The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics

by Andrew Small

  58. Ibid.

  59. Acharya, Gunaratna and Pengxin, Ethnic Identity, p. 55.

  60. B. Raman, “Explosions in Xinjiang”, South Asia Analysis Group, Paper no. 1232, 27 Jan. 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20070927194700/http://www.saag.org/papers13/paper1232.html, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  61. Reed and Raschke, The ETIM, p. 48.

  62. “’East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity”, PRC State Council Information Office, 21 Jan. 2002, http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  63. Murad Batal Al-shishani, “Journal of the Turkistan Islamic Party Urges Jihad in China”, Terrorism Monitor, 10 Apr. 2009, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2227307/posts, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  64. Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, New York: Penguin Group, 2003, p. 142.

  65. Ibid. p. 9 and p. 142; Enze Han, Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 61.

  66. Ahmed Rashid, “They’re only sleeping”, New Yorker, 14 Jan. 2002, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/14/020114fa_FACT, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  67. Rashid, Jihad, pp. 145–8.

  68. Ibid. p. 204.

  69. Chung Chien-peng, “Confronting Terrorism and Other Evils in China: All Quiet on the Western Front?”, China and Eurasia Foreign Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2, May 2006, p. 77.

  70. Rebecca Louise Nadin, “China and the Shanghai 5/Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 1996–2006, A Decade on the New Diplomatic Frontier”, PhD Dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2007, http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443900, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  71. Rashid, Jihad, pp. 70–71.

  72. Cohen, Stephen P., The Idea of Pakistan, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004, p. 104.

  73. Rubin, Barnett, Afghanistan in the Post-Cold War Era, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 366.

  74. Nawaz, Shuja, Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army and the Wars Within, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 206.

  75. “Jamaat Secretary General gets death for war crimes in Bangladesh”, Tehelka Daily, 17 Jul. 2013, http://www.tehelka.com/jamaat-secretary-general-gets-death- for-war-crimes-in-bangladesh/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  76. John W. Garver, Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 95; Lintner, Bertil, Great Game East: India, China and the Struggle for Asia’s Most Volatile Frontier, New Delhi: Harpers Today, 2012, pp. 147–159 and pp. 336–43.

  77. Lintner, Great Game East, p. 149.

  78. Ibid. p. 342.

  79. Ibid. p. xi.

  80. Ibid. pp. 336–9; Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 94.

  81. Lintner, Great Game East, p. xii.

  82. Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 94.

  83. “Unravelling Chittagong arms haul mystery”, Policy Research Group, 1 Oct., 2010, http://policyresearchgroup.com/regional_weekly/hot_topics/unravelling_chittagong_arms_haul_mystery.html, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013; Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 May 2004 and 1 August 2004, referenced in Lintner, Great Game East, pp. 344–5.

  84. Coll, Steve, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, London: Penguin, 2004, p. 66; also see a more extensive treatment of the episode in Chapter 6, “Tea with the Taliban”.

  85. George Garner, “The Afghan Taliban and Pakistan’s ‘Strategic Depth’”, Bellum (a project of the Stanford Review), 17 May 2010, http://bellum.stanfordreview.org/?p=2184, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  86. Jamal, Arif, Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir, New York: Melville House Printing, 2009, p. 108–110.

  87. Ibid.

  88. Ibid.

  89. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 227.

  90. Ibid.

  91. Ibid. p. 221.

  92. Nawaz, Crossed Swords, p. 360; Jamal, Shadow War, pp. 139–51.

  93. Jayshree Bajoria and Eben Kaplan, “The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations”, Council on Foreign Relations, 4 May. 2011, http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/isi-terrorism-behind-accusations/p11644, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  94. Rashid, Taliban, p. 129.

  95. Ghosh, Partha Sarathy, Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia, Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1995, p. 26.

  96. Haqqani, Hussain, Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, pp. 148–52.

  97. Bennett-Jones, Owen, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 259.

  98. Adiran Hänni and Lukas Hegi, “The Pakistani Godfather: The Inter-Services Intelligence and the Afghan Taliban 1994–2010”, Small Wars Journal, 2 Apr. 2013, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-pakistanigodfather-the-inter-services-intelligence-and-the-afghan-taliban-1994–2010, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  99. Rashid, Jihad, pp. 187–8.

  100. Ibid. p. 188.

  101. Haqqani, Hussain, Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, p. 171.

  102. Castets, “The Uyghurs”.

  103. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xingiang’s Uighurs”, Asian Survey, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 541, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  104. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2011.

  105. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang’s Uighurs”, Asian Survey, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 535, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  106. Sadia Fayaz, “China’s Xinjiang Problem and Pakistan”, The Dialogue, Vol. 7, No. 3, Jul-Sep. 2012, p. 249. http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/7_3/Dialogue_July_September2012_235–254.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  107. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations”, p. 536.

  108. Author interviews in Beijing and Islamabad, 2008–2013.

  109. Shirley A. Khan, “U. S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U. S. Policy”, Congressional Research Service, 7 May 2009, p. 25.

  110. Author interviews in Beijing and Islamabad, 2008–2013.

  111. See, for instance, Rashid, Jihad, p. 141.

  112. Yitzhak Shichor, “Great Wall of Steel”, in Starr (ed.), Xinjiang:, p. 145.

  113. See Chapter 6, “Tea with the Taliban”.

  114. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2008.

  115. “Bin Ladin Charges U.S. involvement in China Bombings”, Islamabad, The Muslim in English, 15 Mar. 1997, pp. 1–11; “New Analysis: Bin Laden: Dissident Turns Pan-Islamist”, The Observer in “Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994–January 2004”, FBIS Report, Jan. 2004, p. 39, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/ubl-fbis.pdf, last accessed 22 Dec. 2013.

  116. Rashid, Jihad, p. 204.

  117. Millward, “Violent Separatism”.

  118. “’East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity”, PRC State Council Information Office, 21 Jan. 2002, http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  119. “China hails US decision to put ETIM on terror list”, People’s Daily, 28 Aug. 2002, http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/40575.htm,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Colin Mackerras, “Xinjiang and the War Against Terrorism”, in Simon Shen (ed.), China and Antiterrorism, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007, p. 100.

  120. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “China welcomes separatists’ terror tag”, CNN, 12 Sep. 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/12/china.xinjiang/index.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  121. “JTF GTMO Detainee Assessment”, U.S. Department of Defense Joint Task Force Guantanamo Memorandum for Commander of the United States Southern Command, 22 Jun. 2007, http://wikileaks.org/gitmo/pdf/ch/us9ch-000219dp.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  122. “Bin Lad
en’s associate Juma Namangani killed, assert Taleban”, Pravda. Ru, 10 Nov. 2001, http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/conflicts/20–11–2001/27958–0/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  123. Rashid, Taliban, p. 243.

  124. “East Turkistan’ terrorist killed”, China Daily, 24 Dec. 2003, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163.htm, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  125. “Competing Perceptions of PRC Activities”, U.S. State Department Cable, 12 Dec. 2009, wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3287.html, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  126. “China: Uighur group added to U.S. list of terrorist organizations”, EurasiaNet, 31 Aug. 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090102.shtml, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  127. Ben Blanchard, “Chinese government concerned about Hizb ut-Tahrir in Xinjiang”, Reuters, 31 Jul. 2008, http://enews.fergananews.com/articles/2434, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  128. Author interviews in Beijing, Jan. 2009.

  129. Edward Wong, “Warning of attacks on Olympics is said to be linked to Muslim separatist group”, New York Times, 9 Aug. 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  130. “Our Blessed Jihad in Yunan” (video), TIP Voice of Islam Information Center, 23 Jul. 2008 quoted in “IntelCenter: Islamic party threatens Olympic Games”, CBS News, 25 Jul. 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301–502684_162–4295655–502684.html, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  131. Raffaello Pantucci, “A Post-Mortem Analysis of Turkistani Amir Emeti Yakuf: A Death that Sparked More Questions than Answers”, Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 3, Issue 10, 1 Nov. 2012, http://mlm.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40043&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=551&cHash=e13aadc198482b3c8c34129c423af1f6#.UubQVJH0AUs,last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  132. “Two dead in China ‘terror’ raid”, BBC News, 18 Feb. 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7251517.stm, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  133. Liu Shaoyong, then-President of China Southern Airlines, in an interview with Phoenix TV, quoted in Richard Spencer, “The plane incident and the Uighur girl”, Telegraph,11 Mar. 2008, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/richardspencer/3614711/The_plane_incident_and_the_Uighur_girl_/, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014; “China says 19-year-old woman confessed to terror plot on plane”, New York Times, 27 Mar. 2008, http:// www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/world/asia/27iht-china.1.11467307.html?_r=0, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  134. Praveen Swami, “China’s mid-air terror trail leads to Pakistan”, The Hindu, 22 Mar. 2008, http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/22/stories/2008032254581200.htm, last accessed 4 Feb. 2014.

  135. Unidentified Chinese official, quoted in the Global Times and reproduced in “China: Plane incident a ‘terror act’”, USA Today, 13 Mar. 2008, http:// usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–13-china-terror_N.htm,last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  136. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “China confronts its Uyghur threat”, Asia Times, 18 Apr. 2008, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html,last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  137. Pallavi Aiyar, “Musharraf bolsters China-Pakistan bond”, Asia Times, 24 Apr. 2008, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD24Ad01.html,last accessed 14 Feb. 2014; Nirupama Subramanian, “All eyes on Musharraf ’s China visit”, The Hindu, 8 Apr. 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/all-eyes-on-musharrafs-china-visit/article1235331.ece, last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  138. “Olympic Torch hits China-friendly Pakistan”, CBS News, 16 Apr. 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/olympic-torch-hits-china-friendly-pakistan/, last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  139. Andrew Jacobs, “Ambush in China raises concerns as Olympics near”, New York Times, 5 Aug. 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05china.html?pagewanted=all, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  140. Edward Wong, “Attack in West China kills 3 security officers”, New York Times, 12 Aug. 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/sports/olympics/13china.html?_r=0, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  141. Austin Ramzy, “China’s restive Xinjiang region hit by renewed violence”, Time, 29 Feb. 2012, http://world.time.com/2012/02/29/chinas-restivexinjiang-region-hit-by-renewed-violence/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “Group of axe-wielding men attack market place in Xinjian”, Telegraph, 29 Feb. 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9112502/Group-of-axe-wielding-men-attack-market-place-in-Xinjiang.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  142. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2011.

  143. Liu Yong, “Uighur group claims bus attacks, threatens Olympics”, China Digital Times, 25 Jul. 2008, http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/07/uighur-group-claims-china-bus-attacks-threatens-olympics/, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  144. Tania Branigan, “China knife attach and explosions leave several dead”, Guardian, 31 Jul. 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/31/china-knife-attack-several-dead, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  145. Sui-lee Wee, “China boosts security in Xinjiang after the attacks”, Reuters, 2 Aug. 2011, http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/08/02/idINIndia-58582720110802, last accessed 1 Feb. 2014; “China: 10 dead in blast and stabbing rampage”, Sky News, 31 Jul. 2011, http://news.sky.com/story/871018/china-10-dead-in-blast-and-stabbing-rampage, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  146. Jacob Zenn, “Insurgency in Xinjiang Complicates Chinese-Pakistani Relations”, Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 10, Issue 8, 20 Apr. 2012, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2875031/posts, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  147. Kamran Yousaf, “Looking towards East: Spy chief on a mission to Beijing”, Express Tribune, 1 Aug. 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/221259/cias-pakistan-chief-leaves-country/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  148. Shohret Hoshur (reporter), Mamatjan Juma (translator), and Joshua Lipes (writer), “Pakistan deports Uyghurs”, Radio Free Asia, 10 Aug. 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html/, last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  149. Chi-Chi Zhang, “Muslim militant group claims western China attacks”, Associated Press, 8 Sep. 2011, http://news.yahoo.com/muslim-militant-group-claims-western-china-attacks-070833873.html, last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  150. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2011.

  151. Ananth Krishnan, “Pakistan link to Xinjiang attacks questioned”, The Hindu, 11 Aug. 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/pakistan-link-to-xinjiang-attacks-questioned/article2344990.ece,last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

  152. Amir Mir, “China absolves Pakistan of Kashgar attacks”, The News, 12 Oct. 2011, http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=9484&Cat=13, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  153. Brian Spegele, “China points finger at Pakistan again”, Wall Street Journal, 7 Mar. 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204781804577266952254783484, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013. “Evidence shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi riot: Chinese gov’t”, Xinhua, 9 Jul. 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  154. Jane Macartney, “Riot police battle protesters as China’s Uighur crisis escalates”, The Times, 7 Jul. 2009, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2610804.ece, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  155. “Chinese question police absence in ethnic riots”, New York Times, 18 Jul. 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/world/asia/18xinjiang.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  156. “Evidence shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi riot: Chinese gov’t”, Xinhua, 8 Jul. 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  157. “Urumqi party chief, Xinjiang police chief sacked”, Xinhua, 5 Sep. 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–09/05/content_12001223.htm,last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  158. Gordon Fairclough, “Xinjiang official removed in China”, Wall Street Journal, 25 Apr. 2010, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704627704575203353627235946, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  159. “Hu skips G8 over China unrest”, Al Jaz
eera, 8 Jul. 2009, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2009/07/200978581162184.html, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  160. “Turkey attacks China ‘genocide’”, BBC News, 10 Jul. 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8145451.stm, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013

  161. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2009.

  162. Saad Abedine, “Al Qaeda tells China’s Uyghurs to prepare for holy war”, CNN, 8 Oct. 2008, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/china.uyghur.threat/, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  163. Malcolm Moore, “China Pleads for understanding as al-Qaeda vows revenge over Uighur deaths”, Telegraph, 14 Jul. 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5826040/China-pleads-for-understanding-as-al-Qaeda-vows-revenge-over-Uighur-deaths.html, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  164. Mohammad Afridi, spokesman of a TTP faction, quoted in “Tehreek-e- Taliban Pakistan claims responsibility for killing Chinese tourist”, Reuters, 2 Mar. 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/344297/tehreek-e-taliban-pakistan-claims-responsibility-for-killing-chinese-tourist/, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  165. “Wang Gang meets Pakistani JUI delegation”, International Department Central Committee of CPC, 6 Apr. 2010, http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/reports/2010/100406–2.htm, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  166. Rashid, Taliban, p. 90.

  167. Rashid, Ahmed, Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, London: Penguin, 2009, p. 276.

  168. “Pak Oppn leader’s home comes under rocket attack”, DNA India, 21 Apr. 2007, http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-pak-oppn-leader-s-home-comes-under-rocket-attack-1092300, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  169. Arif Jamal, “Pakistani Taliban Widen the Civil War—Against Fellow Deobandis”, 14 Apr. 2011, Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 9, Issue 15, http:// www.refworld.org/docid/4dad7e982.html, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  170. Manzoor Ali and Qaiser Butt, “Charsadda strike: Second attack targets Maulana Fazlur Rehman”, Express Tribune, 1 Apr. 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/140320/blast-in-charsadda-kills-8-injures-25/, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

  171. Senior Pakistani security official speaking on condition of anonymity, quoted in Mazhar Tufail, “ANP, JUI leaders now prime Taliban targets”, The News, 26 May, 2011, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2–49191-ANP-JUI-leaders-now-prime-Taliban-targets, last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.