William Cox
Page 32
49 An old spelling for Wimbourne, where William had been born.
50 Macarthur to Piper, 9 November 1803, Piper Papers, vol. 3, CYA 256, ML.
51 Gascoigne, The Enlightenment and the Origins of European Australia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, p. 25.
52 Bligh to Wyndham, 7 February 1807, HRA Series 1, vol. vi, p. 127.
53 London Gazette, 14 April 1808.
54 W. Merry to Cox, 28 January 1808, and Merry to H C Litchfield, 8 December 1808, WO 4/846, NSW Corps 1803–1810, p. 94, British National Archives.
55 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6040, 9/2673, pp. 13, 14, 19, 61 and reel 604, 4/1723, p. 91.
Chapter 4
1 Bligh to Windham, 7 February 1807, HRA Series 1, vol. vi, p. 127.
2 Sydney Gazette, 7 January 1810, p. 1. There were gubernatorial orders in almost every issue.
3 Sydney Gazette, 24 February 1810, p. 1.
4 Holt, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 130.
5 F. M. Thompson, English Landed Gentry in the Nineteenth Century, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1963, p. 109.
6 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6021, 4/1819, pp. 531, 533.
7 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6042, 4/1725, p. 66.
8 Sydney Gazette, 7 January 1810, p. 3.
9 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6038, SZ758, pp. 122, 128.
10 ADB, vol. 2, pp. 187–95.
11 HRNSW, vol. vii, p. 464. It is misquoted in the Memoirs.
12 Colonial Secretary Index, 29 October 1810, reel 6002, 3490/D, p. 33.
13 HRA Series 1, vol. vii, p. 399.
14 Sydney Gazette, 30 January 1813, p. 2.
15 Karskens, op. cit., p. 128.
16 James Broadbent, The Australian Colonial House, Hordern House, Sydney, 1997, p. 151.
17 Macquarie to Castlereagh, 30 April 1810, HRA Series 1, vol. vii, p. 276.
18 NSW Corps papers, WO 4/846, British National Archives.
19 John Ritchie, Profit and Punishment, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1970, p. 24.
20 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6002, 4/3490D, pp. 50, 51.
21 Cox to Campbell, 7 March 1811, Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6043, 4/1726, pp. 101–2.
22 Portland to Hunter, 18 September 1798, HRA Series 1, vol. ii, p. 226.
23 Eugene MacLaughlin, John Muncie, Gordon Hughes, Criminological Perspectives, 2nd ed., Sage Publications, London, 2003, p. 1.
24 ‘Journal of a Tour of Inspection 1810–1811’, pp. 7, 17, 28, 44, 45.
25 Supplement to the Journal of the ‘First Tour of Inspection’.
26 D. G. Bowd, Macquarie Country, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1994, p. 6.
27 Ibid., p. 7.
28 Barkley-Jack, Hawkesbury Settlement Revealed, op. cit., many references.
29 Blaxland to Banks, 22 October 1807, Banks Papers, vol. 22, p. 191, ML.
30 Bigge Report, Agriculture, p. 11.
31 Macquarie to Bathurst, 28 April 1814, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, p. 150.
32 Macquarie to Bathurst, 7 October 1814, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, p. 314.
Chapter 5
1 Gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400191.txt. Page numbers for the diary are not given, only dates.
2 Colonial Secretary Index, 10 June 1815, reel 6038, SZ759, p. 100.
3 Realignment was being discussed again near Mount Victoria early in 2010, when the author was last there.
4 Macquarie to Bathurst, 7 October 1814, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, p. 314.
5 J. B. Hirst, Convict Society and its Enemies, Allen & Unwin, North Sydney, 1988, p. 39.
6 Colonial Secretary Index, 10 June 1815, reel 6038, SZ759, p. 114.
7 Macquarie to Bathurst, 24 June 1815, HRA Series 1, vol. viii. p. 576.
8 Bigge Report, Agriculture, pp. 123, 124.
9 Macquarie to Bathurst, 24 June 1815, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, p. 570.
10 Macquarie to Bathurst, 24 June 1815, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, pp. 571–76; also Lachlan Macquarie, ‘Journal of a Tour to the New Discovered Country, 25 April–19 May 1815’, ML, reel CY 33, A779. References to the pages are not given in this chapter.
11 Campbell, ‘Report of the Governor’s Tour of Inspection April 1815’, Colonial Secretary Index, 10 June 1815, reel 6038, SZ759, pp. 102, 105–6, 112–113.
12 Macquarie to Bathurst, 28 April 1814, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, p. 150, and enclosure.
Chapter 6
1 Lachlan Macquarie’s journal, ‘Tour to the New Discovered Country’, April 1815, ML.
2 Macquarie to Bathurst, 24 June 1815, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, pp. 571–76.
3 John Thomas Campbell’s report of the Governor’s tour of inspection, op. cit., numerous references.
4 Colonial Secretary Register, 15 January 1815, reel 6004, 4/1730, pp. 362–63.
5 Campbell, ‘Report of the Governor’s Tour of Inspection April 1815’, op. cit.
6 John Thomas Campbell, letter of 10 June 1815 from Government House, Sydney, Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6038, SZ759, pp. 102, 105–6, 112–113.
7 Macquarie to Bathurst, 24 June 1815, HRA Series 1, vol. viii, pp. 558–560.
Chapter 7
1 Bathurst to Macquarie, 30 January 1817, HRA Series 1, vol. ix, p. 201.
2 Bathurst to Macquarie, 24 July 1818, HRA Series 1, vol. ix, p. 824.
3 Macquarie to Bathurst, 16 May 1818, HRA Series 1, vol. ix, p. 797.
4 HRA Series 1, vol. x, p. 1.
5 Ritchie, Profit and Punishment, op. cit., pp. 92–93.
6 Macquarie to Bathurst, 28 November 1821, HRA Series 1, vol. x, p. 568.
7 Cunningham, op. cit., p. 152.
8 Macquarie to Bathurst, 30 November 1821, HRA Series 1, vol. x, p. 574.
9 Bigge Report, Agriculture, p. 14.
10 Bonwick Transcripts, Box 10, p. 4078, ML.
11 ‘Last Will and Testament of William Cox of Fairfield, Windsor’, 21 December 1836. Typed copy made by Thelma and Matthew Birrell, undated, Priest’s House Museum, Wimborne, Dorset.
12 Brian. H. Fletcher, Landed Enterprise and Penal Society, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1976, p. 73. There are numerous references to William Cox in this work.
13 It can be argued that the enclosures in England were altering the character of estates and farms there, but not to a fundamentally new model.
14 Holt, Memoirs, op. cit. p. 36.
15 Bigge Report, Convicts, Evidence, pp. 9, 12, 16.
16 Bathurst to Bigge, 6 January 1819, HRA Series 1, vol. x, p. 10.
17 Bigge Report, Agriculture, pp. 13, 16.
18 Colonial Secretary Index, 1823, fiche 3062, 4/1834B, p. 461. The map is at the State Records at Kingswood.
19 Bigge Report, Agriculture, p. 71 (old numbering p. 38).
20 Alfred Cox, ‘Reminiscences’, privately transcribed by Bryan Cox, 2007. Alfred was William’s third son by his second marriage.
21 Kenyan farming families on Laikipia continue to quarry stone on their ranches and extend their houses, as needed, many decades after the 1963 independence.
22 Woodruff, ‘Expansion and Emigration’, op. cit., p. 375.
23 Broadbent, Colonial House, op. cit., p. 151.
24 Sydney Ware, Who was Who on the Liverpool Plains, 1841, Mudgee Colonial Museum, p. 11.
25 Memoirs of William Cox, J.P., op. cit., pp. 141, 142.
26 George Cox of Mulgoa and Mudgee: Letters to his sons 1846–49, ed. Edna Hickson, privately published 1980, printed by Ambassador Press, Granville, Sydney, pp. 37, 38.
27 This Clarendon has been restored by the National Trust of Australia, Tasmania.
28 Newspaper cuttings on the Cox family in the Mitchell Library.
29 Holt, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 130.
30 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6043, 4/1727, p. 388.
31 The author has visited St Mathew’s church on several occasions, most recently on 10 April 2010.
32 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 41.
33 Alan Atkinson, ‘Master and Servant at Camden Park’, The Push From
the Bush, no. 6, May 1980, p. 44.
34 Colonial Secretary Index, 2 July 1818, reel 6065, 4/1798, p. 85. The abstract was the accounting for the personnel and property.
35 Hassall to Gorman, 5 October 1816, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 15, p. 1486.
36 Colonial Secretary Index, 16 August 1815, reel 6004, 4/3494, p. 142.
37 Ibid., 23 August 1819, reel 6048, 4/1742, p. 395.
38 Bonwick Transcripts, Box 18, p. 2458. In this flood only young maize was affected, no wheat or stock being lost.
39 Cox to Bigge, 7 May 1820, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 22, p. 4222.
40 Richard Waterhouse, The Vision Splendid, Curtin University Press, Fremantle, 2005, p. 100.
41 Macarthur to Bigge, February 1821, Macarthur Papers, no. 12, CY 927, Box 12, ML.
42 Alan Atkinson, Camden, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1988, pp. 21, 23.
43 Christopher Cox, email of 11 October 2010.
44 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6004, 4/3493, p. 346.
45 Barrie Dyster, ‘Employment and Assignment’, in Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia’s Past, ed. Nicholas and Peter R. Shergold, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 145.
46 John Ritchie, The Evidence to the Bigge Reports: The Oral Evidence, ‘Roguery: The Conduct of William Cox’, p. 184.
47 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence. p. 71.
48 William Cox to George Cox, Clarendon, 17 May 1823, Bonwick Transcripts, fiche 3062, 4/1834B, No. 73, p. 463. Goulburn was acquiring a reputation as an interfering bureaucrat.
49 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6059, 4/1773, pp. 159a–159b.
50 Analysis made by this author of convict indents at the State Records. The number of mechanics was assessed on the basis of a 50 percent sample.
51 Colonial Secretary Index, 1821, reel 6052, 4/1751, p. 258–89.
52 The Muster simply specifies who they worked for, not where.
53 Colonial Secretary Index, 24 August 1811, reel 6002, 4/3491, p. 54.
54 Deposition, Cox to Bigge from Clarendon, 7 May 1820, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 22, pp. 4222, 4223.
55 Hertfordshire County Records, Calendar to the Sessions Book of 1658, Lionel Mumby, How Much is That Worth?, Phillimore Books, Chichester, 1989, p. 29.
56 Thompson, English Landed Gentry in the Nineteenth Century, op. cit., p. 194.
57 Kay Daniels, Convict Women, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988, p. 80.
58 Bonwick Transcripts, fiche 3062, 4/1834D, no 73, p. 443.
59 Colonial Secretary Index, 27 January 1820, reel 6007, 4/3501, p. 213, ML.
60 Atkinson, Europeans in Australia, op. cit, vol. 1, p. 199.
61 Gascoigne, The Enlightenment and the Origins of European Australia, op. cit., p. 13.
62 Atkinson, Europeans in Australia, op. cit., p. 270.
63 Mudgee Guardian, 2 March 1917, Cox family papers, ML, quoted in Richard Upjohn Light: A Study in Ancestry, op. cit., p. 126.
64 Holt, Memoirs, op. cit., 10 May 1803, p. 187.
65 HRA Series 1, vol. vi, pp. 577–79, 28 January 1807 and 25 February 1807.
66 Atkinson, Europeans in Australia, op. cit., p. 263.
67 Ibid., p. 277.
68 Marnie Bassett, The Governor’s Lady, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1956, p. 59.
69 Brian Fletcher, ‘The Hawkesbury Settlers and the Rum Rebellion’, JRAHS, vol. 54, pt 3, September 1968, pp. 218, 219.
70 Roderick Cameron, History and Horizons, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971, p. 150.
71 Taken from Kate Hunter’s review of The Vision Splendid by Richard Waterhouse, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 52, no. 1, March 2006, p. 496. Her remarks are equally true of a slightly earlier period than Waterhouse describes.
72 Enquiries made to various members of the family have all met with the same response; no one has any of Rebecca’s correspondence.
73 Rebecca Cox to Macquarie, 13 January 1810, Colonial Secretary Register, fiche 3003, 4/1821, no. 73.
74 Letter Edward Cox to Colonial Secretary, 31 May 1825 from Mulgoa, Colonial Secretary Index, fiche 3125, 4/1841, no. 170, pp. 105–07. This stated that he had wealth of £1000 stg and further begged to ‘refer you to my Father … as to what he purposes to invest me with’.
75 Mulgoa Progress Association, Mulgoa! Mulgoa! Where is That?, Mulgoa, 1988, pp. 19, 25–27.
76 Macquarie, ‘Journal of a Tour of Inspection 1810–1811’, ML, CY reel 302, A778, pp. 45, 62.
77 Macquarie, ‘Journal of a Tour of Inspection to Bathurst 15 December 1821–26 December 1821’, CY reel 303, A 783, p. 2.
78 Atkinson, Europeans in Australia, op. cit., p. 270.
79 ‘Cox of Clarendon, N.S. Wales’, privately distributed typescript, undated, p. 8.
80 Cox to Piper, 28 July 1804, Piper Papers, ML doc. CY 358.
81 Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, op. cit., p. 8.
82 Fulton, Henry (1761–1840) was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, implicated in the 1798 rebellion and transported for life. Governor Hunter was perplexed over how to employ him, but when the Reverend Richard Johnson departed in 1800, it enabled Fulton to resume his profession. He served as Bligh’s private chaplain and went to England to testify at the trial of Lieutenant Colonel Johnston. He died at Castlereagh on 17 November 1840. ADB, vol. 1, 1966, pp. 421–22.
83 Wentworth, Statistical, Historical and Political Description of the Colony, op. cit., pp. 11, 12.
84 Cox to Macquarie, Colonial Secretary Index, 7 April 1820, reel 6049, 4/1247, p. 228.
85 Alfred went to New Zealand with his mother after she remarried. Thomas (the author’s great grandfather) went to Cambridge, then to Oxford, and became a country rector at Monksilver in Somerset, although earlier on he did spend time on the estates west of the mountains.
86 State Records, SRNSW 907, reel 1114, letters 2929, 5852.
87 ADB, vol. 1, pp. 515–16.
88 Alfred Cox, ‘Reminiscences’, op. cit., p. 5.
89 Ibid., pp. 5, 5.
90 Jeans, An Historical Geography of New South Wales, op. cit., p. 88.
91 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 57.
92 Wentworth, Statistical, Historical and Political Description of the Colony, op. cit., p. 98.
93 John Gascoigne, ‘Empire’, in The Romantic Age, British Culture 1776–1832, ed. Iain McCalman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, p. 55.
94 Sydney Gazette, 12 July 1822.
95 Mulgoa! Mulgoa! Where is That?, op. cit., p. 2.
96 Sydney Gazette, 31 August 1816.
Chapter 8
1 Bigge Report, pp. 102, 96.
2 M. H. Ellis, Lachlan Macquarie, Angus & Robertson, London, 2nd ed., 1952, p. 275.
3 Cox to Bigge, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 25, pp. 5328–35, ML.
4 Ibid., p. 123.
5 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 91.
6 Appendix to Bigge Report, 1822, Police. Evidence, B, no 1-7, document 6, CO201/131, p. 368.
7 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6053, 4/1756, p. 104.
8 Ibid., reel 6062, 4/1783, p. 86.
9 Bigge Report, Police, Evidence, document B. 27, p. 376.
10 Ibid., p. 375.
11 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6053, 4/1756, p. 103.
12 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 91.
13 W. Nichol, ‘Ideology and the Convict System in New South Wales 1788–1820, AHS, no. 86, p. 14.
14 Darling to Bathurst, 9 September 1826, enclosure no. 1, HRA Series 1, vol. xii, pp. 556–58.
15 Atkinson, Camden, op. cit., p. 22.
16 Colonial Secretary Index, 14 February 1811, reel 6002, 4/3490D, p. 107.
17 Macquarie to Bathurst, 22 February 1820, HRA Series 1, vol. x, pp. 239–44.
18 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 91.
19 Ibid., p. 91.
20 Memorandum of 7 May 1820, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 22, p. 4220.
21 T. Atkins, Reminiscences of Twelve Years Residence in Tasmania and New South Wal
es, Norfolk Island and Morton Bay, 1869, p. 48, quoted by Catie Gilchrist, ‘“This Relic of the Cities of the Plain”: Penal Flogging, Convict Morality and the Colonial Imagination’, JACH, vol. 9, 2007, p.13.
22 Bigge Report, Police, Evidence, document B 27, p. 375. Although Cox should not have been sentencing his own employee, the record is clear.
23 Bigge Report, Police, Evidence, p. 373.
24 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6060, 4/1777, p. 191.
25 Bigge Report, Agriculture, p. 20.
26 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6002, 4/3491, pp 481–83. Two thirds were to sent to Windsor.
27 Ibid., 28 September 1819, reel 6006, 4/3500, p. 280.
28 Ibid., 5 February 1816, reel 6004, 4/3494, p. 338; 21 March 1817 reel 6005, 4/3496, p. 78; convicts employed 1819 reel 6058, 4/1769, pp. 86a–86b; convicts employed 1821 reel 6052, 4/1751, pp. 258–59.
29 Bigge Report, pp. 123, 124.
30 Cox to McLeay, 30 July 1827, SRNSW 907, reel 1114, letters 2563, 7213, State Records Kingswood.
31 Bigge Report, p. 124.
32 Bigge Report, Agriculture, Evidence, p. 96.
33 Ritchie, The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 117.
34 A. G. L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, Faber & Faber, London, 1966, p. 92.
35 Campbell to Allan, Colonial Secretary Index, 14 June 1817, reel 6005, 4/3496.
36 Ibid., 29 October 1817, reel 6005, 4/3497. p. 112.
37 Ibid., 10 June 1815, reel 6038, SZ759, p. 114.
38 Bigge to Cox, Bonwick Transcripts, Box 25, frames 1–453.
39 Charles Frazer (1788?–1831), visited the ‘interior’ with Bigge and was highly respected for his scientific work. ADB, vol. 1, pp. 416–17.
40 Ritchie, Evidence to the Bigge Reports, op. cit., p. 167.
41 Cox to Macquarie, 13 July 1818, Colonial Secretary Index, reel 8065, 4/1798, pp. 79–81.
42 Ritchie, Evidence to the Bigge Reports, op. cit., pp. 175–85.
43 Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6065, 4/1798, p. 97. William had recommended three men for conditional pardons and later, p. 107, 16 prisoners for mitigation of sentence.
44 Campbell to Hassall, 3 February 1816, Colonial Secretary Index, reel 6065, 4/1798, p. 11.
45 Colonial Secretary Index, 25 October 1817 and return for 14–21 February 1818, reel 6031, 4/7028A, pp. 49, 83.
46 Ritchie, Evidence to the Bigge Reports, op. cit. Emblett, pp. 181, 182; Kippas, p. 184; Hangaddy, p. 185; Cheetham, p. 187; Smith, pp. 180, 181; Price, pp. 184, 185.