The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople
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Lagos, 658–59
Lahneck Castle, 613
Lahore, 122, 123, 226, 228–29, 326, 328, 545
Lakhnawati, 480
Laknaur, 328
Lakshman Sen, king of the Sena, 119, 123–24
Lalibela, Gebra Maskal, 287–88
Lanark, 400
Lancaster, duke of, 591
Lancaster, House of, 596, 625
Landa, Diego de, 188
Lanfranc, 5–6
Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, 204, 248–49, 252
Languedoc, 236–37, 238, 240, 246, 250, 258–59, 320, 391, 517, 582
Laodicea, 39
La Rochelle, 578
Lascaris, Beatrice, duchess of Milan, 645–46
Las Huelgas, 244
Las Navas, 244, 245
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, 244, 245, 246
Lastours, 240
Latin, 354
classical Greek texts available in, 5
Qur’an translated into, 46
Latin Empire, 180, 217–23, 367–70, 389
timelines, 224, 232, 371, 378
Latin language, xxiii
law:
Church, 53, 323, 413
English, 395
English church, 126–27
in Germany, 388
Islamic, 226, 332, 351, 588
Jewish, 89, 395
Mongol, 198, 339
natural, 51
Salic, 417, 463, 467, 499, 515
Tang, 329
Western Xia, 198
“Law of the Fishes,” 117
Lazar, 598
Legnano, 85
le Gros, Guy Foulques, see Clement IV, pope
Leicester, 507
earl of, 205, 238
Leinster, 148–49
Le Loi (Binh Dinh Vuong), king of Dai Viet, 640–42
Le Mans, 594
Leo I, king of Cilician Armenia, 17
León, 43, 44, 88, 89, 242, 243
Leonardo da Vinci, xxxiv
León-Castile, 306–7, 307, 515
lepers, 463
Le (Ho) Quy Ly, 534–35
Lesser Brothers, see Franciscans
Letts, 284
Lewes, 362
li, 57
Li Anchaun, king of Western Xia, 198–99
Liegnitz, 315
Lille, 250
Limoges, 174, 577–78
Limpopo river, 290–91
Lin’an (Hangzhou), 55–56
Lincoln, earl of, 435
Lindholm Castle, 607
lingams, 108, 113, 300–301
lingayat, 113–14
Lionel of Antwerp, 620
Li-p’an mountains, 267
Li Qingzhao, 25
Li Renxiao, king of Western Xia, 197–98
Lisbon, 88, 658
Lithuania, 554–55
timelines, 556, 564, 570
Lithuanians, 284–85
Little Poland, 284
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, 394–97
logic, 6
Loire river, 251, 517, 578, 663, 665
Lollards, 614
Lombard, Peter, 53, 354, 647n
Lombard League, 85–86, 318–24, 364, 410, 484, 486, 571, 573
Lombardy, 322, 323, 486, 604, 646, 648
London, 30, 76, 203, 252, 361, 363, 434, 451, 465, 501, 520, 578, 582, 583, 584, 625
Long Campaign, 675
Longxing Peace Accord, 59
Lopburi, 531–32
Lorraine, duke of, 321
Lothair III, Holy Roman emperor, 20
Louis, duke of Orleans, 594, 621
Louis (dauphin, son of Charles VI), 621
Louis IV (Louis of Bavaria), Holy Roman emperor, 416, 484–86, 487, 499–503, 551, 571
Louis VII, king of France, 36–40, 37, 76–79, 128, 148, 150–52, 167
Louis VIII, king of France, 248–49, 254–55, 259, 303
Louis IX, king of France, 259, 303–4, 308, 332–37, 347, 353–57, 364, 367–68, 372–74, 391, 398, 410
Louis X, king of France, 416–17, 466
Louis of Anjou, 520, 521
as king of Hungary, 551, 552, 553
Louvre, 250
Lübeck, 83
Lucca, 415, 572–73, 575
Lund Cathedral, 608
Luong river, 534
Lusignan, Hugh de, 308
Lu Yu, 56, 59
Ly dynasty, of Vietnam, 27, 29, 298–99, 301
Lyons, 238, 324, 375, 376, 413
Ly Than Tong, 29
Ly Thuong Kiet, 27
Ma’bar, 506
Machaut, Guillaume de, 510, 551
Machiavelli, Niccolò, xxiv, 612, 646
Mac Murchada, Diarmait, king of Leinster, 148–49
Madanapala, king of Pala empire, 120
Madden, Thomas, 36
Madura, sultanate of, 480
Mafia, 97
Magha, 270–71
Maghan, king of Mali, 457
magic, 459
Magna Carta, 251–54, 251, 283, 361
Magnus Ericsson, king of Sweden and Norway, 604–5
Magyar tribes, 137
Mahakassapa, 111
Mahavansa, The, 108, 110
Mahmud, Nasiruddin, 561–63
Mahmud Ghuri, 225
Ma-Huan, 638
Maimon ben Joseph, Rabbi, 89
Maimonides, 89
Maine, 151, 202
Mainz, 19, 321
Mainz, archbishop of, 613
Majorca, 306
Malaya, 450
Maldives, 638
Malestroit, Treaty of, 501
Mali, 209, 209, 455–59, 456, 458, 459
timelines, 460, 469, 477
Malik Shah, 34
Malinke people, 100, 208
Malmesbury, 78
Malwa, 428, 549, 627
mamluks, 225–26, 228, 327, 336–37, 346–49, 376, 404, 449, 450, 459, 463, 628, 632
Circassian, 628
timelines, 352, 358, 366
Manco Capac, king of the Incans, 192–93
Manfred, 360, 363–64, 390
mangonels, 258–59
Mani, 455
Mannar, 109–10
Mansa Musa, king of Mali, 455–59, 458
Mansa Sulayman, king of Mali, 457–59
Mansurah, 335–36
Mantua, 321, 572
Manuel, 422, 541
Manuel I Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 35, 40, 103–5, 134–39, 138n, 141–44, 168n, 673
Manuel II, emperor of Byzantium, 598–601, 629–33, 650
Mao Ziyuan, 525
Mapungubwe, 289, 290–91
timelines, 292, 297, 302
Mar, earl of, 498
Maragheh, 349
Marara, king of the Zagwe, 287
Marcel, Etienne, 519
Marche, 308
Marche, count of, 202, 335
Mardin, 632
Margaret, queen of Norway, 397, 605
Margaret, queen of Scotland, 397
Margaret, ruler of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, 605–9, 606
Margaret (heir to Scottish throne), 397–98
Margaret (wife of Henry the Younger), 153
Margaret of Provence, queen of France, 333, 336
Marguerite, queen of England, 401
Marica river, 537
Mari Diata II, king of Mali, 459
Marigny, 667
Marinids, 372, 655–57
timelines, 661, 672, 682
Marion of Lanark, 400
Marmande, 259
Marmara, Sea of, 170, 222, 370, 423, 680
Marrakesh, 45, 88, 244, 372
Marseille, 168, 507, 541
Marshal, William, 167, 252–55, 304
Marsilius of Padua, 485–86, 500, 582
Märstetten, count of, 484
Martin IV, pope, 389, 391
Martin V, pope, 618, 648
Martirano, 321
Marwan II, caliph, 134n
Mary, queen of Hungary and Poland, 553–54
Mary of Antioch, empress of Byzantium, 137, 144–45
Masakiyo, 67
Master of Hungary, 354–55, 462
mathematics, 46
Matilda, Holy Roman empress, 10, 19–22, 103
England invaded by, 22, 76–78, 149, 254
Matthew, gospel of, 257
Matthew (son of Emperor John VI), 537–38
Mayans, 187–88
Mayapan, 187–88
mazmudins, 242
Mazovia, 284, 552
Meath, king of, 148–49
Meaux, 579
Meaux, Geoffrey de, 445
Mecca, 95, 97, 103, 155, 290, 429, 451, 456, 480, 482, 638
sharif of, 351
Medici, Cosimo de’, 650
Medieval Warm Period, 443
Medina, 351
Mediterranean Sea, 14, 102, 104, 134, 135, 176, 236, 294, 306, 342, 351, 370, 372–73, 391, 445, 506, 551, 587, 588, 628, 655
Mehmed, emperor of the Ottomans, 632–33, 650
Mehmet II, emperor of the Ottomans, 676–80
Mekong river, 531
Melisande, queen of Jerusalem, 21
Melun, 49
Mencius, 341
Menelik, 288
Menteith, John, 434
Mercia, 394
Merkit coalition, Mongol, 196
Merv, 134, 264
Mesoamerica, 188–89
Mesopotamia, 157
Messina, 506
Messina, Strait of, 389
Mesufa tribe, 85
Metternich, Klemens von, 16
Meulan, 663
Meung, 663
Mewar, 230, 329, 428
Mexica people (Aztecs), 491–95, 493
Mexico, Valley of, 491
Michael, archangel, 288
Michael VIII Palaeologus, ruler of Byzantium, 369–70, 375–76, 389
Michael IX, co-emperor of Ottoman empire, 420–22
Michael Comnenus, ruler of Epirus, 220, 221
Michelangelo Buonarroti, xxiv
Middle East, 121, 343, 349, 450
Milan, 83, 85, 235, 320, 321, 323–24, 374, 484, 486, 571, 573–75, 612, 646, 648, 675
Milan, archbishop of, 235n
Minamoto clan, 62–63, 65–67, 161, 473
Minamoto Sanetomo, 213
Minamoto Tametomo, 65
Minamoto Tameyoshi, 65
Minamoto Yoriie, shogun, 212–13
Minamoto Yoritomo, 162–64, 211–13
Minamoto Yoshinaka, 162–63
Minamoto Yoshitomo, 65–67, 162
Minato river, 474
Minerve, 240
Ming dynasty, 528, 528, 534, 565–69, 637–43, 641
timelines, 570, 576, 586, 644, 653, 661
Minor Friars, see Franciscans
Mircea the Elder, prince of Wallachia, 633
Moche people, 191–92
Modena, 324
Monastery of St. George, 539
money, paper, 55–56
Mongke, Great Khan, 339–43, 382
Mongolia, 310, 379
timelines, 269, 274
Mongols, 55n, 195–200, 262–68, 279, 282, 301, 310–16, 312, 327, 328, 329, 333, 339–43, 344, 347–49, 374, 379–86, 405–8, 406, 420, 450, 452, 470, 525, 527, 531, 533, 554, 557–63, 565–66, 627–32, 637, 642
Christianity and, 340, 341, 348–49
drinking habits of, 339, 340, 341, 405
empire of, 265, 314, 343, 344
Islam and, 348, 349
timelines, 201, 206, 210, 325, 345, 352, 387, 393, 409, 418
Monreale, church of, 324
Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, 622–23, 625, 662, 664–65, 669, 678–79
Montclus, 462
Montfort-l’Amaury, count of, 205
Montlhéry, 303
Montpellier, 465
Montreal Castle, 155
Montrose, 399
Morava river, 598
Moravia, 388
Moray, Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray, 497–98
Morgannwg, 394
Morocco, 88, 91, 451
Mortimer, Catherine, 621
Mortimer, Edmund, earl of March, 620–21
Mortimer, Roger, 464–68
Moscow, 315, 339, 560
grand duke of, 509
Moses, 287
Mosul, 156, 157, 379
Mototsune, 61n
Mount Cadmus, 39
Mount Hiei, 472
Mourtzouphlus, see Alexius V Ducas
Mstislav III, grand duke of Kiev, 266
Mughulistan, 557
Muhammad, Prophet, 134n, 226n, 277, 351
Muhammad, sultan of Khwarezm, 300
Muhammad (brother of Ghiyas), 122–23
Muhammad bin Tughluq (Ulugh Khan), 478–82
Muhammad Ghuri, sultan of the Ghurids, 225–28
Muhammad Shah I, king of Vijayanagara, 546–47
Mühldorf, 484
Mu’izzu-d din, sultan of Delhi, 403–4
Mulahidah, 226
mune, 288–90
Munich, 83
Muntaner, Ramon, 421–22
Murad, emperor of the Ottomans, 539–42, 598
Murad II, emperor of the Ottomans, 650, 673–78, 674
Murcia, 88, 89, 306–7
Muret, 245–46
Musa (son of Bayezid), 630, 632
Muslims:
in Edessa, 39
in Palestine, 34–35
Mussis, Gabriele de’, 506
Myeongjong, king of Goryeo, 72–73
My Son, 30
Naiman tribe, Mongol, 196, 198
Nambokucho era, 475, 475, 569
Nam Dinh Province, 298
Nam Quoc Son Ho (“Land of the Southern Kingdom”), 27
Namur, Guy de, 412
Nanchang, 527
Nanjing, 25, 58, 527, 528, 638
Nantes, 304
Nanzhao, 341
Naples, 360, 391, 392, 574, 612
Kingdom of, 410, 571, 579
Nara, 62
Naramasimha Deva, 328
Nare Fa Maghan, king of the Keita, 208
Narmada river, 108, 405, 479
Nasiruddin, sultan of Delhi, 327–29
Nasrid dynasty, 307
National College of Dai Viet, 299
natural law, 51
Navarette, 522
Navarre, 43, 89, 89, 242–44, 373, 398, 416, 417, 516, 519–21
timelines, 524, 530, 536, 597, 603
Nayaka, Kapaya, sultan of the Andhra County, 480
Nazca people, 189–91, 190
Ndiadiane N’Diaye, emperor of the Wolofs, 459
Nemanjicć dynasty, 139
Nepal, 119
Neri (Black Guelphs), 411, 415
Neszmély, 674
Neustadt, 445
Nguyen Trai, 640–41
Niani, 209
Nicaea, 39, 219, 223, 234, 420, 423
empire of, 220, 222, 347, 367–70, 368
timelines, 224, 232, 371, 378
Nicene Creed, 234, 248
Nicetas Choniates, 144–46, 176, 180
Nichiren Shonin, 383
Nicholas III, pope, 389
Nicholas IV, pope, 392
Nicholas V, pope, xxv, 660, 677
Nicholas V, pope (Pietro Rainalducci), 486–87
Nicholas Mesarites, 180
Nicomedia, 423
Nicopolis, Battle of, 601, 616, 621, 629
Niger river, 95–97, 98, 208–9, 456–57, 588
Nijo, emperor of Japan, 65n, 66–67, 161
Nile river, 105, 276–77, 287, 326, 335, 419, 449, 451, 587
Ningbo, 27
Ninth Crusade, 375, 398
Nis, 598
Nishapur, 264
Nitta Yoshisada, 473–74
Nizami, Hasan, 228–29
Nizamu-d din, Chief Justice, 404
Nizari, 226–28, 227, 342
Njimi, 95, 588
Nogaret, Guillaume
de, 412–13
Norfolk, duke of, 595
Norman Conquest, 584, 596
Normandy, 5, 8, 20, 21, 76, 77, 78, 131, 151, 167, 203, 249, 354, 501, 516–17, 520, 625, 667
Henry I’s invasion of, 4
Henry III as duke of, 304
kings of, 16
Normans, 22, 82, 83, 135, 141
North Africa, 43, 44, 88, 89, 90, 94–95, 135, 243, 306, 372–73, 655
timelines, 378, 387
North America, 189
Northampton, 397
North Equatorial Current, 455
North Sea, 447
Northumberland, 445
Norway, 372, 397, 604–6, 607, 608–9
timelines, 610, 619, 626
Notre Dame Cathedral, 31, 49, 53, 668
Novgorod, 266, 315
numerals, Hindu-Arabic, 46
Nur ad-Din, 38, 39–40, 102–6, 102, 134, 135, 137, 155–56
Nymphaion, Treaty of, 370
Obatala, 98
Odantapuri Buddhist monastery, 119
Offa’s Dyke, 394
Ogiso Owodo, king of Benin, 98–99
Ogodei Khan (son of Genghis Khan), Great Khan of the Mongols, 267–68, 310, 313, 316, 339
Oirat confederation, 637–43, 641
Oise river, 522
Oki, 473
Oki Island, 473
Olaf, king of Denmark and Norway, 605, 608
Old Man of the Mountain, 226
Oliver of Paderborn, 277, 284
Oljeitu Khan, ruler of Il-khanate, 421, 450
Ólodùmarè, 98
Oranmiyan, king of Benin, 99
Orda, 313
Oreja, 45
Orhan, ruler of Ottoman empire, 422–25, 537–40
Origen, 615
Orissa, 230, 270, 327–28
Orkney Islands, 398
Orleans, 235n, 354, 663, 665
Orleans, duke of, 622, 625
Ormus, port of, 273
Orvieto, 389
Os Lusiadas (Camões), 90
Osman, chief of the Ottoman Turks, 419–22
Otokoyama Shrine, 383
Otrar, 263
Otto IV, Holy Roman emperor, 177, 178, 249–50, 276
Ottocar II, duke of Bohemia, 388
Ottoman empire, 463, 537–40, 540, 551, 560, 598–602, 600, 621, 628–33, 631, 650, 660, 674
Constantinople overthrown by, xxiv–xxv, 14, 600–602, 629–30, 673, 677–81
origins of, 419–25, 421
timelines, 426, 432, 439, 454, 460, 469, 543, 550, 556, 603, 610, 619, 634, 644, 653, 682
see also Turks
Otto of Freising, 36, 52, 82–83
Ourique, Battle of, 45
outlaws, in Japan, 471
Oxus river, 134, 262, 263, 342–43, 525, 557
Pachymer, George, 420
Padmini, queen of Mewar, 428
Padua, 572, 575
Pak So, 311
Pala empire, 117–21, 123–24
Palermo, 324, 390, 391, 392
Pali language, 270, 271, 273
Palk Strait, 270, 547
Palma, 306
Panciatichi family, 411
Pandyan Kingdom, in south India, 272–73, 428, 547–48
Pandyan realm, 428
papacy, timelines, 12, 18, 24, 33, 42, 48, 54, 60, 68, 87, 93, 183, 241, 247, 256, 261, 269, 280, 286, 292, 297, 325, 331, 338, 345, 358, 366, 371, 378, 387, 393, 402, 418, 426, 469, 477, 483, 490, 496, 504, 511, 524, 543, 550, 556, 576, 586, 590, 603, 610, 619, 653, 661, 672, 682