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INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to pages with pictures. Some word choices reflect the language of the era.
academic rigor, 90–91
Addison, Alberta, 243
advanced placement classes, 226–227, 278, 234
Afrocentric studies, 192, 196, 197
Alexander Crummell School, 75
alley life, 28–29, 44, 134, 193, 234
Alpha Kappa Alpha, 94
Alpha Xi Delta sorority, 159–160
alumni groups, 115–116, 242–243, 244, 245
Anderson, Marian, 126
anthropology, 99, 102–103, 129
architecture, 213, 227–228, 284
Armstrong High School, 42, 71, 163–164, 227
Artis, Lynettra, 244–245
Ashford, Snowden, 71, 72–74, 75–76
Atkins, Vashti, 117–118
Atlanta Compromise, 51–53
Atwood, Oliver M., 46–47, 57, 63, 66–67
Baker, Yaba, 234
Banion, Miss (student), 49–50
Banneker High School, 305–306
Banneker Junior High, 108
Barker, Dora F., 33
Barry, Marion, 191
Beason, Mary L., 33
Beckwith, Phyllis, 222, 223
Bedford Academy, 252
Beecher, William H., 20
Bell, George, 11, 290
Bell, Matt, 283–284
Bell, Sophia, 11
Bell School, 11
Benn, Arrelious, 229
Bishop, Gardner, 162, 204
Black Codes, 10
Black Unity (Catlett), 183
blood, segregation of, 156–158
Blood for Britain, 157
Bogikes, Paul, 138
Bolden, Howard F., 206–207, 209
Bolling, Spottswood Thomas, 162
Bolling v. Sharpe, 161, 162, 165–167
Bonham, Angela, 302–303, 307
Boody, Bertha May, 136
Bowen, Sayles J., 26
Bowman, James, 177–178, 179, 180, 181, 307
Boykin, Keith, 230
Branson, Herman, 181
Briggs, LeBaron Russell, 136
Brooke, Edward, 185–190, 188, 217–218
Brooks, Arthur, 151
Brooks, Elmer, 244
Brooks, Julia Evangeline, 93, 94, 95, 131, 137
Brooks, Preston, 26
Brown, Roscoe, 156, 215
Brown, Sterling, 99
Brown, Wesley, 145, 147–148, 152–154, 159, 307
Brown v. Board of Education, 161
Bruce, James, 118
brutalist architecture, 228
Bryant, Charles, 210
Bryant, Edward, 210
Bryant and Bryant, 209–210
Bunche, Ralph, 195
Burroughs, Nannie Helen, 85–86
Bussey, Nate, 229
Butcher, Margaret, 169–170, 171, 172, 174
Butler, Andrew, 26
Butler, Benjamin, 151
Cadet Corps, 148–151, 150
Campbell, Louis, 118
Cardozo, F. L., Sr,, 37
Cardozo Senior High School, 91, 163–164, 295–296
Carnegie Institute of Technology, 183
Carter, Jimmy, 153–154
caste system, 102–103, 106
Catlett, Elizabeth, 182–184, 256, 307
Central High, 46, 72
Chambers, Andrew, 181–182
Chambers, Lawrence, 181–182
Chambers, Rodney, 1, 2–6, 7, 307
Chambers v. Florida, 123
Charles Hamilton Houston Institute, 179–180
Charles Sumner School, 33
charter schools, 236, 237, 239
Church, Mary, 41, 67
civil rights movement, 25, 33–34, 123–124
Clark, Appleton P., Jr., 70, 73
&n
bsp; Clark, LaVerne, 119
Clarke, C. J. B., 68
Clayton, Yvonne, 125–126
Cluss, Adolf, 33
Cobb, Carolyn, 128–130
Cobb, Hilda, 129
Cobb, W. Montague, 129–130, 215–216
Cole, Laura, 180
Coleman, Frank, 137
college placements, 98, 137, 173
Collins, Dolores, 119
Colored 400, 31
Colvin, John, 112–113
Compensated Emancipation Act, 9
Congress Heights School, 75
Cook, George F. T., 31, 34, 37, 41, 69
Cook, John Hartwell, 99
Cook, Mercer, 194
Cook, W. Mercer, 99
Cook, Will Marion, 99
Coolidge, Calvin, 150
Coolidge High School, 277
Cooper, Anna Julia, 55
achievements, 44–45, 68
background, 39–41
Board of Education inquiry, 56–63
charges against, 50–51
congessional hearing, 63–67
curriculum goals, 42, 47–49, 58
Hughes and, 49–50
philosophy of, 44, 54–55
reputation, 39, 58
response to accusations, 47
teaching career, 41, 42
teaching style, 43, 48
Cooper, George, 40
Cooper, Oscar J., 137
Corning, Hobart, 164, 169–170, 172, 173
cosmetics, for skin lightening, 111
Costin, Fannie M., 33
court cases, 110–111, 123, 161, 162, 165–166, 223
covenants, 138–140
Craig, James C., 33
Cramton Auditorium, 263
Cribbs, Joshua, 229
Crimson Tide marching band, 1, 2–5, 259, 308
Crisis, The (magazine), 86
Cromwell, Adelaide, 147, 180
Cromwell, Otelia, 90–91, 96
curricula, academic vs. vocational, 42, 51, 53, 91
Daniels, Grace, 63, 64
Dash, Leon, 234–235
Davidson, Shelby, 48
Davis, Allison, 104, 105, 106
Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 155–156
Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Sr., 155, 156
Davis, Elizabeth, 102
Davis, Gordon, 101–102, 103, 105
Davis, John, 99–101, 124
Davis, John, Sr., 99–101
Davis, Vernon, 229
Davis, Vontae, 229
Davis, W. Allison, 99–101, 102–105
Dayton Tattler, 78
DC schools/DCPS. See also specific schools
disciplinary code, 7
district expansion, 71–72
first colored high schools, 34–35
funding issues, 9, 11, 27, 72, 84, 198
integration, 140–141, 171–173, 174, 194
management structure, 26, 46, 49
overcrowding, 69, 162, 163–164
politics, 236, 277
public school reputation, 11–12
reports/studies, 235, 255–256
school reform, 184–185, 211, 236, 272–273, 279
segregation, 11, 26, 30–31, 161, 171–173, 207
statistics, 34, 226
Deep South (Davis), 103
Derricot, Alfred, 194
District of Columbia Free Negro Register, 10
Dixon-Queen, Mary, 119
Dorsey, George, 158
Douglass, Frederick, 15, 79–80
Douglass, Haley, 96
dress code, 93, 206, 260–261
Drew, Charles, 156, 248
Du Bois, W. E. B., 45, 51, 53–54, 85
Dudding, Ellicot, 173
Dunbar, Matilda, 77, 79, 86
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 77–84, 80
Dunbar All Class Triennial Gala, 241–244, 246–248
Dunbar Alumni Association, 164
Dunbar Alumni Federation, 244
Dunbar High School. See also M Street
school; Preparatory High School for Colored Youth
Dunbar I (1916)
academic rigor, 90–91, 148
architecture, 75, 85
atmosphere, 238–239
college placements, 98, 137, 173
demolition plans, 203, 224–225
desegregation, 171–175, 205
faculty, 95–97, 126–127, 174, 180
funding issues, 84, 204–205
landmark designation, 219, 220
military training, 146–147, 148–149
naming of, 83, 289
opening/dedication, 84, 85–86
original secondary school, 31
overcrowding, 163–164, 171
pictured, 86
Powell on, 208–209
preservation movement, 215–218, 220–221, 223–224
qualifications for enrollment, 87
rehabilitation plans, 204–205
reputation, 2, 107–108, 173, 215–216, 221
service ethic, 181
student behavior, 88, 91–93
Dunbar II (1977)
achievement levels, 225–226
architecture, 213, 227–228
atmosphere, 1–2, 227, 252, 253–254, 274
Jackson’s return, 275, 280–282
location, 213, 287
maintenance, 1–2, 228, 256
naming of, 289
as a neighborhood school, 229
opening day, 223–224
physical assessment, 255–256
pictured, 212
rehabilitation budget, 214–215, 218, 222
rehabilitation plans, 209–211, 213
safety, 227, 229–230, 273, 274, 275
science programs, 231–232, 235, 245, 282
sports field, 213, 218, 219, 223, 228–229
student behavior, 6–7, 274, 279, 281–282
Dunbar III
overview, 287–288
architecture, 283–284
community atmosphere, 288–289, 290
funding, 285
future hopes, 305–308
ground breaking, 283
rendering, 288
sports complex, 287
Dunbar High School Alumni Association et al v. Government of the District of Columbia, 223
Dunbar Newsreel newspaper, 193
Dykes, Eva, 97–98
Eastern High School, 194–195
education, as path to equality, 29, 45, 198, 232
EE&K. See Perkins Eastman
Eisenhower, Dwight, 168
Ellis, Thomas Sayers, 234
Emancipation Day, 9
Entwistle, Thomas, 35
“Ethics of the Negro Question, The” (Cooper), 54–55
Executive Order 9981, 154–155, 159
Farm, Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, 152
Farmer, Bianca, 272
Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 96
Feinberg, Lawrence, 206
Fenty, Adrian, 2, 263–264, 269, 273
Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, 32
“First American, The” (Toomer), 114
Fitzhugh, Naylor, 182
Fleetwood, Christian, 151
football field, 213, 218, 219, 223, 228–229
football teams, 89, 229, 295–296, 298, 308
Forrestal, James, 146
Fowlkes, Alenia, 230–231
Francis, H. Minton, 107–108
Francis, Hugh, 44
Francis, John R., 77
Frankfurter, Mr., 166
Franklin, Nicholas, 11
fraternities, 137
free blacks, 9–10
Freedmen’s Bureau, 30
Freedmen’s Hospital, 157
Freedom School, 196, 197
Freeman, Harold, 241
Friends of Bedford
overview, 251–253
cancellation of contract, 274–276
criticisms of, 274, 277–278
five tenets, 255
Jackson conflict, 271, 279
/>
political issues, 277, 304
reforms, 259
return to NY, 307
reunion speech, 247–249
Gardner, Burleigh, 102
Gardner, Mary, 102
Gary, Vince, 243
Gaston, Niaka, 251, 252, 253–255, 277, 279–280
generational divide, 246
gentrification, 305
George Washington High School, 121
Giles, Leroy, 109
Gore, Al, 230–231
Gorewitz, Rebecca, 138
“Gospel of the Toothbrush,” 93
Goss, Frances, 131–132
Government Printing Office, 100
Graham, Carol (later, Stewart), 127–131, 128, 133–135, 140–141, 143–144, 307
Graham, Gloria, 133
Graham, Mayhugh Arnold, 133
Grant, Julia C., 33
Granville, Evelyn Boyd, 181
Graves, Lawrence, 238–241, 242, 243, 245, 307
Gray, Ed, 136
Gray, Vincent, 3, 263, 265–269, 273, 307
Green, Cornelius, 242
Green, Elijah, 13
Greene, Harold, 224
Greene, Jay, 192
Greene, Mr., 66–67
Greener, Richard T., 37
Gregory, James M., 77
Griffin, Archie, 242
Grigsby, James, 116, 241, 246
Grimké, Angelina, 97
Grimké, Francis, 51
Guggenheim, Davis, 273
Haizlip, Ellis, 182
Harper, Thomas, 231
Haskins, Jewel, 234
Hastie, William, 124
Hawkins, Linc, 181
Hayes, George E. C., 161, 165–166, 168, 207
Haywood, Annie. See Cooper, Anna Julia
Heard, Blanche, 207
Hemmings, Anita, 110
Henderson, E. B., 43
Henderson, James, 181
Henderson, Kaya, 273, 274–276, 307
“Heredity and the Public Schools” (Du Bois), 45
Hill, Oliver, 161, 207
Hilton, Mrs., 245
Hobson, Julius, 197
Holloway, Norma, 185
Holmes, Margaret Flagg, 137
Home Owner Loan Corporation, 138
housing issues, 135, 138–140
housing projects, 133–135
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 123, 139, 158, 162–163, 171, 207
Howard, Juanita, 95–96
Howard Theatre, 204
Howard University, 31
Howells, William Dean, 81, 82–83
Hughes, Percy, 45, 47–50, 57, 62, 63–64, 67
Human Stain, The (movie), 106
Hundley, Mary Gibson, 135–140, 203, 213, 215, 217
Hunter, Elizabeth, 35
Hutchins, Emma J., 32
Hyde Amendment, 187–188
hygiene, 93–94
hypodescent, 110
I Am the Negro Woman (Catlett), 184
“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free” (Taylor), 184