First Class
Page 37
6. Houston, Houston & Hastie to Mr. and Mrs. Frederick F. Hundley, 26 June 1942, Scheslinger Library, Papers of Mary Hundley.
Chapter 9: Right to Serve
1. “Army & Navy, 22 Officers,” Time, February 28, 1944.
2. Bernard Nalty, “The Right to Fight: African American Marines in World War II,” World War II Commemorative Series, www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec14.htm.
3. Jonathan Sutherland, African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Publishing, 2004), 562.
4. Henry Herge, Navy V-12 (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing, 1996), 39.
5. “Midshipman Signs Up Here,” Afro American, June 26, 1937.
6. Mission Statement, United States Naval Academy, www.usna.edu/about.htm.
7. “Army and Navy: In Again, Out Again,” Time, July 19, 1937.
8. “No Unpleasantness in Middy Resignation,” Indiana Recorder, July 19, 1937.
9. Bradley Olson, “He Pressed on Despite Rough Seas,” Baltimore Sun, February 2, 2006.
10. Robert Schneller Jr., Breaking the Color Barrier: The U.S. Naval Academy’s First Black Midshipmen and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: NYU Press, 2005), 177.
11. Ibid., 178.
12. Colonel James A. Moss, Manual of Military Training, (Menasha, WI: George Banta Publishing, 1917), 1.
13. United States War Department, Infantry Drill Regulations:Changes Nos. 1–19, United States Army, April 15, 1917.
14. “The Competitive Drill M Street High School Wins,” Washington Bee, May 27, 1911.
15. CSPAN-Brian Lamb Q&A with Colbert King, May 31, 2009, www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307940-1.
16. Dr. Lawrence Graves to Paul C. Johnson, March 14, 2010.
17. Benjamin F. Butler, The Negro in Politics. Review of Recent Legislation for His Protection—Defense of the Colored Man Against All Accusers. Address of Gen. Butler in North Russell Street Church, Boston, Monday Evening, May 8th, 1871.
18. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Marker Number V 26, 1993.
19. Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American: An Autobiography (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 2.
20. Ibid., 69.
21. “The Charles Drew Papers 1941–1950,” Profiles in Science, the National Medical Library, National Institute of Health (Bethesda, MD: US National Library of Medicine).
22. William Elwood, The Road to Brown (film transcript), produced by University of Virginia, 1990.
23. “We Don’t Try to Be Different,” Time, May 6, 1946.
24. Ibid.
Chapter 10: Bolling, Not Brown
1. Kluger, 514; Genna Rae McNeil, Groundwork Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 188.
2. Michael Gillette, The Texas Book: Profiles, History, and Reminiscences of the University— Blacks Challenge the White University (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 142.
3. George Strayer, The Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948), 216.
4. Report of the Meeting of the Dunbar Alumni Association with Superintendent of Schools Dr. Hobart M. Corning, November 18, 1946, Franklin Building, Washington DC.
5. “Legends in the Law: A Conversation with James Nabrit III,” Washington Lawyer, July/August 2001.
6. Kluger, 520.
7. Milton Korman, Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, closing arguments, December 11, 1953.
8. Jeanne Rogers “No Quick Integration Seen in D.C. Schools,” Washington Post, May 18, 1954, 4.
9. Ibid.
10. Thomas Sowell, “The Education of Minority Children,” Education in the Twenty First Century (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 79–92.
11. Baltimore Afro-American, January 5, 1954.
12. “Danger on the School Board,” Washington Post, February 10, 1954, 8.
13. George Strayer, The Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of the District of Columbia (Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1948).
14. Jeanne Rogers, “Integration a Unique Problem Here,” Washington Post, May 23, 1954.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, September 22, 1954.
18. Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, September 22, 1954.
19. Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, , November 17, 1954.
20. Ibid.
21. Letter to the Board of Education, Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, October 7, 1954.
22. Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, , March 17, 1954.
23. Charles Lofton, Principal’s Letter, Liber Anni (Dunbar High School yearbook), 1955.
24. Thomas Sowell, “The Education of Minority Children,” www.tsowell.com/speducat.html.
25. Testimony of Dr. Garnet C. Wilkinson, Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, vol. 67, January 4, 1950.
Chapter 11: Elite versus Elitism
1. Conversation retold by Dr. James Bowman, James Bowman Oral History Interview, Oral History of Human Genetics Project, Session #1, June 26, 2006.
2. Dawn Rhodes, “Dr. James E. Bowman, 1923–2011: U. of C. Professor an Expert in Inherited Blood Diseases and Population Genetics,” Chicago Tribune, September 30, 2011.
3. John Easton, “James Bowman, Expert on Pathology and Blood Diseases, 1923–2011,” University of Chicago News, September 29, 2011.
4. Kambiz Foroohar and David Glovin, “How Nemazee Used Harvard Degree Swindling Banks of $292 Million,” Bloomberg, March 21, 2010, www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a8w3j0T3Xbrc.
5. Interview with Dr. James Bowman at UCLA, Oral History of Human Genetics Project, June 26, 2006
6. Harvard Law School’s Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Racial Justice, Annual Martha’s Vineyard Forum, “The Dunbar Story: Achieving Success in an Era of Segregation,” August 18, 2010.
7. Liber Anni (Dunbar High School yearbook), 1939, “James Bowman.”
8. Other similar communities include Sag Harbor, New York; Highland Beach, Maryland; and Idlewild, Michigan.
9. Stanley Nelson, A Place of Our Own (film), Interview with Professor Manning Marable, PBS-Independent Lens, 2004.
10. “The Dunbar Story: Achieving Success in an Era of Segregation,” Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, Martha’s Vineyard, MA, August 18, 2010.
11. Wolfgang Saxon, “H. Naylor Fitzhugh, 82, Educator and Pioneer in Target Marketing,” New York Times, July 29, 1992.
12. Mr. Soul The Movie, Ellis Haizlip and the Rise of Black Power TV, February 2012, Daniel Pollard and Melissa Haizlip Producers, www.mrsoulmovie.com/aboutthefilm.htm.
13. Elizabeth Catlett in Conversation with Henry Louis Gates Jr., W. E. B. DuBois Institute for African and African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, April 18, 2011.
14. Ibid.
15. Karen Rosenberg, “Elizabeth Catlett, Sculptor with Eye on Social Issues, Is Dead at 96,” New York Times, April 3, 2012.
16. Elizabeth Catlett, Lecture, Harvard University, April 18, 2011.
17. Austen Bailey, “New Acquisition: Elizabeth Catlett the Sharecropper,” Unframed, August 3, 2011, http://lacma.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/new-acquisition-elizabeth-catlett-sharecropper.
18. Parts of this interview were edited at Dr. Taylor’s request. He had suffered a stroke and would forget items and then recall them later in the interview.
19. Remarks of President Barack Obama, Congressional Gold Medal Awards Ceremony for Senator Edward Brooke, Washington, DC, October 29, 2010, www.whitehouse.gov.
20. Edward Brooke, Bridging the Divide: My Life, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 214.
21. Tamar Lewin, “Wellesley Class Sees ‘One of Us’ Bea
ring Standard,” New York Times, April 14, 2007.
22. James Nabrit III, e-mail interview, July 24, 2012.
23. William MacDougall, “Negro Tired of Excuses, Says Nabrit,” Washington Post, June 30, 1963.
24. Don Robinson and Leon Dash, “Thousand Quit Classes in Howard U Boycott,” Washington Post, May 11, 1967.
25. Gregory Tignor, “Living Black in Washington: A Pictorial History,” 3, 2002, Courtesy of the Tignor Family.
26. “Integration Doing Well, Says Eastern Principal,” Evening Star, September 20, 1956.
27. Marine Hoffman, “Reestablishing the Good Name of EHS,” Washington Post, October 29, 1963.
28. Eastern High School, Rambler (yearbook), 1969, 98–99.
29. Ibid.
30. Mary Stratford, “DC School Board Polled on the Track System,” Washington Afro American, December 15, 1964.
31. “Mrs. Butcher Assails Critics of Negro Pupils,” Washington Post, February 3, 1956, 29.
32. Ibid.
33. Willard Clopton Jr., “Eastern Principal Accused,” Washington Post, March 10, 1968.
Chapter 12: New School
1. Mary Hundley Gibson to Washington Star, 3 November 1973, Mary Hundley Gibson Papers, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2. Neely Tucker, “The Wreckage of a Dream,” Washington Post, August 24, 2004, B1.
3. Keith L. Alexander, “More Recollections of D.C. Riots Following Dr. King’s Death,” Washington Post, April 6, 2008.
4. Appropriations Committee, Capital Outlay Project Schedule, Fiscal Year 1966, 1,264.
5. Urban Renewal Plan for the Shaw School Urban Renewal Area, January 9, 1969.
6. Jeanne Rogers, “Dunbar High Plays a New Role; It’s Now a Neighborhood School,” Washington Post, January 23, 1957.
7. Ibid.
8. Lawrence Feinberg interview, August 2, 2012.
9. Ronald Kessler, “Spread of Drug Use in Schools Perplexes Washington Officials,” Washington Post, March 20, 1970.
10. Lawrence Feinberg, “Years Bring Change to Dunbar High School-‘Black Elite’ Institution Now Typical Slum Facility,” Washington Post, December 28, 1969, D1.
11. Patricia Sullivan, “Charles Sumner Lofton; Principal at Dunbar During Civil Rights Era,” Washington Post, August 10, 2006.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Entire conversation in Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, June 27, 1972.
15. William Raspberry, “Dunbar: Victim of Mediocrity,” Washington Post, April 25, 1975.
16. Charles Bryant, Robert Bryant, Hector Carrillo, Robert de Jongh, Amarian (no first name given in the presentation), Preliminary Submission Dunbar Senior High School Replacement, Washington D.C., 1970–71.
17. Wolf Von Eckhardt, “Design for an Urban Setting,” Washington Post, December 11, 1971, E1.
18. Ibid.
19. Jacqueline Trescott, “Old Dunbar High School: Too Good to Tear Down?” Washington Star, March 1975.
20. Ibid.
21. Michael Kiernan, “Council Blocks Dunbar Razing,” Washington Star News, April 1, 1974, B4.
22. Ibid.
23. Minutes of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, vol. 131, June 24, 1974.
24. Letters to the editor, Washington Star, March 25, 1975.
25. Paul W. Valentine, “60 Dunbar Students Talk to Mayor,” Washington Post, March 31, 1976.
26. R. C. Newell, “New Dunbar High School Opens, Still Facing Some Old Problems,” Afro American, April 16, 1977.
27. Cynthia Savage, “Pranksters Kill Purpose of New Escalators,” Dunbar Newsreel, Fall 1977.
28. Lawrence Feinberg, “We Must Have Pride in It; New Dunbar a Challenge to Students,” Washington Post, April 13, 1977, C1.
29. “Minority Review Report of Alternatives to the Demolition of Paul Laurence Dunbar High School,” May 23, 1977, 2.
30. “Walls Come Tumbling” (photo caption), Washington Post, June 5, 1977.
Chapter 13: Children Left Behind
1. District of Columbia Public Schools, Quality School Review Report, Restructuring Achievement: A Model for Improving Schools which Continuously Fail to Make Adequate Yearly Progress, January 2008, Dunbar HS, 2.
2. Ibid., 7.
3. Ibid., 3.
4. Fast Company Staff, “Gimme an F!,” Fast Company, August 7, 2008.
5. Interview with Jeff Chu, August 13, 2012.
6. Jeff Chu, “Fixing D.C.’s School System,” Fast Company, August 8, 2008.
7. Interview with Jeff Chu, August 13, 2012
8. V. Dion Haynes, “Parents Seek Action over Homeless Presence,” Washington Post, October 23, 2007.
9. Interview with Jeff Chu, August 13, 2012.
10. Bill Turque, “Rhee Has Ousted 24 Principals,” Washington Post, May 16, 2008.
11. “D.C. Schools Chief Rhee Faces High Hopes for Reform,” PBS NewsHour, November 19, 2007.
12. Fixing D.C. Schools: A Washington Post Investigation, Dunbar High School Open Repair Requests, projects.washingtonpost.com/dcschools/repairs/open/6–2004.
13. District of Columbia Public Schools, LEA School Restructuring Plan, 2008–09, Dunbar Senior High School.
14. Alan Goldenbach, “Getting Up for the Competition,” Washington Post, December 24, 2008.
15. Linda Wheeler and Serge Kovaleski, “School Shootings Break Out in DC,” Washington Post, January 27, 1994.
16. Richard Lacayo, Ann Blackman, Cathy Booth, and Janice C. Simpson, “Crime: Lock ’Em Up! And Throw Away the Key,” Time, February 7, 1994.
17. The White House, Memo, Subject: School Violence Event, January 28, 1994, www.clintonlibrary.gov/assets/DigitalLibrary/BruceReed/Crime/79/647420-tour.pdf.
18. DCPS Office of Data and Accountability, Federally Mandated School Improvement in DCPC, 2009.
19. District of Columbia Public Schools, ELA School Restructuring Plan, 2008–09, Dunbar Senior High School, 7–8.
20. Washington Post Editorial Board, “DC’s Odd Resistance to Charter Schools,” Washington Post, February 14, 2013.
Chapter 14: From Bed-Stuy to Shaw
1. Girmay Zahilay, Community Food Investment Partnership with City Harvest, http://hungercenter.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Community-Food-Assessment_Bed-Stuy-Zahilay.pdf.
2. Susan Dominus, “A School Succeeds with Extra Study and Little Homework,” New York Times, May 16, 2008.
3. Innercity Students Can Outperform the Norm,” www.friendsofbedford.org/success.html.
4. Testimony of Allen Lew, Executive Director of the Office of Public Education and Education, Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia, Friday, March 28, 2008, Dirksen Senate Building.
5. Interview with Kimberly Springle-Archivist, Sumner Museum and Archives, archivist, August 9, 2012.
6. Peter Applebome, “Before Hosting ‘Bandstand,’ Growing Up in a City with a Complicated Story,” New York Times, April 20, 2012.
7. Stephen Jackson, Personal Statement, Dunbar Alumni Federation, 2009.
8. Interview with Jay Matthews, January 25, 2010.
9. Christopher Dean Hopkins, “Gray: Fenty Took My Commencement Speaker Slot,” D.C. Wire (blog), June 7, 2010, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dc/2010/06/gray_fenty_took_my_commencemen.html.
10. Ibid.
Chapter 15: The Fall
1. Jay Matthews, “Rhee Initiative That Will, Thankfully, Outlast Rhee,” Washington Post, September 19, 2010.
2. Name changed.
Chapter 16: New New School
1. “New Dunbar Groundbreaking Press Conference”, November 17, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmB7e8ioGSg.
2. Ibid.
3. “District of Columbia Modernization and Stabilization Project,” www.mckissackdc.com/project.aspx?pid=2400178.
4. Phillip Kennicott, “Winning Design for Dunbar High School Scores an Av
erage Grade,” Washington Post, March 15, 2010.
Chapter 17: Back to the Future
1. Michael J. Petrilli, “The Fastest-Gentrifying Neighborhoods in the United States,” Thomas B. Fordham Institute, June 11, 2012., http://educationnext.org/the-10-fastest-gentrifying-public-schools-in-the-u-s.
2. Wendy Wang, “The Rise of Intermarriage: Rates, Characteristics Vary by Race and Gender,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2012.
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Avalon, John. Independent Nation: How the Vital Center Is Changing American Politics. New York: Harmony Books, 2004.
Buck, Stuart. Acting White: The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
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Close, Ellis. The Rage of a Privileged Class. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
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