Chapter One
1. James Thacher, Military Journal of the American Revolution, from the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army; Comprising a detailed account of the principal events and Battles of the Revolution, with Their Exact Dates, and a Biographical Sketch of the most Prominent Generals, to which Is Added the Life of Washington, His Farewell Address, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. Hartford, CN: Hurlbut, Williams & Company, 1862, p. 68, p. 23.
2. Peter Brown to his mother, June 28, 1775, in Ezra Stiles, Literary Diary, New York: Franklin Dexter, 1901, 3 vols., I: 595.
3. Rev. David Avery, David Avery Papers, Princeton Theological Seminary.
4. Samuel Webb to Joseph Webb, June 19, 1775, Worthington Ford, Ed., Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb, 2 vols., New York, 1893, New York Times-Arno Books, 1969, I: 63–65; Samuel Ward to Mary Ward, August 17, 1775, Samuel Ward Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence.
5. Robert Steele to William Sumner, July 10, 1825, Samuel Swett Papers on Bunker Hill, New York Historical Society, in George Scheer and Hugh Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, New York: World Publishing Company, 1957, pp. 59–60.
6. Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, p. 61.
7. William Prescott to John Adams, August 25, 1775, Richard Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 3rd ed., Boston, 1872, pp. 395–396.
8. Peter Brown to his mother, June 28, 1775, in Stiles, Literary Diary, I: 595.
9. Amos Farnsworth, June 17, 1776 entry in “Diary of Amos Farnsworth,” in Henry Steele Commager and Richard Morris, Eds., The Spirit of ’seventy Six, 2 vols., New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1958, I:122–123.
10. Thacher, p. 27.
11. Scheer and Rankin, p. 55–64.
Chapter Two
1. Harry Zobel, The Boston Massacre, New York: W. W. Norton, 1970, p. 191.
2. Walter Muir Whitehill, Boston’s Topographical History, 2d ed., Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 3–45.
3. Thomas O’Connor, Bibles, Brahmins and Bosses, A Short History of Boston, Public Library of the City of Boston, 1991, 2d ed., pp. 38–52.
4. Pennsylvania Journal, August 2, 1775.
5. Thomas Hutchinson, Ed., Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, with an Account of His Administration, Boston: Houghton, 1889–1896, in Commager, Spirit of Seventy-Six, I: 117–118.
6. Elijah Fisher, Elijah Fisher’s Journal While in the War for Independence and Continued Two Years After He Came to Maine, 1775–1784, Augusta, ME: Press of Badger & Manley, 1880, p. 5.
7. James Stevens, The Journal of James Stevens, of Andover, Massachusetts, a Soldier in the American Revolution, Salem, Mass., 1911, p. 7.
8. From a letter in Rivington’s Gazette (NY), June 20, 1775.
9. Stevens, The Journal of James Stevens, of Andover, Massachusetts, a Soldier in the American Revolution, p. 6.
10. August diary notes of Sam Haws, Abraham Tomlinson, The Military Journals of Two Private Soldiers, 1758—1775, New York: DeCapo Press, 1971, pp. 64–70.
Chapter Three
1. John Littell, ed., Alexander Graydon’s Memoirs of His Own Time, Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1846, reprinted by the New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 152.
2. George Wingate Chase, Diary of David How, a Private in Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent’s Regiment of the Massachusetts Line, in the Army of the American Revolution . . . with illustrative notes by Henry Dawson, Morrisania, N.Y., 1865, entry May 27, 1775, p. 19.
3. George Ewing, Military Journal of George Ewing, 1754–1824, a Soldier of Valley Forge, Yonkers, NY: Thomas Ewing, 1928, p. 26.
4. Nathan Avery to David Avery, June 19, 1775; Papers of David Avery, Princeton Theological Seminary.
5. Fisher, Elijah Fisher’s Journal While in the War for Independence and Continued Two Years After the War in Maine, 1775–1784, p. 5.
6. Tomlinson, Haws, Military Journals, p. 82.
7. Tomlinson, Haws, Military Journals, p. 77.
8. Rev. David Avery, David Avery Papers.
9. Leven Powell to Sarah Powell, February 24, 1776, William Dodd, Ed., John Branch Historical Papers of Macon-Randolph College, Richmond: Everett Weoddry Co., 1902, pp. 29–31.
10. GW to John Hancock, September 24, 1776, GWW VI:110–111; GW to William Livingston, January 4, 1777, GWW VII: 56; GW to Jack Custis, January 22, 1777, GWW VII: 52–53; GW to Lund Washington, Aug. 20, 1775, GWW III: 433; Scheer and Rankin, p. 81.
11. Scheer and Rankin, p. 87.
12. Jesse Lukens to John Shaw Jr., September 17, 1775, in Scheer and Rankin, p. 88; Richard Harwell, Ed., Douglass Southall Freeman, George Washington, abridged ed., p. 236.
13. GWW III: 357.
14. Scheer and Rankin, p. 78.
15. Avery, Papers.
16. Charles Bolton, The Private Soldier Under Washington, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902, p. 112–113; Stevens, Journal.
17. Chase, Diary of David How, entry of March 1, 1775, p. 9.
18. John Lacey, Memoirs, PMHB, XXV, 1901, p. 12.
19. William Richardson to William Smallwood, April 12, 1777, Papers Relating to the Maryland Line, p. 91.
20. Joseph White, “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, June, 1956, pp. 5–6.
21. Harwell, George Washington, abridged ed., p. 350.
22. GW to Lord Stirling, January 19, 1777, GWW VII: 33.
23. Jedediah Huntington to Jabez Huntington, Nov. 23, 1775, Huntington Papers, Connecticut Historical Society.
24. John Adams to William Heath, October 5, 1775, Paul Smith, Letters to the Delegates of Congress, 1774–1789, 26 vols., Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976, II: 112.
25. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, Dec. 15, 1775, Smith, II:488–489.
26. John Hancock to the colonies, December 18, 1775, Smith, II: 444.
27. Josiah Bartlett in Peter Force, Ed., American Archives V, six series, 9 vols., Washington, D.C., 1837–1853, I: 404; Bolton, The Private Soldier Under Washington, p. 31.
Chapter Four
1. Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 30, 1776.
2. Timothy Newell, Journal Kept During the Time That Boston Was Shut Up, 1775–1776,” Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Fourth Series, 2 vols., Boston, 1852. I: 274–275; Manasseh Cutler, Life, Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LLD, Cincinnati: Robert Clark & Co., 1888.
Chapter Five
1. Virginia Gazette, July 28, 1775.
2. Scheer and Rankin, p. 128.
3. Chase, ix.
4. Gregory Knouff, The Soldiers’ Revolution: Pennsylvania in Arms and the Forging of the Early American Identity, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, pp. 77–79.
5. Mark Lender and James Kirby Martin, Eds., Citizen Soldier: The Revolutionary War Journal of Joseph Bloomfield, Newark, NJ: New Jersey Historical Society, 1982, p. 111.
6. John Adams to Abigail Adams, September 2, 1777, L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence, 6 vols., Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1963–1993, II: 336.
7. Mark Boatner, The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994, pp. 263–264.
8. Orderly Book of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, August 15, 1776.
9. Knouff, The Soldiers Revolution: Pennsylvania in Arms and the Forging of the Early American Identity, pp. 84–89.
10. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775–1783, Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1967, p. 35.
11. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War, The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979, p. 59.
12. Boston Gazette, April 22, 1776.
13. When Joseph Reed, an aide to Washington, left the army he was elected “President” of Pennsylvania.
14. George Fleming to Sebastian Baumann, January 21, 1778, Baumann Papers, New
York State Historical Society.
15. New Jersey Gazette, March 18, 1778.
16. Sam Shaw to his father, May 13, 1777, Josiah Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, the First Consul at Canton, Boston: William Brosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847, p. 91.
17. Boyle, Joseph Lee, Writings from the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, December 19, 1777–June 19, 1778, 5 vols., Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 2000-2004, II: 16.
Chapter Six
1. Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, p. 269.
2. April 20, 1775, “Farnsworth’s Journal,” Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. 2d Series, XIII (1898, p. 79). 3. Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, pp. 16–17. 4. Knouff, The Soldiers’ Revolution, 44.
5. Samuel Cooper to his wife and children, July 18, 1775, Charles McKee, “Letters of a Soldier of the American Revolution,” Connecticut Magazine, X, (1906), p. 25.
6. Royster, A Revolutionary People at War, p. 30.
7. Quoted in petitions of Pennsylvania soldiers for pensions after the war, Knouff, p. 44.
8. John Shy, A People Armed and Dangerous: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, p. 168.
9. “George Morison’s Journal,” Kenneth Roberts, ed., Marching to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold’s Expedition, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1938, p. 505.
10. Dan Barber, History of My Own Times, Washington, D.C.: S.C. Ustick, 1827, pp. 13–14.
11. “James McMichael Diary,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, no. 16 (1892), pp. 129–159, p. 3.
12. William Powell, “A Connecticut Soldier Under Washington: Elisha Bostwick’s Memoirs of the First Years of the Revolution,” William and Mary Quarterly, Series 3, vol. 6 (1949), p . 99.
13. George Scheer, Ed., Joseph Plumb Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1962, p. 17.
14. Avery Papers.
15. Jersey Journal, March 29, 1780.
16. Lemuel Roberts, Memoirs of Captain Lemuel Roberts, , Containing Adventures in Youth, Vicissitudes Experienced as a Continental Soldier, and Escapes from Captivity with Suitable reflections on the Changes of Life, Bennington, VT: Anthony Haswell, 1809; reprinted, New York: New York TimesArno Press, 1969, p. 21.
17. Holly Mayer, Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community During the American Revolution, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996, p. 32.
18. John Laurens, Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 136.
19. Nathanael Greene to GW, GWW IV: 441.
20. William Dwyer, The Day Is Ours, New York: Viking Press, 1983, p. 249.
Chapter Seven
1. John Codman, Ed., Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec, New York: Macmillan, 1902, pp. 6–8.
2. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ’76, I: 583.
3. Willard Stern Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor, New York: William Morrow, 1990, pp. 84–87.
4. Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor, pp. 135–137.
5. Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, pp. 115–118.
6. Benedict Arnold, “Col. Arnold’s Journal of His Expedition to Canada,” entry of September 29, 1775, in Kenneth Roberts, March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of the Arnold Expedition, 1938, p. 45.
7. George Morison, “George Morison’s Journal,” in Roberts, March to Quebec, p. 511.
8. Isaac Senter, “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 202–203.
9. Arnold, “Col. Arnold’s Journal of His Expedition to Canada,” entry of October 12, 1775, in Roberts, p. 50.
10. Codman, Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec, pp. 70–73.
11. Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor, p. 182.
12. Scheer and Rankin, p. 119.
13. Abner Stocking’s “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 555–556; Morison, “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 525–526.
14. Randell, p. 188.
Chapter Eight
1. Codman, Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec, p. 128.
2. “George Morison’s Journal,” in Roberts, March to Quebec, pp. 536–537.
3. Stocking’s Journal,” in Roberts, March to Quebec, p. 565.
4. Nathaniel Shipton and David Swain, eds. Rhode Islanders Record the Revolution: The Journals of William Humphrey and Zuriel Waterman, Providence: Rhode Island Publications Society, 1984, pp. 32–34.
5. John Henry, “Journal,” Roberts, March to Quebec, pp. 389–90.
6. Boatner, The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 894–895.
7. Colonel Thomas Johnson’s Letters and Documents, Vermont Historical Society, 1923–25, 1926, Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, Below Falls, VT: P.T. Gobie Press, 1926.
8. Caleb Foot, Reminiscences of the Prison Letters and Sea Journal of Caleb Foot, Salem, MA: Essex Institute Collections, Vol. XXVI, 1889, pp 8–9.
9. Pension request affidavit of Greenman, in Bray and Bushnell, Diary of a Common Soldier in the American Revolution, pp. 300–301.
Chapter Nine
1. Benedict Arnold to the Congressional Commissioners, June 2, 1776, Peter Force, American Archives, 5th Series, I:165.
2. Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor, pp. 235–236.
3. David Burg, ed. An Eyewitness History: the American Revolution, New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001, pp. 107–109.
4. Benedict Arnold to Philip Schuyler, April 20, 1776, Peter Force. Ed., American Archives, 6 series in 9 vols., Washington, D.C., 1837–1853, 4th Series, V:1098–1100.
Chapter Ten
1. Isaac Senter, The Journal of Isaac Senter, Physician and Surgeon to the Troops Detached from the American Army Encamped at Cambridge, Mass., on a Secret Expedition Against Quebec under the Command of Col. Benedict Arnold, in September, 1775, Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1846,; reprinted by New York Times Books-Arno Press, 1969, pp. 38–39.
2. Codman, Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec, p. 285.
3. Elizabeth Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82, New York: Hill and Wang, 2001, pp. 62–68.
4. Arnold’s general orders, March 26, 1776, in Doyen Salsig, ed., Parole: Quebec; Countersign: Ticonderoga; Second New Jersey Regimental Orderly Book, 1776, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1980, pp. 55–56.
5. Fenn, Pox Americana, p. 113.
6. Smallpox in Colonial America, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1977, section four; Larry Gerlach, “Smallpox Inoculations in Colonial New Jersey,” in The Journal of the Rutgers University Library, December, 1967, pp. 21–28.
7. Dan Barber, History of My Own Times, p. 25.
8. Fenn, pp. 68–72.
9. Lemuel Roberts, Memoirs of Captain Lemuel Roberts, Containing Adventures in Youth, Vicissitudes Experienced as a Continental Soldier, His Sufferings as a Prisoner and Escapes from Captivity With Suitable Reflections on the Changes of Life, Bennington: Anthony Haswell, 1809; reprinted by New York Times-Arno Books, 1969, p. 34.
10. Lewis Beebe, “Journal of a Physician on the Expedition Against Canada,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. LIX, No. 4, October, 1935, p. 328.
11. J. J. Henry, Arnold’s Campaign Against Canada, Albany, Joel Munsell, 1877, pp. 134–139.
12. James Gibson, Dr. Bodo Otto and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, 1937, pp. 96–97.
13. Frye Bayley, Colonel Frye Bayley’s Reminiscences, Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, 1923– 1925, P. H. Gobe Press, 1926, pp. 34–35.
Chapter Eleven
1. Roberts, March to Quebec, p. 26.
2. Jonathan Trumbull to George Washington, July 9, 1776, quoted in Gibson, Dr. Bodo Otto and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, p. 99–100.
Chapter Twelve
1. W. Edmund Claussen, Patriots of the American
Revolution, Boyertown, PA: W. Claussen, 1975, p. 73.
2. “John Henry’s Journal,” “James Melvin’s Journal,” in Roberts, March to Quebec, p. 443–444.
3. July 21, 1776, note, Diary of Matthew Patten of Bedford, NH, Concord, NH: 1903, frame 1039.
4. Benedict Arnold to Phillip Schuyler, October 12, 1776, Peter Force, American Archives, 5th Series, III: 253–254.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Dwyer, The Day Is Ours, pp. 152, 213.
2. Louise Rau, ed., “John Smith’s Diary of 1776,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XX, 1933–1934, pp. 247–270.
3. Jared Lobdell, ed., “Revolutionary War Journal of Sgt. Thomas McCarty,” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, No. 316, January, 1964, pp. 36–43.
4. Powell, “A Connecticut Soldier under Washington: Elisha Bostwick’s Memoirs of the First Years of the Revolution,” William and Mary Quarterly, pp. 94–107.
5. Dwyer, p. 243.
6. Richard Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973.
7. William Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company, 1898, p. 133.
8. Theodore Thayer, Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the American Revolution, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1960, pp. 140–143.
9. David Ludlum, “The Weather of Independence: Trenton and Princeton,” in Weatherwise (August, 1975), 75–83.
10. Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution, 2 vols, New York: MacMillan, 1952, I: 295.
11. Samuel Smith, The Battle of Trenton, Monmouth Beach, NJ: Philip Freneau Press, 1965.
12. Richard Hansen, The Glorious Hour of Lieutenant Monroe, New York: Athenaeum, 1976, p. 153.
13. Sgt. Joseph White memoir, “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, June 1956, pp. 74–79.
14. James Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, Boston: Little Brown, Co., pp. 176–179; Pennsylvania Journal, July 9, 1777.
15. John Polhemus narrative, Leach Collection, Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
16. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Time, 3 vols., Philadelphia: Abraham Small, 1816, I: 131.
17. GW to John Cadwalader, Dec. 27, 1776, GWW VI: 446.
18. White, 77.
19. Powell, “A Connecticut Soldier Under Washington: Elisha Bostwick’s Memoirs of the First Years of the Revolution,” 102.
The First American Army Page 41