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The Vaccine Race

Page 58

by Meredith Wadman


  Friedman, Meyer, and Gerald W. Friedland. Medicine’s 10 Greatest Discoveries. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1998.

  Galambos, Louis, with Jane Eliot Sewell. Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and Mulford, 1985–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  Gregg, Norman McAlister. “Congenital Cataract Following German Measles in the Mother.” Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of Australia 3 (1941): 35–46.

  Greider, Carol W., and Elizabeth H. Blackburn. “Identification of a Specific Telomere Terminal Transferase Activity in Tetrahymena Extracts.” Cell 43 (1985): 405–13.

  Greider, Carol W., and Elizabeth H. Blackburn. “A Telomeric Sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena Telomerase Required for Telomere Repeat Synthesis.” Nature 337 (1989): 331–37.

  Hall, Stephen S. Merchants of Immortality: Chasing the Dream of Human Life Extension. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

  Harley, Calvin B., A. Bruce Futcher, and Carol W. Greider. “Telomeres Shorten During Ageing of Human Fibroblasts.” Nature 345 (1990): 458–60.

  Hawkes, Mary Q. Excellent Effect: The Edna Mahan Story. Arlington, VA: American Correctional Association, 1994.

  Hayflick, Leonard. “Hayflick’s Reply.” Science 202 (1978): 128–36.

  ———. How and Why We Age. New York: Ballantine Books, 1994.

  ———. “The Limited in Vitro Lifetime of Human Diploid Cell Strains.” Experimental Cell Research 37 (1965): 614–36.

  Hayflick, Leonard, and Paul S. Moorhead. “The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains.” Experimental Cell Research 25, no. 3 (1961): 585–621.

  Hayflick, Leonard, Stanley A. Plotkin, Thomas W. Norton, and Hilary Koprowski, “Preparation of Poliovirus Vaccines in a Human Fetal Diploid Cell Strain.” American Journal of Hygiene 75 (1962): 240–58.

  Hooper, Edward. The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS. Boston, New York, and London: Little, Brown, 1999.

  Hughes, Sally Smith. “Making Dollars Out of DNA: The First Major Patent in Biotechnology and the Commercialization of Molecular Biology, 1974–1980.” Isis 92 (2001): 541–75.

  Jackson, Alan C., and William H. Wunner, eds. Rabies. 2nd edition. London: Elsevier, 2007.

  Jacobs, J. P., C. M. Jones, and J. P. Baille. “Characteristics of a Human Diploid Cell Designated MRC-5.” Nature 227 (1970): 168–70.

  Kim, Nam W., Mieczyslaw A. Piatyszek, et al. “Specific Association of Human Telomerase Activity with Immortal Cells and Cancer.” Science 266 (1994): 2011–15.

  Kirkwood, Tom. Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  Koprowska, Irena. A Woman Wanders Through Life and Science. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

  Korsman, Stephen N. J., Gert U. van Zyl, Louise Nutt, Monique I. Andersson, and Wolfgang Preiser, eds. Virology: An Illustrated Colour Text. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2012.

  Lambert, Nathaniel, Peter Strebel, Walter Orenstein, Joseph Icenogle, and Gregory A. Poland. “Seminar: Rubella,” Lancet 385 (2015): 2297–2307.

  Levenstein, Lisa. A Movement Without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

  Miller, Patricia G. The Worst of Times: Illegal Abortion—Survivors, Practitioners, Coroners, Cops, and Children of Women Who Died Talk About Its Horrors. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

  Mukherjee, Siddhartha. The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. New York: Scribner, 2010.

  Mulford, Robert D. “Experimentation on Human Beings.” Stanford Law Review 20 (1967): 99–117.

  National Communicable Disease Center. Rubella Surveillance Report No. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1969.

  Norrby, Erling. Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific, 2010.

  Nossif, Rosemary. Before Roe: Abortion Policy in the States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.

  O’Donnell, Donna Gentile. Provider of Last Resort: The Story of the Closure of the Philadelphia General Hospital. Philadelphia: Camino, 2005.

  O’Neill, John F. “The Ocular Manifestations of Congenital Infection: A Study of the Early Effect and Long-Term Outcome of Maternally Transmitted Rubella and Toxoplasmosis.” Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 96 (1998): 813–79.

  Offit, Paul A. The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2005.

  ———. Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

  Oshinsky, David M. Polio: An American Story. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  Plotkin, Stanley A. ed. History of Vaccine Development. Springer Science + Business Media, 2011.

  ———. “Virologic Assistance in the Management of German Measles in Pregnancy.” Journal of the American Medical Association 190 (1964): 265–68.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., André Boué, and Joelle Boué. “The in Vitro Growth of Rubella Virus in Human Embryo Cells.” American Journal of Epidemiology 61 (1965): 71–85.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., David Cornfeld, and Theodore H. Ingalls. “Studies of Immunization with Living Rubella Virus: Trials in Children of a Strain Cultured from an Aborted Fetus.” American Journal of Diseases of Children 110 (1965): 381–89.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., and Antti Vaheri. “Human Fibroblasts Infected with Rubella Produce a Growth Inhibitor.” Science 156 (1967): 659–61.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., John D. Farquhar, Michael Katz, and Fritz Buser. “Attenuation of RA 27/3 Rubella Virus in WI-38 Human Diploid Cells.” American Journal of Diseases of Children 118 (1969): 178–85.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., and Pearay L. Ogra. “Immunologic Properties of RA27/3 Rubella Virus Vaccine: A Comparison with Strains Presently Licensed in the United States.” Journal of the American Medical Association 225, no. 6 (1973): 585–90.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., Michael Katz, and Theodore H. Ingalls. “A New Attenuated Rubella Virus Grown in Human Fibroblasts: Evidence for Reduced Nasopharyngeal Excretion.” American Journal of Epidemiology 86 (1967): 468–77.

  Preston, Richard. The Hot Zone. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1995. First published 1994 by Random House.

  Reagan, Leslie J. Dangerous Pregnancies: Mothers, Disabilities, and Abortion in Modern America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press: 2010.

  ———. When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine and Law in the United States, 1867–1973. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997.

  Rothman, David J. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991, 2003.

  Rybicki, Edward P. A Short History of the Discovery of Viruses. Buglet Press e-book, 2015. This book is available for purchase at https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/short-history-discovery-viruses/id1001627125?mt=13. The various parts of the e-book are also freely available online:

  part 1: https://rybicki.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/a-short-history-of-the-discovery-of-viruses-part-1/

  part 2: https://rybicki.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/a-short-history-of-the-discovery-of-viruses-part-2/

  part 3: https://rybicki.wordpress.com/2015/01/29/a-short-history-of-the-discovery-of-viruses-part-3/

  part 4: https://rybicki.wordpress.com/2015/02/11/a-short-history-of-the-discovery-of-viruses-part-4/

  Shah, Keerti, and Neal Nathanson. “Human Exposure to SV40: Review and Comment.” American Journal of Epidemiology 103, no. 1 (1976): 1–12.

  Shay, Jerry W., and Woodring E. Wright. “Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Ageing.” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 1 (2000): 72�
�76.

  Shorter, Edward. The Health Century. New York: Doubleday, 1987.

  Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010.

  Slenczka, Werner, and Hans Dieter Klenk. “Forty Years of Marburg Virus.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 196 (2007): S131–35.

  Szostak, Jack W., and Elizabeth H. Blackburn. “Cloning Yeast Telomeres on Linear Plasmid Vectors.” Cell 20, no. 1 (1982): 245–55.

  Vaughan, Roger. Listen to the Music: The Life of Hilary Koprowski. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000.

  Wade, Nicholas. “Hayflick’s Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of a Human Cell Line.” Science 192, no. 4235 (1976): 125–27.

  Wadman, Meredith. “Cell Division.” Nature 498 (2013): 422–26. http://www.nature.com/news/medical-research-cell-division-1.13273.

  ———. “The Truth About Fetal Tissue Research.” Nature 528 (2015): 178–81. www.nature.com/news/the-truth-about-fetal-tissue-research-1.18960.

  Warren, Leonard. “A History of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology” (unpublished manuscript). March 25, 2014.

  Webster, William S. “Teratogen Update: Congenital Rubella.” Teratology 58 (1998): 13–23. http://teratology.org/updates/58pg13.pdf.

  Wiktor, Tadeusz J., Mario Fernandes, and Hilary Koprowski. “Cultivation of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid Cell Strain WI-38.” Journal of Immunology 93 (1964): 353–66.

  Wiktor, Tadeusz J., Stanley A. Plotkin, and Doris W. Grella. “Human Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine: Antibody Response in Man.” Journal of the American Medical Association 224, no. 8 (1973): 1170–71.

  Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. Biennial Report, 1958–1959. Courtesy of the Wistar Institute.

  ———. Biennial Report, 1960–1961. Courtesy of the Wistar Institute.

  ———. Biennial Research Report 1962–1963. Courtesy of the Wistar Institute.

  Wright, W. E., and L. Hayflick. “Nuclear Control of Cellular Aging Demonstrated by Hybridization of Anucleate and Whole Cultured Normal Human Fibroblasts.” Experimental Cell Research 96 (1975): 113–21.

  Congressional Testimony

  U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization and Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations. Consumer Safety Act of 1972: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization and Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations on Titles I and II of S. 3419. 92nd Cong., 2nd sess., April 20 and 21 and May 3 and 4, 1972.

  Documents Obtained Under the Freedom of Information Act

  Division of Management Survey and Review. “Factual Chronology.” Investigations 9, folder 1. Directors’ Files, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. (Abbreviated in notes as “Factual Chronology.” This document is appended to the Riseberg Memo, detailed below.)

  Hayflick, Leonard. “Requested Amendments and Changes to the Records Pertaining to Doctor Leonard Hayflick.” April 13, 1976. Investigations 9, folder 1. Directors’ Files, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. (Abbreviated in notes as “Hayflick Rebuttal to Schriver Report.”)

  ———, Edmond C. Gregorian, Michael Hughes, and Vincent B. Terlep. “Settlement Agreement.” September 15, 1981. Investigations 9, folder 1. Directors’ Files, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health.

  Riseberg, Richard J. (legal adviser, NIH). Memo to Mary Goggin (chief, Administrative Law Branch, Business & Administrative Law Division, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of the General Counsel). “Subject: Cell Associates, Inc., et al, v. National Institutes of Health, et al.,” May 6, 1976. (Abbreviated in notes as “Riseberg Memo.”)

  Schriver, James W. “Investigation of Activities Relating to the Storage, Distribution and Sale of Human Diploid Cell Strains WI-38 and WI-26.” P-75-211. January 30, 1976. Investigations 9, folder 1. Directors’ Files, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. (Abbreviated in notes as “Schriver Report.”)

  ———. (director, Division of Management Survey and Review, ODA). “Comments to Dr. Hayflick’s Request for Amendments and Changes to DMSR Reports.” September 1, 1976. Investigations 9, folder 1. Directors’ Files, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. (Abbreviated in notes as “Schriver Rebuttal to Hayflick Rebuttal.”)

  Interviews, Oral Histories, and Private Collections

  “Interviewee: Bernice Eddy, December 4, 1986.” Edward Shorter. The Health Century Oral History Collection. National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, MD.

  “Leonard Hayflick Interviews.” Meredith Wadman. October 3*, 4*, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 23, and 24, 2012; November 7 and 26, 2012; February 22, 2013; March 3*, 4*, and 5*, 2013; May 13, 30, and 31, 2013; June 2, 2013; July 1, 2013; March 23 and 31, 2014; May 19, 20, and 28, 2014; June 9, 12, 17, 18, and 23, 2014; July 3, 10, and 11, 2014; November 19, 2014*; and July 29, 2015. (Interviews marked with an asterisk were conducted in person. The others were conducted by telephone.)

  “Leonard Hayflick Interviews.” Web of Stories. www.webofstories.com/people/leonard.hayflick.

  “Maurice Hilleman Interview,” Paul Offit. November 30, 2004. Courtesy of Paul Offit.

  “Interviewee: Maurice Hilleman, February 6, 1987.” Edward Shorter. The Health Century Oral History Collection. National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, MD.

  “Ruth L. Kirschstein Oral History Interview, Part 2.” Victoria Harden and Caroline Hannaway. October 29, 1998. Office of NIH History, Oral History Archive, Bethesda, MD. https://history.nih.gov/archives/oral_histories.html.

  “Dr. Paul Parkman Interview.” Sarah Leavitt. June 7, 2005. Office of NIH History, Oral History Archive, Bethesda, MD. https://history.nih.gov/archives/oral_histories.html.

  “Stanley Plotkin Interviews.” Meredith Wadman. December 18, 2012; March 19, August 29, September 20, October 20 and 21, 2014; May 25, June 1, and September 8, 2015.

  Stanley Plotkin private papers, Doylestown, PA.

  Niels Reimers. “Stanford’s Office of Technology Licensing and the Cohen/Boyer Cloning Patents.” Oral history conducted in 1997 by Sally Smith Hughes. Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1998.

  INDEX

  The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

  Aberdeen Proving Ground, 17

  Abington Memorial, 55

  abnormal chromosomes, 46–47

  abortion

  fetal tissue research, 48–49, 53–56, 352–53

  opponents of Hayflick’s research, 265–68, 270

  religious and ethical concerns about vaccines, 333–35, 339–40

  Roe v. Wade, 50, 176, 265, 267, 270

  in Sweden, 3, 85–88, 90

  Mrs. X, 3, 86–88, 93–94, 101, 270, 349

  adenoviruses, 29–30, 48, 78, 336

  adenovirus vaccine, 5, 7, 111, 217, 217n, 245, 247, 309, 336–37, 356

  Afghanistan, 252

  African Americans, 114

  Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 7, 7n, 351

  African green monkeys, 81–82, 99, 108, 109, 111, 154, 198–203, 209, 232

  Agape, Sister, 176, 193, 226

  agar, 19, 21

  Aghbulagh, Iran, rabies vaccine trial, 302–5

  aging research, 243, 244, 273, 279, 300, 317, 321–32, 341–42

  Agriculture Department, U.S. (USDA), 280, 282

  Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, 210

  allergic encephalomyelitis, 166

  Ambrose, James, 268–70

  American Academy of Pediatrics, 160, 208, 251, 340

  American Association for Cancer Research, 71

 
American Cancer Society, 45–46, 215

  American Cyanamid, 34

  American Journal of Diseases of Children, 181, 208, 255

  American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 197, 198–99, 227–28, 229

  American Journal of Hygiene, 109–10

  American Philosophical Society, 353–55

  American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)

  Hayflick’s inventory of WI-38 cells, 310–11

  ownership of WI-39 cells, 220, 223, 286–87, 295

  transfer of WI-38 cells to, 219–21, 223, 242, 272, 310, 347

  ampules, 83–84

  Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid (film), 321

  Andiman, Warren, 256

  Annals of Internal Medicine, 171

  antibiotics, 8, 20, 22, 23, 289–90

  anti-vaccinationists, 333–35, 339–40

  Arch Street Friends Meeting House, 27

  Aristotle, 320

  Arkansas Children’s Colony, 191–92, 208–9, 210–12

  Army, U.S., 17, 23, 122, 217, 256–57

  Army Audit Agency, U.S., 280

  Army Medical Corps, U.S., 23

  Arrowsmith (Lewis), 141–42

  Artenstein, Malcolm, 140

  artificial insemination, 28–29

  Asplund, Gunnar, 81

  autism, 138, 187

  bacteriology, 19

  bacteriophages, 26

  Baille, J. P., 214

  Baltazard, Marcel, 302

  Bang, Olaf, 45

  Banting, Frederick, 273, 354

  Barkey, Arthur F., 266

  Barr Laboratories, 337

  Bausch + Lomb Honorary Science Award, 16–17

  Bayh, Birch, 313–14

  Bayh-Dole Act, 313–14, 314n, 316, 317

  Beachwood Nursery School, 187–88

  Beck, Earl, 205

  Beecher, Henry, 195–96, 350–51

  Behringwerke, 199–201, 303, 304

  Beijerinck, Martinus, 20

  Belgian Congo, 144–45, 168

  Bell, William Graham, 34

  Bellevue Hospital, 24

  Bell’s palsy, 141

  Benedict XVI, Pope, 335

  Benjamin Franklin University, 282

 

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