The Year Without Summer: 1816 and the Volcano That Darkened the World and Changed History
Page 31
“The sun is no doubt…”: Brattleboro Reporter, July 7, 1816.
“The alarm from spots…”: Mussey, p. 437.
“We think the alteration…”: Niles’ Weekly Register, August 10, 1816, p. 386.
“Very cold weather produced…”: Brattleboro Reporter, July 17, 1816.
“The word had been given…”: Latrobe, Rambler, p. 102.
“a very awful noise…”: Dow, Dealings, p. 155.
“At the same time…”: Johnston, “New Madrid,” p. 346.
“the earth was horribly torn…”: Dow, Dealings, p. 156.
“a feverish excitement”: Sanford, Quest, p. 109.
“It is perfectly understood…”: Niles’ Weekly Register, August 10, 1816, p. 386.
“the extensive forests…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 5, 1812, p. 2.
“A few years ago…”: Thomas, p. 58.
“a pernicious vapour…”: ibid., p. 56.
“the very handwriting…”: Laskin, pp. 56–7.
“When the Vapours rise…”: ibid., p. 55.
“supplemented rather than replaced…”: Murphy, “Prodigies,” p. 399.
“the most general…”: Saum, Popular Mood, p. 9.
“All things are known…”: ibid., p. 3.
“The Wheel of Providence…”: ibid.
“The King Providence…”: ibid., p. 11.
“the Lord in his goodness…”: ibid.
“I always consider the settlement…”: Butterfield, Diary, p. 257.
“Perhaps we can assign…”: Brattleboro Reporter, July 17, 1816.
“Great frost…”: deBoer, Volcanoes, p. 153.
“By fasting, humiliation, & prayer…”: Murphy, p. 403.
“The revivals in these years…”: Hotchkin, History, p. 126.
“all classes were subjects…”: ibid., pp. 127–8.
“the blaze being so brilliant…”: Thomas, p. 46.
“full-blooded merinos…”: Fletcher, Pennsylvania Agriculture, p. 195.
“Gather apples on the…”: ibid., p. 341.
“dark of the moon”: ibid.
“Hark! I heard the…”: ibid.
“although I made the…”: ibid., p. 355.
“Agriculture is at its…”: Thomas, p. 48.
“truly indicative of…”: ibid., p. 49.
“Often descending in…”: ibid., p. 59.
“The peach, the plumb…”: ibid.
“the character of the present…”: Ipswich Journal, July 6, 1816.
“The atmosphere still seems…”: Lancaster Gazette, June 8, 1816.
“considerable fall…”: Ipswich Journal, July 6, 1816.
“the torrents of rain that have…”: Paget, Capel Letters, p. 163.
“France is quite…”: ibid., pp. 163–4.
“all scientists, writers or artists…”: Lucas-Dubreton, p. 29.
“predictable forms of behaviour”: Harrington, Year Without, p. 360.
“The only object visible…”: Times (London), July 7, 1816.
“that can repay you for…”: Jones, Mary Shelley, p. 19.
“Geneva is far from…”: Jones, Percy Shelley, vol. I, p. 356.
“he asked me with an appearance…”: Priestly, Prince, p. 180.
“never really knew what…”: ibid., p. 183.
“exactly the kind of person…”: Florescu, In Search of, p. 45.
“turned Geneva into an…”: Edgcumbe, Diary, p. 236.
“The English in general are…”: Gooden, de Staël, p. 277.
“Switzerland is a curst…”: Florescu, p. 100.
“We watch them as…”: ibid., p. 107.
“the nature of the principle…”: Shelley, Frankenstein (1831), p. x.
“the component parts of…”: ibid.
“The season was cold…”: Shelley, Frankenstein (1818), p. 2.
“the story of a husband…”: Florescu, p. 113.
“These tales excited in us…”: Shelley, Frankenstein (1818), p. 2.
“suddenly thought of a woman…”: Seymour, Mary Shelley, p. 157.
“manufactured, brought together…”: Shelley, Frankenstein (1831), p. x.
5. DAY AFTER DAY
“Death is sweeping his scythe…”: McCullough, Adams, p. 617.
“empire of superstition…”: ibid., p. 619.
“still retains the appearance…”: Farmer’s Cabinet, July 13, 1816.
“Here a pivot…”: McCullough, p. 618.
“my hearing is not quite…”: Ford, Writings, vol. X, p. 6.
“In June, instead of…”: ibid., p. 64.
“One could not be…”: Brant, Madison, p. 411.
“Louis XVIII had just…”: ibid., p. 408.
“an imbecile tyrant”: Niles’ Weekly Register, November 9, 1816, p. 169.
“hoped to hide the…”: Brant, p. 409.
“A ruler more respected…”: ibid., p. 407.
“He gave to this day…”: Richmond Enquirer, July 13, 1816.
“With it, there is strength…”: ibid.
“They have warred…”: ibid.
“degraded and abject…”: ibid.
“sinking back into…”: National Register, July 6, 1816, p. 1.
“grinding her subjects…”: ibid.
“sultry hot weather”: Mussey, p. 437.
“a body could not feel…”: ibid., p. 438.
“the wind was N. West…”: Middlesex Gazette, August 15, 1816.
“so cold as to render…”: ibid.
“Our climate is far from…”: Richmond Enquirer, July 13, 1816.
“frozen down, about…”: Mussey, p. 438.
“in consequence of the backwardness…”: Farmer’s Cabinet, July 27, 1816.
“the most gloomy apprehensions…”: Brattleboro Reporter, July 17, 1816.
“Season very unpromising…”: Hoyt, p. 121.
“fears of a general…”: ibid., p. 122.
“the effects of an atmosphere…”: Richmond Enquirer, July 13, 1816.
“and there was a considerable space…”: Stockbridge Star, July 18, 1816.
“we have had several days…”: Farmer’s Cabinet, July 27, 1816.
“Think I never saw…”: Mussey, p. 438.
“The possession of Java…”: Egerton, p. 113.
“cannot longer be…”: ibid., p. 126.
“Anxiety soon pulls a man…”: ibid., p. 129.
“Although I am considerably…”: ibid., p. 131.
“and for the remedy…”: Adams, Memoirs, III, p. 382.
“the distresses of some classes…”: ibid., p. 383.
“the miserable state of things…”: Daily National Intelligencer, Sept. 13, 1816.
“Willing to work…”: Martineau, History, p. 53.
“with the most perfect…”: ibid.
“The season has been so unusually…”: Adams, p. 405.
“I have not yet ventured…”: ibid.
“The continuance of the present…”: Times (London), July 20, 1816.
“Such an inclement summer…”: ibid.
“the quantity of fine Wheat…”: Times (London), July 27, 1816.
“Melancholy accounts have been…”: Norfolk Chronicle, July 20, 1816.
“An indescribable misery…”: Times (London), August 2, 1816.
“to the almost…”: Times (London), July 13, 1816.
“In every part…”: ibid.
“Our rich grass lands…”: ibid.
“the grass which was cut…”: ibid.
“Even if the weather were…”: ibid.
“We continue to receive…”: Times (London), July 24, 1816.
“continual rains, torrents…”: Times (London), July 22, 1816.
“The hopes of a very fine harvest…”: ibid.
“the country was flooded…”: Edgcumbe, p. 215.
“the whole country…”: ibid., p. 222.
“the severity of the present season…”: Times (London), July 24, 1816.
“the harvest, which has been…”: Times (London), July 27, 1816.
“an unexampled dearth”: National Register, July 13, 1816.
“does not give any…”: Times (London), July 27, 1816.
“All the fine plain…”: Times (London), July 24, 1816.
“completely destroyed the hopes…”: Times (London), July 22, 1816.
“the churches and…”: Adams, p. 405.
“offered up in the churches…”: Times (London), July 20, 1816.
“a mad Italian prophet”: Times (London), July 22, 1816.
“and those who escaped…”: ibid.
“Old women have taken…”: Times (London), July 13, 1816.
“to prepare themselves…”: ibid.
“the weather was gloomy…”: Times (London), July 23, 1816.
“Suddenly cries, groans…”: Times (London), July 23, 1816.
“an enormous mass of clouds…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, July 1816, p. 72.
“In France as well…”: Times (London), July 23, 1816.
“added to the severe distress…”: Times (London), July 20, 1816.
“fairly frightened some of our…”: The Atheneum, I, 1817, p. 37.
“outrageous fooleries…”: Vail, “Bright Sun,” p. 185.
“the multitude are…”: ibid., p. 186.
“the Italian mountebanks”: Times (London), July 29, 1816.
“not unconnected with…”: Vail, p. 186.
“the end of the world…”: Times (London), July 13, 1816.
“this end of the World Weather…”: Vail, p. 188.
“in a fit of…”: Adams, p. 405.
“Another wet morning…”: Vail, p. 188.
“a dense whitish cloud…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, September 16, 1816, p. 173.
“The next year…”: Huntington, “Eighteen Hundred,” p. 94.
“This was enough…”: ibid.
“unusual excitement on the…”: Backman, “Awakenings,” p. 302.
6. THE LOST SUMMER
“The month was, without, perhaps…”: Harington, The Year, p. 369.
“a single room…”: Donnelly, The Land and the People, p. 24.
“rough stones…”: ibid.
“particularly suitable to…”: Smith, Wealth of Nations, p. 185.
“had neither the will…”: Ó Tuathaigh, Ireland Before, p. 94.
“generated universal amazement”: Brynn, Crown and Castle, p. 28.
“cool and sure intellect…”: ibid., p. 32.
“the country is in a…”: Gash, p. 176.
“intermittent social warfare”: ibid., p. 174.
“The enormous and overgrown…”: Parker, Peel Correspondence, p. 233.
“You can have no idea…”: ibid., p. 207.
“In truth, Ireland is…”: ibid.
“The people see that there is…”: Crossman, Politics, p. 24.
“Eight weeks of rain…”: Harington, p. 369.
“We were held prisoners…”: Sraffa, Ricardo, p. 48.
“a taste for other objects…”: ibid.
“rouse the Irish…”: ibid., pp. 48–9.
“could not find…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 12, 1816.
“I hear old England…”: Paget, p. 161.
“I should think England…”: ibid., p. 166.
“too small for…”: ibid., p. 165.
“been violent & incessant…”: ibid., p. 170.
“It is being…”: ibid., pp. 168–9.
“the divine beauty”: Jones, Percy Bysshe Shelley, vol. 1, p. 352.
“In my mind…”: ibid., p. 357.
“I never saw a monument…”: ibid., p. 485.
“a town more beautiful…”: ibid., p. 487.
“What a thing it would be…”: Vail, p. 189.
“Really we have had lately…”: ibid., p. 185.
“the general headquarters of…”: Goodden, Dangerous Exile, p. 284.
“as at some outlandish beast…”: ibid., p. 278.
“I believe Madame…”: ibid.
“She has made Coppet…”: Fairweather, Madame de Staël, p. 456.
“ventured to protect me…”: Goodden, p. 283.
“the cornfields on each side…”: Feldman, Journals, p. 113.
“The rain continued…”: ibid., p. 118.
“This is the most desolate…”: ibid., p. 119.
“a Hurricane of Thunder…”: Paget, pp. 170–1.
“but felt the wind…”: ibid., p. 171.
“seasons the most adverse…”: Ford, p. 51.
“On account of the extreme…”: Albany Argus, July 19, 1816.
“It is acknowledged on all hands…”: Brattleboro Reporter, July 17, 1816.
“rye is said to be…”: Hoyt, p. 122.
“It would astonish the plain…”: Maryland Gazette, May 2, 1816.
“commerce is languishing…”: Maryland Gazette, July 4, 1816.
“There has never been an instance…”: Wood, p. 719.
“the alien or sedition laws…”: ibid.
“A mind neither rapid…”: Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, p. 202.
“Madison is quick…”: Skeen, 1816, p. 212.
“stupid and illiterate…”: ibid., p. 213.
“this ridiculous man of straw…”: Maryland Gazette, August 1, 1816.
“A belief begins to…”: Vail, p. 184.
“are the conceived cause…”: Vail, p. 185.
“a kind of cone…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, February 1817, pp. 109–110.
“has occasion’d this change…”: quoted in Vail, p. 187.
“the wheat crop has suffered…”: Times (London), August 6, 1816.
“The rain descended…”: ibid.
“I thought I was to leave…”: ibid.
“in such a state…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, September 1816, p. 170.
“grain, meal of…”: Times (London), August 14, 1816.
“And the necessary consequence…”: Times (London), August 12, 1816.
“Instead of crowding our ports…”: Spater, Cobbett, vol. II, p. 343.
“a circumstance without parallel…”: Ashton, Social England, p. 279.
“Scarcely a day passes…”: Spater, p. 343.
“When no other sufficient cause…”: Times (London), August 15, 1816.
“the present distressed…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, July 1816, p. 149.
“No newspaper can describe…”: Halévy, Liberal Awakening, p. 13.
“it be impossible for any…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1816, p. 174.
“It is impossible…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, July 1816, p. 76.
7. POVERTY AND MISERY
“the crops of wheat and rye…”: Niles’ Weekly Register, August 10, 1816, p. 386.
“It has been observed…”: ibid., p. 385.
“a very violent storm…”: Farmers’ Cabinet, August 24, 1816.
“all of a sudden…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 3, 1816.
“Indeed we have the air…”: ibid.
“a temperature, such as is…”: Daily National Intelligencer, August 30, 1816.
“frost so severe…”: Skeen, p. 6.
“a hard frost…”: Stommel, Volcano Weather, p. 41.
“had perverted the college…”: Turner, Ninth State, p. 295.
“August proved to be…”: Schlegel, p. 1.
“August was more cheerless…”: Connecticut Courant, October 19, 1850.
“was white with frost…”: Connecticut Courant, October 1, 1816.
“The crops will be…”: ibid.
“a circumstance unparalleled…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 3, 1816.
“the oldest inhabitants…”: Skeen, p. 7.
“killed much corn…”: Ford, Writings, p. 64.
“Oh! It rains again…”: Austen, “Jane Austen’s Letters,” Letter 130, July 9, 1816.
“Whoever is fond…”: Nokes, A
usten, p. 480.
“so much nature…”: ibid., p. 478.
“I could no more…”: Austen, Letter 126, April 1, 1816.
“We were obliged…”: Austen, Letter 130, July 9, 1816.
“it’s being bad weather…”: ibid.
“I have often observed…”: ibid.
“She speaks of France…”: Austen, Letter 133, September 8, 1816.
“Weather miserably wet…”: Bailey, Standing, p. 211.
“a summary of all that…”: Wilton, Turner, p. 27.
“reflect the form and essence…”: Hamilton, Turner’s Britain, p. 114.
“flat and tame”: Edgcumbe, p. 226.
“was violently lashing…”: ibid., p. 224.
“It is a country to be in…”: Fairweather, p. 454.
“Lord Byron looked in…”: Edgcumbe, p. 236.
“had washed away…”: ibid., p. 241.
“Alas! All our…”: ibid., pp. 241–2.
“The inundations…”: ibid., p. 251.
“was not only a believer…”: Feldman, p. 126.
“A foolish girl…”: Marchand, Byron, p. 125.
“at Geneva, where there was…”: Vail, p. 184.
8. THE PRICE OF BREAD
“The waters are…”: Times (London), August 13, 1816.
“Thunderstorms brought forth … “: Lederer, “Report of the Famine,” p. 1.
“The weather continues…”: Times (London), August 8, 1816.
“burst its dikes … and in consequence…”: Times (London), August 12, 1816.
“The increase of waters…”: Times (London), August 17, 1816.
“the harvest is completely…”: Times (London), August 14, 1816.
“with an immense concourse…”: Times (London), August 9, 1816.
“the first crop of hay…”: Times (London), August 13, 1816.
“laid on with a…”: Times (London), August 9, 1816.
“inflammation of…”: Adams, p. 434.
“a girdle of…”: ibid.
“He said that he hoped…”: ibid., p. 422.
“The wheats everywhere…”: Times (London), August 10, 1816.
“The late rains have…”: ibid.
“The weather continues fine…”: Times (London), August 20, 1816.
“notwithstanding the lateness…”: Adams, p. 430.
“It is strange that…”: ibid.
“So certain is the result…”: Skeen, p. 229.
“There was no election…”: ibid.
“it may be crossed on foot…”: Farmer’s Cabinet, September 7, 1816.
“never has there been…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 7, 1816.
“every part of the…”: Connecticut Courant, October 8, 1816.