use of the word ‘candomblé’, see Reis and Silva, Negociação e conflito, p. 41.
29. For the political context in Bahia between the end of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth, see Reis, Rebelião escrava no Brasil, especially part I.
30. For the conspiracy of 1807, see ibid., pp. 71 ff.
31. Crioulos were slaves who had been born in Brazil, and were thus Brazilians, as opposed to first-generation slaves who had been imported from Africa.
32. For the conspiracy of 1814, see Stuart B. Schwartz, ‘Cantos e quilombos numa conspiração de escravos Haussá; Bahia, 1814’, in Reis and dos Santos Gomes (eds.), Liberdade por um fio.
33. For the uprising of 1835, see Reis, Rebelião escrava no Brasil.
34. Most deportations were to Africa, above all Angola.
35. In Portuguese, ‘um partido desorganizador’.
36. Paulo César Souza, A Sabinada: A revolta separatista da Bahia (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2009). For the description of the revolt we used this book, as well as Luiz Vianna Filho, A Sabinada: A república baiana de 1837 (Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1938).
37. Keila Grinberg, ‘A sabinada e a politização da cor na década de 1830’, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial, p. 275.
38. Hendrik Kraay, ‘As Terrifying as Unexpected: The Bahian Sabinada, 1837–1838’, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Durham, NC, vol. 72, no. 4 (November 1992), p. 521.
39. The passages on the previous history of this region were mostly taken from the text by Sandra Jatahy Pesavento, ‘Uma certa revolução farroupilha’, in Grinberg and Salles (eds.), O Brasil imperial, pp. 235–40.
40. The seven missions founded by the Jesuits on their return.
41. Sesmaria (from the Portuguese sesma, derived from the Latin sexima, a sixth part) was a Portuguese legal institution for the distribution of land to be used for production.
42. See, among others, Spencer Leitman, Raízes socioeconômicas da Guerra dos Farrapos. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979.
43. See, among others, Maria Medianeira Padoin, Federalismo gaúcho: Fronteira platina, direito e revolução. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 2002.
44. For an overview of the region, see César Augusto Barcellos Guazzelli, O horizonte da província: A república rio-grandense e os caudilhos do rio da Prata, 1835–45. Rio de Janeiro: IH-UFRJ, 1998. PhD thesis in History.
45. The Liberal Summarizer.
46. See Sandra Jatahy Pesavento, A revolução farroupilha. São Paulo: Brasiliense,
1985, p. 12. (Coleção Tudo é História, 101)
47. A small town 344 kilometres from the capital of the province, Rio Grande do Sul.
48. Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.
49. Part of this information was researched by Matheus Gato de Jesus, whom we thank. See, in this context, the account ‘Intelectuais negros maranhenses na formação do Brasil moderno (1870–1939)’. São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, July 2013. Relatório de qualificação.
50. See, among others, Fabiano Vilaça dos Santos, O governo das conquistas do norte: Trajetórias administrativas no Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão (1751–1780). Available at:
51. The largest tributary on the left bank of the Amazon river.
52. Bem-te-vi is a songbird found throughout Brazil, including in the towns. In English it is called the Great Kiskadee. Both names imitate the sound of its call. The words Bem-te-vi mean ‘I saw you!’
53. Claudete Maria Miranda Dias, Balaios e bem-te-vis: A guerrilha sertaneja, 2nd edn. Teresina: Instituto Dom Barreto, 2002.
54. See, among others, Maria Janotti de Lourdes Mônaco, A Balaiada (São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1987) (Coleção Tudo é História, 117); Maria Villela Santos, A Balaiada e a insurreição de escravos no Maranhão (São Paulo: Ática, 1983).
55. Mentioned above as the Baron of Caxias, he was to become the most famous military figure in the history of Brazil.
56. See Lúcia Maria Paschoal Guimarães, ‘Sociedades políticas’, in Vainfas (ed.), Dicionário do Brasil imperial.
57. Gilberto Freyre, Sobrados e mucambos: Decadência do patriarcado rural no Brasil, 8th edn. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1990, pp. 389–90.
CHAPTER 11
1. Tobias Barreto series, Rio de Janeiro: National Library Archives.
2. Papers relating to the consecration and coronation of Dom Pedro II, Arquivo Nacional, Fundo Casa Imperial.