by James Oakes
Bingham, John A., 121, 187, 229, 297–98
Bingham, Kingsley S., 132, 133, 137
Birney, James Gillespie, 15, 16, 26, 259, 502
black soldiers, 376–81
coercion of, 384
in combat, 378–79
command of, 371
Confederate treatment of, 380
families of, 366, 386, 387, 414–15, 418, 433, 435
first regiments of, 378–79
Lincoln’s position on, 372, 377, 380, 387, 415, 428, 457, 464, 533
military emancipation’s connection to, xiv, 377, 380, 381–90, 391, 428, 435, 457, 475, 542
northern recruitment of, 388, 389
recruitment of, 372, 381–90, 414, 415, 435, 463
re-enslavement of, 380, 424, 426, 434, 435, 549
slave liberation by, 388–89, 402
Union army treatment of, 379–80, 415, 473
Blair, Frank, Jr., 150, 151, 165, 183, 520
Blair, Montgomery, 98–99, 100, 156, 165, 280, 306, 308, 315, 479, 514, 527, 533
Blair, Samuel, 242
Blake, Harrison, 272
Bolívar, Simón, 38
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 423
Border State congressmen:
Civil War position of, 108–9, 128–29, 130
colonization position of, 279–80
contraband policy opposition of, 113, 114, 115
District of Columbia abolition opposition by, 272, 273, 274
emancipation opposition by, 113, 114, 115, 128–29, 138, 240, 433, 435
federal consensus position of, 286, 287
First Confiscation Act opposition by, 138
fugitive slave bill opposition by, 188
postwar scenarios of, 353–54, 451
“property in man” position of, 448
proslavery position of, 108–9, 110
Second Confiscation Act opposition of, 240
Thirteenth Amendment position of, 445, 469, 478, 479
Border State policy, 282–88
African American endorsement of, 359
colonization’s place in, 279, 282
compensation issue in, 284, 285, 286–87, 290, 386, 464, 485
Confederacy’s effects from, 286, 290, 291
congressional action on, 181, 185–89
Frémont’s order on, 157–59, 160, 162, 163–65, 166, 175–76, 182, 184, 187
on fugitive slaves, 90, 104, 146–47, 166–89, 190–91, 193, 257, 290, 319
issues affecting, 146, 147–48, 166, 171, 172
Lincoln’s position on, xiii, 53, 55, 157–59, 161, 162–65, 175–76, 217, 233, 283–88, 289–91, 292–93, 310, 315, 330, 332, 377, 463, 464, 466, 467
opposition to, 188, 189, 285, 286–87, 288, 290, 291
political purpose of, 287
Republican, 146, 166, 172, 185–89, 279, 287–88, 291–93, 298, 300, 438
Border States, 145–91
abolition in, 463–67, 477
abolitionists in, 145
abolition resistance in, 285, 286–87, 288, 290, 291, 297, 470, 485–87
black enlistment in, xiv, 377, 386–87, 433, 434, 435
Civil War’s effect on, xiv, xxi, 146, 166, 172, 257, 288–93, 300, 366–67, 438
Confederate defectors from, 150, 160, 459, 465, 468
Confederate recognition of, 147, 151, 155, 161
Confederate recruitment in, 147
Constitution’s applicability in, 103–4, 171, 172, 173, 174, 188, 236, 257
containment strategy in, xii, 67, 145, 146, 257, 282–88, 289–93, 300, 485
cooperationist strategy of, 72
District of Columbia fugitive slaves from, 189, 190
economic diversification in, 145, 149, 150, 160
1864 election in, 477–78
Emancipation Proclamation’s effects in, 366–67, 386–87, 390, 391, 438, 464
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 343, 366, 390, 464, 543
emancipation resistance in, 366, 367, 418, 433
enticement in, 464
First Confiscation Act’s applicability in, 143, 146, 175–79, 182–83, 185, 186
fugitive slaves escaping to, 172, 179, 182, 193
gradual abolition in, xii, xiii, xiv, 53, 67, 145, 146, 147, 283–88, 289, 290, 291, 292, 298, 305, 315, 330
Halleck’s martial law declaration in, 183
military emancipation’s applicability in, 143, 146, 166–71, 183, 257, 290, 313, 319, 433; see also Border State policy, on fugitive slaves
military emancipation’s effects in, xiv, 289, 291–93, 306, 366–67, 377, 386–87, 390, 391, 421, 433, 435, 438
Northern recruiting in, 388
political disruption in, 146, 147–53, 166
Preliminary Proclamation’s effect on, 306
prewar Republican proposals for, 52, 55
racism in, 285
re-enslavement in, 366, 423, 427, 430, 434, 435
secessionists’ fears about, 59, 60
secessionists in, 90, 92, 147–48, 149–50, 151–52, 153, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167–68, 175, 458, 459
Second Confiscation Act’s application in, 233, 234, 469, 539
slave conscription in, 366, 386, 391, 433, 435, 463–64
slavery in, 103–4, 145, 146, 148–49, 150, 151, 160, 161, 172, 287–88
slavery’s protection in, 172–73, 174
slaves in, 145, 156, 161, 166–71
strategic importance of, 161, 162–63
Union allegiance of, 145, 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 160, 161, 162, 167, 292–93
Union army fugitive slave policy in, 146–47, 166–89, 190–91
Union army presence in, 90, 104, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 160, 161, 162, 175, 387
see also Delaware; Kentucky; Maryland; Missouri
Boston Post, 286
Boston Transcript, 202
Boyd, Minerva, 89
Bradford, Augustus, 464, 465, 467
Bramlette, Thomas, 488
Branham, Levi, 89, 405
Brazil:
abolition in, x
slavery in, 396
slave trade with, 262
Breckinridge, John C., 81, 91, 125, 130, 131, 132, 160, 518
Briggs, Henry, 170, 171
Brooks, James, 446, 447, 549–50
Brooks, Noah, xx–xxi
Brown, B. Gratz, 469
Brown, Harvey, 111
Brown, Joseph E., 400–401
Browning, Orville H., 80, 84–85, 112, 117, 127, 131, 141, 163–64, 200, 231, 232, 273, 279, 525
Bruce, Henry Clay, 389, 404–5
Bruner, Peter, 388–89, 410–11
Buchanan, James, 50, 56
Buchanan administration, 262
Buell, Don Carlos, 320, 323, 327
Bull Run:
first battle at, 107, 123–24, 125–26, 425–26
second battle at, 313–14, 393, 425–26
Burlingame, Anson, 260
Burnett, Henry, 114–15, 121, 133, 136
Burnside, Ambrose, 209–10, 211, 327, 423
Butler, Benjamin F., 90–93, 142, 527
black enlistment by, 378
contraband camps under, 417–18
in contraband policy formulation, 93, 95–99, 100, 101–3, 104, 105, 106, 107–8, 238, 327, 328, 368, 377, 401, 511, 513, 514
early slavery position of, 91–92
First Confiscation Act’s application by, 139–40, 193
legal background of, 91
Louisiana policy of, 220, 221–23, 246, 247, 248–49, 250, 251–54, 319, 369, 375
Maryland command of, 90, 92, 149
in New Orleans occupation, 219–20
secession position of, 92
California:
Frémont’s senatorial election in, 154
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Calvert, Charles, 172, 180, 520
Cameron, Simon, 99, 103, 107, 138, 139, 141, 142, 174, 179, 180–81, 186, 399
Camp Jackson, 151–52<
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Camp Upton, 111
Capers, William, 408
Caribbean:
abolition in, x, 67
colonization in, 277
Carlile, John, 121–22, 127, 295, 422
Carroll, Anna Ella, 241–42
Carter, Hill, 212, 482
Carter, Luther C., 526
Cary, John, 95, 96, 97, 513, 514
census, U.S., of 1860, 270, 421
Central America, colonization in, 277, 280, 309
Chancellorsville, 393, 395
Chandler, Zachariah, 123
Channing, William, 79–80, 196
Charleston Mercury, 60, 61
Chase, Salmon P., 120, 165, 166, 179, 215, 244, 302, 306, 315, 357, 358, 479, 526, 532, 533
antislavery views of, 199–200, 201, 248, 283, 332
constitutional arguments of, 4, 16–17, 21–22, 23, 28, 47, 380
Emancipation Proclamation suggestions of, 341, 344, 524
in Free Soil Party, 28, 29
in Louisiana administration, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 283, 332
in Sea Islands administration, 201, 202, 207, 283, 328, 332, 425
secession predictions of, 68
Senate election of, 29
slavery’s weakness presumed by, 54, 65, 215, 247
Chesnut, James, 400
Chicago Tribune, 484, 487
children:
of black soldiers, 366, 387, 418
of runaway slaves, 98, 100, 396, 414
on Sea Islands, 206
of slaves, 10, 449
Chiriquí, 280, 309
Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 56
Cinqué, Joseph, 34
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 359
Civil War, U.S.:
abolition role of, xiv, xviii, xix, xxi, 285–86, 428
alternative scenario for, xxiv
antislavery origins of, xv, xvi–xvii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 81, 108, 114–15, 130, 240, 328, 331, 346, 446, 447, 453, 515; see also slavery, as Civil War cause
black enlistment in, xiv, xvii, 132, 239, 341, 344, 360–62, 374, 376–84, 385–88, 399, 411, 414–16, 418, 420, 421, 427–28, 451, 457, 463, 475, 542, 543
black soldiers’ importance in, xvii, 380
Border State congressmen’s view of, 108–9, 128–29, 130
Border State effects of, xiv, xxi, 146, 166, 172, 257, 288–93, 300, 366–67, 438
British view of, 263
causes of, xvii
colonization movement during, 278–79, 281–82
commencement of, 71, 79
Confederate surrender in, 482
constitutionality of, 115, 116, 129
containment’s strengthening by, 257, 288–93, 300
Crittenden-Johnson resolution on, 128–31, 143
emancipation’s necessitation by, 49, 50, 62, 67–69, 71, 74, 79–81, 108, 109–10, 111, 114, 115–18, 120, 124, 127–28, 129, 136, 200, 240, 243, 247–48, 312, 317, 331, 332, 337–38, 392
forced expulsions during, 281
gradual abolition during, xiii, 111, 146
“hard war” approach in, 224, 241, 242, 305, 372–73, 393
human cost of, 428, 472
humanitarian crisis during, 254, 324; see also contraband camps
Lincoln’s mobilization for, 79, 111, 132, 149, 151, 304
Lincoln’s position on, xvi, 114, 129, 311, 312, 315, 337, 391–92, 453, 473
military emancipation during, xiii, xiv, xviii, 49; see also contraband policy; Emancipation Proclamation; First Confiscation Act; Preliminary Proclamation; Second Confiscation Act
moral dilemma of, xvi, 311–12
northern Democrats’ peace proposal for, 439, 472, 473, 477
northern Democrats’ position on, xxi, xxiii, 108–9, 114–15, 188, 240, 267, 331, 453, 472, 474–75
Northern support of, 341, 472, 475
presidential proclamations’ use during, 304
radicalizing effect of, 224, 241, 242, 271
Republican view of, 80–81, 108, 109–10, 111, 112, 114, 115–18, 129–31, 136, 200, 224, 240, 242, 243, 247–48, 267, 312, 328, 331, 332, 391–92, 447, 453, 471, 517
revisionist interpretations of, xv–xvi
self-emancipation’s increase during, 196
Seward’s conciliation attempts prior to, 65–66, 509
Sherman’s marches in, 374, 388, 409, 410, 421, 475
slaveholders’ disruption by, 405, 409, 410, 427
slave rebellion scenario concerning, xvii–xviii, 66, 70–71, 79, 80, 84–85, 249
slaves’ suffering during, 409
slave terrorization in, 404
trajectory of, xxiii–xiv
Union military successes in, 302, 314, 393, 394–95, 427
Union policies in, 42, 292, 342, 344, 393, 394, 399, 400; see also abolition, gradual; abolition, state; emancipation, military
Union setbacks in, 302, 306, 313–14, 330, 393, 534
Union victory in, 428, 430, 477, 482
see also secession
Clark, Daniel, 129, 227, 228, 231, 234, 298
Clay, Clement C., 265
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 323
Cobb, Daniel, 86–87
Coffroth, Alexander H., 449
Collamer, Jacob, 226, 227, 232
colonization, xii, 55, 239, 273, 274–75, 277–82, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 387, 529
comity, 14
Commonwealth v. Aves, 14
Compromise of 1850, 29, 154, 270
Confederacy:
Arkansas exit from, 461
black soldiers’ treatment by, 380
Border State defectors to, 150, 160, 459, 465, 468
Border State policy’s implications for, 286, 290, 291
Border State recognition by, 147, 151, 155, 161
Constitution’s applicability in, 93, 96, 103–4, 230, 234
defeat of, 375, 380–81, 427, 475
deserters from, 453
emancipation countermeasures of, 396, 397–416, 422–27
European status of, 341
formation of, 61, 94
fugitive slave position of, 398
fugitive slaves escaping out of, 182, 189, 190, 193, 195–96
growth of, 79
Indian treaties with, 397, 487–88
Maryland supporters of, 90
military emancipation in, see Emancipation Proclamation; First Confiscation Act; Preliminary Proclamation; Second Confiscation Act
military emancipation’s success in, 421
peace overture by, 473, 477
planter exemption in, 400–401
policing system in, 403–5, 407–9
proslavery purpose of, 397–98, 400, 506
real estate seizure in, 304
re-enslavement in, 354, 380, 423–24, 425, 426
Second Confiscation Act’s applicability in, 225, 227, 238, 239
slaveholders’ compensation by, 402, 544
slaveholders’ protection by, 398, 403
slave labor for, 87, 95, 98, 108, 119, 124, 125, 131, 137, 138, 139, 143, 167, 172, 176, 182, 203, 225, 371–72, 374, 375, 376, 401–3, 409, 427
slave property recognition of, 398, 402
slave rebellion view of, 398–99
states’ role in, 403
strategic emancipation by, 400
taxation by, 409
territorialization proposal for, 432–33, 539
territorial slavery position of, 398
Union army fugitive slave policy in, 93, 96, 172, 174, 190–91; see also contraband policy
Union occupation of, 87, 94, 406, 407, 410, 412
Union readmission requirement for, 257, 299, 305, 392, 453, 455, 456, 457–58, 472, 473, 483
unoccupied areas of, 225, 227, 301, 315–16, 331, 335, 336, 340, 341, 344, 396
see also army, Confederate; secession; South
Confiscation-Emancipation Act, see Second Confiscation Act
Congress, U.S.:
abolition powers of, 28, 32, 37, 54, 229, 230, 268,
270–71, 272, 431, 436–37, 439, 455, 456
abolition role of, xviii
antislavery “gag rule” in, 36–37, 39, 348
antislavery policy in, 328, 330–31, 335 xviiii
black enlistment authorization in, 378
Border State policy in, 181, 185–89, 285, 288
Buchanan’s compromise proposal in, 50, 56
colonization proposals in, 239, 280
Committee on the Conduct of the War of, 186
conservative opposition in, 108–9, 113–15, 121–22, 125, 126–27, 128–29, 130, 131, 132, 133–34, 136–38, 188, 189, 240, 267, 272, 273, 274, 295, 300; see also Border State congressmen; Democrats, northern
contraband policy debate in, 101, 104, 110–11, 112–18
District of Columbia abolition bill in, 271–74, 300, 328, 331
District of Columbia rule by, 18, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273
1860 Republican gains in, 51, 54
emancipation enforcement proposals in, 430–37; see also Thirteenth Amendment
First Confiscation Act in, xviii, 108, 109, 110, 118–22, 124–28, 130, 131–38, 144, 225, 226, 292
free state admission by, 30
fugitive slave bill in, 186–89, 211, 257, 319, 328, 330–31
Haiti’s recognition by, 264
interstate slave trade regulation by, 20–21
Kentucky’s battle with, 366
laws of war interpretation by, 133, 134, 237
Lincoln’s Border State proposal in, 285
Lincoln’s first annual message to, 201, 217, 280, 283, 337
Louisiana’s representation in, 255
military draft enactment by, 361
military emancipation debates in, 41
military emancipation role of, 137, 138, 159, 212, 225, 228, 230, 233, 362, 431–37; see also emancipation, legislative
Missouri Compromise debates in, 13–14
Northwest Ordinance’s adoption by, 440
presidential proclamation requirements in, 304
reconstruction bill in, 454–56
Republican majority in, 72, 101, 257, 266, 447
secession’s effect on, 72
Second Confiscation Act in, 216, 223, 224, 225, 226–33, 234–36, 249, 259, 280, 302, 303, 304, 331, 335, 422
slave state representation in, 109, 294, 343, 362, 363; see also Border State congressmen
South’s fear of, 490
territorial slavery bans in, 265–69, 328, 331, 432–33
Thirteenth Amendment in, xiv, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 438–56, 470, 471, 476–80, 550
war powers of, 37, 39, 40, 133, 134–35, 225, 230, 233
West Virginia statehood bill in, 295–99, 331
see also Democrats, northern; House of Representatives, U.S.; Republican Party, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Conkling, Roscoe, 229, 268
Connecticut:
abolition in, 10