Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect
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torture, use of
by Assad regime, 18, 75, 82, 83, 86, 120, 168, 241, 250, 254, 255
by ISIS, 99, 117
Total (oil company), 29–30
Toumeh, Nabil, 129
Transitional Administrative Law in Iraq, 177
Treasury Department (US), 159
Tunisia, 230, 250
popular uprising in, 11, 16, 81–82, 195
Turkey
and Hamas, 210
and Muslim Brotherhood, 234
and Syria
acting as intermediary for Golan negotiations, 203
Adana Agreement, 174–75
supporting rebels, 94, 95, 152, 232–33
treatment of Kurds, 173, 176
Turki, Mansour al-, 232
Turkmani, Hassan, 154
Twain, Mark, 203
“two-state solution,” 71–72, 204
author supporting, 192
UAR. See United Arab Republic
Uganda intervening in Congo, 13
Uganda plan for a proposed Zionist settlement, 34
Ukraine, orange revolution in, 229
UNHCR. See United Nations, High Commission for Refugees
United Arab Emirates, 210
United Arab Republic (UAR), 61, 247
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 137
International Atomic Energy Agency, 157
and Israel
vote to create Arab and Jewish states in Palestine, 59
Lebanon and Syria joining in 1945, 57
Obama speech to UN in 2013, 217, 218
Office for Human Rights, 88
Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 14
how might be used in Syria, 225–26
Security Council, 225
Resolution 242 (calling for return of Golan), 202, 247
Resolution 497 (calling for return of all Israeli captured lands), 202
vote on no-fly zone to protect civilians in Benghazi in 2011, 226, 229
on Syria, 139, 141–42
human-rights commission on Syria, 136, 255
investigations of chemical warfare, 101, 106–107, 110–11
Russian threat to veto any resolutions critical of Syria, 229–30
Security Council proposed peace plan, 163, 251–52
Security Council resolutions on vetoed, 251, 255
sending observer missions, 22
UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria, 107
United States
advancing business interests over human rights, 217–18, 221
American exceptionalism, myth of, 217–18
bombing of US barracks in Beirut in 1983, 69, 148
chemical weapons in Middle East, 211
entering into empire building in 1898, 46–47
equating Islam with extremism and terrorism, 91
interests in the Middle East after World War I
importance of oil, 55
King-Crane Commission, 44–46
invasion of Iraq in 2003, 78, 249
supposed to spread democracy, 79
and Iran
calling for regime change in, 162
Iran agreeing to freeze nuclear-enrichment program, 161–62
Iran's opposition to US, 146, 149, 152
pro-US government of the Shah, 157, 191
rejecting Iran's participation in Syrian peace talks, 165
seeing Iran as major threat to US, 157–58
US embassy takeover in 1979, 156
US sanctions against, 157–61
and Israel
AIPAC and Israel lobby influence on US policy in Syria, 200–202
Arab countries use of oil embargo against US for support of, 66
as largest producer of petroleum before World War I, 28
myths on how foreign policy and secret intelligence is done, 216
Suez Canal intervention, 61
supporting military coup over Morsi in Egypt, 234
and Syria, 213–25
changes in exchange rate after 2011, 124
sending helicopters into Syrian territory, 78
Syria's opposition to US, 146, 149, 152
and Syrian Civil War, 12
and rebels, 17, 84, 85, 94, 96, 114, 119, 139, 143, 152, 221, 222–23, 233, 254
and regime change, 79, 219–20
sanctions against by West, 215
shifting policy of US during the uprising, 18, 112–15, 220–24, 233
views in US, 223–24
terrorist organizations (according to US State Department), 97, 98, 174, 240, 252
twisting facts on war on terrorism, 140
US embassy in Damascus attacked in 2006, 249
and Vietnam War, 191, 221
“Unity, liberty, socialism” (slogan of Baath Party), 60
University of Haifa poll, 211
van Buren, Peter, 215
Vatanka, Alex, 150
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 43, 47
Vichy government, 55–56, 246
Vietnam War, 191, 221
VX, US holdings of, 115
Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 103, 155, 222
Washington Institute, 230
Washington Post (newspaper), 158
Weizmann, Chaim, 33–34, 35, 37
Weizmann-Faisal agreement, 43–44
West Bank, 72, 196, 201, 209, 210–11, 242
author's report from, 201, 204–207
Israel seizing, 62, 192, 247
Jordan controlling under Hashemites, 44
Wilgenburg, Wladimir van, 184
Wilson, Jeremy, 42
Wilson, Woodrow, 34, 44, 47
With Lawrence in Arabia (Thomas), 41
Woodrow Wilson Center, 159
World Bank, 128, 129
WorldNetDaily (website), 108
World Policy Conference, 197
World War I (1914–1918)
French and British competing for postwar control of Middle East, 30–33, 36–37, 39–57, 169, 217
key dates in, 245
Ottomans siding with Germany and Austria-Hungary, 25
Paris Peace Conference, 37, 43
T. E. Lawrence in, 23–24, 26–27
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 43, 47
World War II (1939–1945), 55, 223
key dates in, 246
Reza Shah declaring Iran neutral during, 170
US dominant power in Middle East after, 217–18
World Zionist Organization (WZO), 34, 35
Xelil, Aldar, 185
Xoybun (Kurdish independence party), 170
Yabroud, Syria, 255
Yadlin, Amos, 200
Yedioth Ahronoth (newspaper), 203
Yekiti Party, 181
Yemen, Arab Spring protests in, 82
Yezhednevny Zhurnal (online newspaper), 229
“Yom Kippur War” (1973), 63, 65, 66, 247–48
Yousef, Ahmed, 210
YouTube, 95, 250
Zahle, Lebanon, 137
Zakarya, Qusai (hunger strike by), 121
Zaki, Abbas, 211
Zarif, Mohammad Javad, 164
Zawahri, Ayman al-, 99, 254
Zaynab (granddaughter of Prophet Mohammad), 153
Zeldin, Isaiah, 192, 212
Zelin, Aaron, 230
Ziadeh, Radwan, 213
Zionism, 33–34
Arab opposition to a Zionist state, 46
author seeing self as a Zionist, 191
Christian Zionists, 35
conservative Zionists, 192
and creation of State of Israel, 59–60
Extremist Zionists, 91
labor Zionists, 192
Weizmann-Faisal agreement, 43–44
Zisser, Eyal, 196–97, 212
Zogby Poll, 147
Zunes, Stephen, 226
REESE ERLICH is an award-winning journalist and the author of four books on foreign policy, most recently Conversatio
ns with Terrorists: Middle East Leaders on Politics, Violence, and Empire. In 2012, the Society of Professional Journalists, Northern California, gave Erlich an Explanatory Journalism Award for his radio documentary titled “Inside the Syrian Uprising.” In 2006 Erlich shared a prestigious Peabody Award. Currently, he works as a full-time freelance journalist and holds the position of special correspondent with GlobalPost. He also reports regularly for National Public Radio, Radio Deutsche Welle, and CBS Radio News. His articles on the Middle East have appeared in the Christian Science Monitor, GlobalPost, Atlantic Online, and Vanity Fair Online.