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The Lusiads, by Luis Vaz de Camoes, translated by Landeg White (Oxford University Press, 2002). Reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press.
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Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and maps.
Aachen, 250, 388
Abaqa Khan, 374, 376, 379, 405
Abbasid caliphate, 134, 156, 230, 306, 342, 346, 349
‘Abd al-Mu’min, caliph, 90
Abelard, Peter, 49–52, 53, 57, 81, 235, 354
Abraham, 95
Abraham, Cresques, 457
Abru, Hafiz-i, 451–52
Abu Abdulluh al-Bakri, 99–100
Abu al-Abbas, 134n
Abubakari II, king of Mali, 455, 457
Abu Bakr, 226n
Abu’l-Faraj, 342
Abu Sa’id Bahadur Khan, 450–52
Abu Salih, 288
Abu Ya’qub Yusuf, 90–91, 243
Acamapichtli, king of Tenochtitlán, 494–95
Acominatus, Michael, 222
Aconcagua, 189n
Acre, 158, 170, 171, 173, 174, 257, 275, 277, 293, 296, 336, 348, 351, 353–54, 369–70, 373–77
Kingdom of, see Jerusalem, Kingdom of
Acts, Book of, 233
Adafa, 287
Adamuz, 243
Adele of Champagne, queen of France, 152
Ad Extirpanda, 359
Adrian IV, pope, 83
Adrianople, 220, 221, 421, 537, 538, 540
Adriatic Sea, 15, 16, 316, 673
Aegean islands
Aegean Sea, 368, 538
Afghanapur, 479
Afonso V, king of Portugal, 657, 659–60
Africa, 88, 94–100, 96, 244, 287–91, 372, 456, 587–89, 638, 654, 658
Christianity in, 287–88
Islam in, 288, 290
oral tradition in, 95, 98
slavery and, xxv, 654, 656–60
West, 98, 451, 456, 658–60
Agau people, 287
Aghata, 230
Agincourt, Battle of, 624–25, 624, 662, 671
Agnolo di Tura, 416
Agricultural Treatise (Chen Fu), 56
Ahmed Sanjar, Great Seljuk of the Turks, 121–22, 134, 262
Ahsan Shah, 480
Aigues-Mortes, 333, 463
Aiguillon, 501
Aimery of Limoges, 135–36
Ain Jalut, 348
Aizong, Jin emperor, 312–13
Akibatsu, 566
Akropolites, George, 221, 369–70, 375–76
Akuta, Jin emperor, 25, 57
akuto, 471
Ala ad-Din Muhammad ibn Tekish, shah, 262–63
Al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 106
al-Adil, Ayyubid caliph, 273–74, 275–76
Alamut, 226–27, 227
Alaric, 240
al-Arish, 104
al-Ashraf, al-Malik, sultan of Egypt, 347
‘Ala’-ud-Din, sultan of Delhi, 404–8, 427–31, 478
Ala-ud-Din Bahman, sultan of the Deccan (Hasan Gangu), 481
Al-Bakri, 97
Alba Regia, 673
Alberic of Trois Fontaines, 53
Albert, king of Germany, 410, 414
Albert, king of Sweden, 605–7
Albert II, king of Hungary and Germany, 650, 673–75, 677
Albi, 462
Albigensian Crusade, 238–40, 239, 242, 244, 258, 259–60, 273, 275, 319
Al Biruni, 121
alcohol:
Islam and, 351
Mongols and, 339, 340, 341, 405
al-Din, Ala, 379
al-Din, Rashid, 341
al-Din, Rukn, 342
Aldona, queen of Poland, 554
al-Durr, Shajar, sultan of Egypt, 337, 346–47
Aleddin, 676
Aleppo, 17, 34, 35, 39–40, 137, 156, 342, 347, 348, 450, 628
Alessandria, 85
Alexander III, king of Scotland, 397
Alexander III, pope, 83, 85–86
Alexander IV, pope, 360–62
Alexander V, pope, 615
Alexander the Great, 408
Alexandria, 105, 335
Alexius (Mary of Antioch’s advisor), 144–45
Alexius (son of Isaac Angelus), 176
Alexius II Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 144–45
Alexius III Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 176, 179, 217–20, 369
Alexius IV Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 176, 177, 179, 217,
219
Alexius V Ducas (Mourtzouphlus), 179, 219
Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 13–14, 16, 135, 420, 538
Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Trebizond, 219
Alfarrobeira river, Battle of, 659
Alfonso I (Afonso Henriques), king of Portugal, 45–46, 88, 91, 242
Alfonso III, king of Aragon, 392
Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 44–46, 88
Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 88–89, 91, 242–44
Alfonso IX, king of Léon, 242–44
Alfonso X, king of Léon-Castile, 360
Alfonso XI, king of Léon-Castile, 515
Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon, Navarre, León, and Castile, 43–44, 92
Alghu, 343
Alhambra palace, 307
al-Haq, shaikh ‘Ala, 545
Ali, 226n
Ali, al-Mansur, sultan of Egypt, 347
al-Idrisi, 207
Ali ibn al-Hassan, 97
Ali ibn Yusuf, king of the Almoravids, 43
Ali Mardan, 228
Aljubarrota, Battle of, 592, 592, 654
al-Kamil, Ayyubid sultan, 276–78, 295–96, 318, 332–33
Allahabad, 404
Almagest, xxiii, 46
al-Maqqari, 306–7
al-Marrakushi, 9, 44, 88
Almería, 88, 307
Almohads, 44, 88–92, 90, 94, 177, 242–44, 306, 372–73, 372, 655
timelines, 48, 54, 93, 101, 247, 256, 261, 309
Almoravids, 43–45, 88, 100, 207
timelines, 48, 54
al-Mu’azzam, 277, 295–96
al-Muhallabi, 94
al-Mu’min, 88
al-Mustansir, Abu ‘Abdallah, 373–74
al-Nasawi, Muhammad, 262–63
al-Nasir, Muhammad, Almohad caliph, 243–44
al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, sultan of Egypt, 449–52
Alps, 319, 364, 443
al-Qazwini, 207
al-Salih Ismail, 156
Altai mountains, 197, 263
Altuniah, Malik, 326–27
al-‘Umari, 456, 458–59, 587
al-Wardi, Abu Hafs ‘Umar Ibn, 506
Alys (daughter of Louis VII), 167n
al-Zaytuna, 373
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, 103–5, 293n
Amaterasu, 476
Amaury de Montfort, 259
Amiak, Yekuno, 288
Amicia (daughter of Simon de Montfort), 243
Amiens, 502
Amu Darya river, 310
Amur river, 640
An, prince of Dai Viet, 535
Anagni, 413
Anarchy, the, 22, 23, 76–79, 126
Anastasius IV, pope, 83
Anatolia, 542
Andean cultures, 189
Andes, 192
Andes mountains, 189
Andrew II, king of Hungary, 275, 281–83, 293, 315
Andria, cathedral of, 295
Andronicus, general, 139
Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 144–46, 219, 220
Andronicus II, emperor of Byzantium, 389, 391, 405, 419–22
Andronicus III, emperor of Byzantium, 422–23
Angkor, 30
Angkor Wat, 30–31, 31, 32, 34, 300, 521, 532
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 22
Anglo-Saxons, 4
Angoulême, count of, 202
Anjou, 20, 76, 77, 150–51, 202, 498, 304, 579
Ankara, 629
Anna Comnena, 13–14
Annales Paulini, 435
Annam, 27
Anne, empress of Byzantium, 423, 425, 541
Anonimalle Chronicle, 581
Anselm of Canterbury, 5–8, 50, 354
anti-Burgundians, 623
Antioch, 13–14, 15, 17, 36, 40–41, 102–3, 135–37, 156, 166, 170, 182, 351, 373, 376
Antoku, emperor of Japan, 161
Aoife, 149
Apulia, 321, 324, 364
Apulia and Calabria, Dukedom of, 13, 15, 135, 141
Aqtay, Faris al-Din, 347–48
Aquinas, Thomas, 356–57, 359, 375, 647n
Aquitaine, 77–78, 174, 203, 304, 398–99, 401, 520
Arabia, 429, 456
Arabic language, xxiii–xxiv, 46–47
Arabs, 16, 94, 95, 98, 276, 288, 289, 291, 295, 456, 463, 587
empire of Cairo of, 348
numbering system of, 46
Aragon, 43, 89, 242–46, 305–6, 307, 372, 391, 392, 398, 420, 463, 515, 522, 612, 617
Aral Sea, 263, 310, 313
Aram Shah, as sultan of north India, 228–29
Argenteuil, convent of, 50
Arik-Boke Khan, 342–43
Aristotelian logic, xxiv, 53
Aristotle, xxiii, 5–6, 46, 47, 52, 53, 489, 615
Christianity and, 6–7, 53, 356
dialectic of, 5–7, 49, 53, 57
Arjona, 307
Ark of the Covenant, 288
Arles, 517
Armagnac, count of, 622–23, 625
Armagnacs, 623, 624, 662–63
Armenia, 170
Arnold, Abbot of Cisteaux, 238–40
Arsuf, 172
Arthur (grandson of Henry II), 202–3
Arundel, earl of, 595
Ascalon, 158
Asen, 220
Ashikaga clan, 473
Ashikaga Shogunate, 475, 566, 568
Ashikaga Takauji, 473–75
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 566, 568–69
Asia, 506, 638
Asia Minor, 17, 135, 170, 217, 367, 368, 420, 421, 538, 599
Christians in, 13
Assassins (fidaiyan), 226–28, 342
Assisi, 575
Assize of Clarendon, 129, 132
Assyria, Assyrians, 102, 558
astronomy, xxiii, 46
atabegs, 34
Atacama Desert, 189, 191
Athareb, 35
Atlantic Ocean, 187, 455, 456, 654
atman, 119n
Augustine, Saint, 234
Austria, 16, 275, 316
Averrhoes, 615
Avignon, 258
papacy in, 413, 414, 461–62, 484–85, 487–88, 507, 510, 539–41, 571–74, 579, 601, 612, 615, 617
Axum, 287
Aybek, sultan of Egypt, 346–47
Ayushiridara, 527
Ayutthaya, 532–33
Ayyub, as-Salih, 332–37, 346, 449
Ayyubid caliphate, 275–76, 332–37, 342, 346–48, 628
Azcapotzalco, 494–95
Azores, 658
Aztecs (Mexica people), 491–95, 493
Aztlan, 491
Babylon, 335
Babylonian Captivity, papal, 413
Bach Dang river, 27, 385
Badajoz, 91
Baeza, 88
Baghdad, 34, 40, 44, 56, 134n, 156, 273, 279, 339, 450, 452, 560, 588, 629, 632, 641
caliph in, 230, 262, 306, 342, 346
slave market in, 327
Baha ad-Din, 200
Bahmani sultanate, 481–82, 545–46, 627–28
Bahman Shah (Zafar Khan), 546
Bahram, king of Delhi, 327
Bahram Shah, king of the Ghaznavids, 121–22
Bahri Regiment, 336–37, 346–49, 449
Bahri sultanate, in Egypt, 349, 350, 373, 376, 377, 420, 456, 628
Baibars, sultan of Egypt, 337, 348–51, 373–74, 376
Baladeva, 112
Balban, sultan of Delhi, 327–30, 328, 403–4
Baldwin I, emperor of Constantinople, 180, 217–21, 367
Baldwin II, emperor of Constantinople, 367–68, 370, 389
Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, 21
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 103–4
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 156
Balian of Sidon, 296
Balkans, 675
Balkh, 264, 557
Ball, John, 582, 584
Ballal Sen, king of Sena, 119, 121, 123
Balliol, Edward, 497–98
Balliol, John, 398–400, 497
Baltic Crusade, 284–85, 285
Baltic Sea, 266, 283, 284, 445, 552, 604
Baluze, Etienne, 462
Bampton, Thomas, 583
Bang Klang T’ao, king of Syam, 300
Ban Kulin, king of Bosnia, 168n
Bannockburn, Battle of, 437, 437, 497
Banu Umayya, 134n
Baol, 459
Baphaeum, 420
Barani, Ziauddin, 330, 403, 405–6, 429–31, 479–80, 482
Barbaro, Nicolò, 678–80
Barnwell Chronicle, 205
Barons’ War, 254
Barquq, al-Zahir, 628
Basava, 113–14
Basel, 648–49
Bastille, 669
Bathinda, 326–27
Batu, 313, 315–16, 339, 340–43
Bavaria, 82, 360, 484, 601
Bavaria, duke of, 364
Bayajidda, 588–89
Bayan, 382
Baybars, sultan of Egypt, 450
Bayezid I, emperor of the Ottomans, 598–602, 629–30, 632, 678
Bayonne, 578
Beatific Vision, 487–88
Bec Abbey, 5, 6
Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, 127–32, 148, 151
Bedford, duke of, 663, 665, 668–69
Beijing, 381, 640–42
Beisan, 348
Béla, 139, 282
Béla III, king of Hungary, 168n
Béla IV, king of Hungary, 315–16
Belgrade, 675
Benedictines, 540
Benedict XI, pope, 413
Benedict XII, pope, 488
Benedict XIII, pope, 612, 617
Benevento, 364, 390
Bengal, 117, 121, 124, 229, 328, 403, 479, 480, 544, 545, 549
Benin, 98–99
timelines, 101, 107, 116
Benin City, 99
Berengar of Poitiers, 52
Berengar of Tours, 6
Berke, 343, 349
Berkeley Castle, 465
Bernard of Chartres, 52–53, 354
Bernard of Clairvaux, 36, 40–41, 52–53, 77, 81
Berry, duke of, 579, 623
Bertrand, archbishop of Bordeaux, see Clement V, pope
Bertrand of Toulouse, 14n
Berwick, 399, 498
Béthencourt, Jean de, 654
Bethlehem, 278
Béziers, 238–39
Bhongir, 546
Bianchi (White Guelphs), 411
Bible, translation of, 613–14
Bihar, 120, 123
Bijjala II, king of Kalachuri, 112, 114, 115
Bilma, 95, 97
Biram, 588
Birgham, Treaty of, 397–98
Birgitta of Vadstena, 572
bishops, 10
Black Death, 505n
Black Sea, 135, 219, 221, 264, 266, 343, 349, 367, 368, 405, 420, 632, 680