The Silk Roads: A New History of the World

by Frankopan, Peter

  37J. Tracy, A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515–1565 (Berkeley, 1985).

  38O. van Nimwegen, ‘Deser landen crijchsvolck’. Het Staatse leger en de militarie revoluties 1588–1688 (Amsterdam, 2006).

  39J. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 308–12.

  40W. Fritschy, ‘The Efficiency of Taxation in Holland’, in O. Gelderblom (ed.), The Political Economy of the Dutch Republic (2003), pp. 55–84.

  41C. Koot, Empire at the Periphery: British Colonists, Anglo-Dutch Trade, and the Development of the British Atlantic, 1621–1713 (New York, 2011), pp. 19–22; E. Sluitter, ‘Dutch–Spanish Rivalry in the Caribbean Area’, Hispanic American Historical Review 28.2 (1948), 173–8.

  42Israel, Dutch Republic, pp. 320–1.

  43M. Echevarría Bacigalupe, ‘Un notable episodio en la guerra económica hispano-holandesa: El decreto Guana 1603’, Hispania: Revista española de historia 162 (1986), 57–97; J. Israel, Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585–1713 (London, 1990), p. 200.

  44R. Unger, ‘Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’, Viator 4 (1973), 387–415.

  45A. Saldanha, ‘The Itineraries of Geography: Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s Itinerario and Dutch Expeditions to the Indian Ocean, 1594–1602’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101.1 (2011), 149–77.

  46K. Zandvliet, Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion during the 16th and 17th Centuries (Amsterdam, 1998), pp. 37–49, 164–89.

  47E. Beekman, Paradijzen van Weeler. Koloniale Literatuur uit Nederlands-Indië, 1600–1950 (Amsterdam, 1988), p. 72.

  48D. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, 3 vols (Chicago, 1977), 2, 492–545.

  49O. Gelderblom, ‘The Organization of Long-Distance Trade in England and the Dutch Republic, 1550–1650’, in Gelderblom, Political Economy of the Dutch Republic, pp. 223–54.

  50J.-W. Veluwenkamp, ‘Merchant Colonies in the Dutch Trade System (1550–1750)’, in K. Davids, J. Fritschy and P. Klein (eds), Kapitaal, ondernemerschap en beleid. Studies over economie en politiek in Nederland, Europe en Azië van 1500 tot heden (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 141–64.

  51Cited by C. Boxer, The Dutch in Brazil 1624–1654 (Oxford, 1957), pp. 2–3.

  52For Goa at the start of the seventeenth century, A. Gray and H. Bell (eds), The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, 2 vols (London, 1888), 2, pp. 2–139.

  53J. de Jong, De waaier van het fortuin. De Nederlands in Asië de Indonesiche archipel, 1595–1950 (Zoetermeer, 1998), p. 48.

  54K. Zandvliet, The Dutch Encounter with Asia, 1600–1950 (Amsterdam, 2002), p. 152.

  55See here the collection of essays in J. Postma (ed.), Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817 (Leiden, 2003).

  56J. van Dam, Gedateerd Delfts aardwek (Amsterdam, 1991); idem, Dutch Delftware 1620–1850 (Amsterdam, 2004).

  57A. van der Woude, ‘The Volume and Value of Paintings in Holland at the Time of the Dutch Republic’, in J. de Vries and D. Freedberg (eds), Art in History, History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture (Santa Monica, 1991), pp. 285–330.

  58See in general S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches (New York, 1985); S. Slive, Dutch Painting, 1600–1800 (New Haven, 1995).

  59T. Brook, Vermeer’s Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World (London, 2008), pp. 5–83.

  60The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667, ed. R. Temple, 5 vols (Cambridge, 1907–36), pp. 70–1; J. de Vries, The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present (Cambridge, 2008), p. 54.

  61J. Evelyn, Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. de Beer, 6 vols (Oxford, 1955), 1, pp. 39–40.

  62See here C. van Strien, British Travellers in Holland during the Stuart Period: Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces (Leiden, 1993).

  63G. Scammell, ‘After da Gama: Europe and Asia since 1498’, Modern Asian Studies 34.3 (2000), 516.

  64Pedro de Cieza de Léon, The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de Léon, tr. H de Onis (1959), 52, p. 171.

  65Ibid., 55, pp. 177–8.

  66S. Hill (ed.), Bengal in 1756–7: A Selection of Public and Private Papers Dealing with the Affairs of the British in Bengal during the Reign of Siraj-uddaula, 3 vols (London, 1905), 1, pp. 3–5.

  67P. Perdue, ‘Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective: Frontier Administration in Eighteenth-Century China’, Journal of Early Modern History 5.4 (2001), 282; C. Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, 1975), p. 15.

  68P. Hoffman, ‘Prices, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe’s Comparative Advantage in Violence’, Economic History Review, 64.1 (2011), 49–51.

  69See, for example, A. Hall, Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 152, 164–6, 212–16; L. Debnath, The Legacy of Leonhard Euler: A Tricentennial Tribute (London, 2010), pp. 353–8; P-L. Rose, ‘Galileo’s Theory of Ballistics’, The British Journal for the History of Science 4.2 (1968), 156–9, and in general S. Drake, Galileo at work: His Scientific Biography (Chicago, 1978).

  70T. Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. N. Malcolm (Oxford, 2012).

  71A. Carlos and L. Neal, ‘Amsterdam and London as Financial Centers in the Eighteenth Century’, Financial History Review 18.1 (2011), 21–7.

  72M. Bosker, E. Buringh and J. van Zanden, ‘From Baghdad to London: The Dynamics of Urban Growth and the Arab World, 800–1800’, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Paper 6833 (2009), 1–38; W. Fritschy, ‘State Formation and Urbanization Trajectories: State Finance in the Ottoman Empire before 1800, as Seen from a Dutch Perspective’, Journal of Global History 4 (2009), 421–2.

  73E. Kuipers, Migrantenstad: Immigratie en Sociale Verboudingen in 17e-Eeuws Amsterdam (Hilversum, 2005).

  74W. Fritschy, A “Financial Revolution” Reconsidered: Public Finance in Holland during the Dutch Revolt, 1568–1648’, Economic History Review 56.1 (2003), 57–89; L. Neal, The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capitalism in the Age of Reason (Cambridge, 1990).

  75P. Malanima, L’economia italiana: dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea (Bologna, 2002); idem, ‘The Long Decline of a Leading Economy: GDP in Central and Northern Italy, 1300–1913’, European Review of Economic History 15 (2010), 169–219.

  76S. Broadberry and B. Gupta, ‘The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia, 1500–1800’, Economic History Review 59.1 (2006), 2–31; J. van Zanden, ‘Wages and the Standard of Living in Europe, 1500–1800’, European Review of Economic History 3 (1999), 175–97.

  77Sir Dudley Carleton, ‘The English Ambassador’s Notes, 1612’, in D. Chambers and B. Pullan (eds), Venice: A Documentary History, 1450–1630 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 3–4.

  78G. Bistort (ed.), Il magistrato alle pompe nella repubblica di Venezia (Venice, 1912), pp. 403–5, 378–81.

  79E. Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance (Portland, OR, 1998). For art prices, see F. Etro and L. Pagani, ‘The Market for Paintings in Italy during the Seventeenth Century’, Journal of Economic History 72.2 (2012), 414–38.

  80See for example C. Vout, ‘Treasure, Not Trash: The Disney Sculpture and its Place in the History of Collecting’, Journal of the History of Collections 24.3 (2012), 309–26. Also here V. Coltman, Classical Sculpture and the Culture of Collecting in Britain since 1760 (Oxford, 2009).

  81C. Hanson, The English Virtuoso: Art, Medicine and Antiquarianism in the Age of Empiricism (Chicago, 2009).

  82See in general P. Ayres, Classical Culture and the Ideas of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1997).

  Chapter 14 – The Road to Empire

  1D. Panzac, ‘Internati
onal and Domestic Maritime Trade in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th Century’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 24.2 (1992), 189–206; M. Genç, ‘A Study of the Feasibility of Using Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Financial Records as an Indicator of Economic Activity’, in H. İslamoğlu-İnan (ed.), The Ottoman Empire and the World-Economy (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 345–73.

  2See here S. White, The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, 2011).

  3T. Kuran, ‘The Islamic Commercial Crisis: Institutional Roots of Economic Underdevelopment in the Middle East’, Journal of Economic History 63.2 (2003), 428–31.

  4M. Kunt, The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650 (New York, 1983), pp. 44–56.

  5Schama, Embarrassment of Riches, pp. 330–5.

  6Thomas Mun, England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (London, 1664), cited by de Vries, Industrious Revolution, p. 44.

  7C. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572–1620 (Cambridge, 1998).

  8S. Pierson, ‘The Movement of Chinese Ceramics: Appropriation in Global History’, Journal of World History 23.1 (2012), 9–39; S. Iwanisziw, ‘Intermarriage in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Literature: Currents in Assimilation and Exclusion’, Eighteenth-Century Life 31.2 (2007), 56–82; F. Dabhoiwala, The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution (London, 2012).

  9W. Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, ed. W. Davis (New York, 1909), pp. 46–7.

  10For the exodus to North America, A. Zakai, Exile and Kingdom: History and Apocalypse in the Puritan Migration to America (Cambridge, 1992); for debate about the origins of Thanksgiving, G. Hodgson, A Great and Godly Adventure: The Pilgrims and the Myth of the First Thanksgiving (New York, 2006).

  11K. Chaudhari, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company (Cambridge, 2006).

  12Gelderblom, ‘The Organization of Long-Distance Trade’, 232–4.

  13S. Groenveld, ‘The English Civil Wars as a Cause of the First Anglo-Dutch War, 1640–1652’, Historical Journal 30.3 (1987), 541–66. For Anglo-Dutch rivalry in this period, see L. Jardine, Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland’s Glory (London, 2008).

  14S. Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668 (Cambridge, 1996). Also C. Wilson, Profit and Power: A Study of England and the Dutch Wars (London, 1957).

  15J. Davies, Gentlemen and Tarpaulins: The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy (Oxford, 1991), p. 15.

  16J. Glete, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1860, 2 vols (Stockholm, 1993), pp. 192–5.

  17Witsen’s book, Aeloude en Hedendaegsche Scheeps-bouw en Bestier, published in 1671, was the most influential volume of its day. For Pepys’s copy, N. Smith et al., Catalogue of the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, vol. 1 (1978), p. 193. The diarist played a prominent role setting up Christ’s Hospital, which remains one of Britain’s leading schools, E. Pearce, Annals of Christ’s Hospital (London, 1901), pp. 99–126; for new designs, see B. Lavery (ed.), Deane’s Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670 (London, 1981).

  18D. Benjamin and A. Tifrea, ‘Learning by Dying: Combat Performance in the Age of Sail’, Journal of Economic History 67.4 (2007), 968–1000.

  19E. Lazear and S. Rosen, ‘Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts’, Journal of Political Economy 89.5 (1981), 841–64; also see D. Benjamin and C. Thornberg, ‘Comment: Rules, Monitoring and Incentives in the Age of Sail’, Explorations in Economic History 44.2 (2003), 195–211.

  20J. Robertson, ‘The Caribbean Islands: British Trade, Settlement, and Colonization’, in L. Breen (ed.), Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America (Abingdon, 2012), pp. 176–217.

  21P. Stern, ‘Rethinking Institutional Transformation in the Making of Empire: The East India Company in Madras’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 9.2 (2008), 1–15.

  22H. Bowen, The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756–1833 (Cambridge, 2006).

  23H. Bingham, ‘Elihu Yale, Governor, Collector and Benefactor’, American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings 47 (1937), 93–144; idem, Elihu Yale: The American Nabob of Queen Square (New York, 1939).

  24J. Osterhammel, China und die Weltgesellschaft (1989), p. 112.

  25See for example F. Perkins, Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light (Cambridge, 2004).

  26Cited by S. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work: Madras and the City of London 1660–1740 (Copenhagen, 2005), p. 162.

  27Procopius, The Wars, 8.20, 5, pp. 264–6.

  28K. Matthews, ‘Britannus/Britto: Roman Ethnographies, Native Identities, Labels and Folk Devils’, in A. Leslie, Theoretical Roman Archaeology and Architecture: The Third Conference Proceedings (1999), p. 15.

  29R. Fogel, ‘Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy’, American Economic Review 84.3 (1994), 369–95; J. Mokyr, ‘Why was the Industrial Revolution a European Phenomenon?’, Supreme Court Economic Review 10 (2003), 27–63.

  30J. de Vries, ‘Between Purchasing Power and the World of Goods: Understanding the Household Economy in Early Modern Europe’, in J. Brewer and R. Porter (eds), Consumption and the World of Goods (1993), pp. 85–132; idem, The Industrious Revolution; H.-J. Voth, ‘Time and Work in Eighteenth-Century London’, Journal of Economic History 58 (1998), 29–58.

  31N. Voigtländer and H.-J. Voth, ‘Why England? Demographic Factors, Structural Change and Physical Capital Accumulation during the Industrial Revolution’, Journal of Economic Growth 11 (2006), 319–61; L. Stone, ‘Social Mobility in England, 1500–1700’, Past & Present 33 (1966), 16–55; also see P. Fichtner, Protestantism and Primogeniture in Early Modern Germany (London, 1989), for an assessment of the connection between religion and primogeniture.

  32K. Karaman and S. Pamuk, ‘Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914’, Journal of Economic History 70.3 (2010), 611–12.

  33G. Ames, ‘The Role of Religion in the Transfer and Rise of Bombay’, Historical Journal 46.2 (2003), 317–40.

  34J. Flores, ‘The Sea and the World of the Mutasaddi: A Profile of Port Officials from Mughal Gujarat (c.1600–1650)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3.21 (2011), 55–71.

  35Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī, tr. W. Thackston, The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India (Oxford, 1999), p. 108.

  36A. Loomba, ‘Of Gifts, Ambassadors, and Copy-cats: Diplomacy, Exchange and Difference in Early Modern India’, in B. Charry and G. Shahani (eds), Emissaries in Early Modern Literature and Culture: Mediation, Transmission, Traffic, 1550–1700 (Aldershot, 2009), pp. 43–5 and passim.

  37Rev. E. Terry, A Voyage to East India (London, 1655), p. 397, cited by T. Foster, The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India (London, 1926), pp. 225–6, n. 1. The traveller Peter Mundy saw two dodos when he visited Surat, which may also have been presents from merchants eager to win Jahangir’s favour, Travels of Peter Mundy, 2, p. 318.

  38L. Blussé, Tribuut aan China. Vier eeuwen Nederlands–Chinese betrekkingen (Amsterdam, 1989), pp. 84–7.

  39For the list of gifts, J. Vogel (ed.), Journaal van Ketelaar’s hofreis naar den Groot Mogol te Lahore (The Hague, 1937), pp. 357–93; A. Topsfield, ‘Ketelaar’s Embassy and the Farengi Theme in the Art of Udaipur’, Oriental Art 30.4 (1985), 350–67.

  40For details of the weighing, see Shah Jahan Nama, p. 28; Jean de Thévenot, who travelled to India in the seventeenth century, provides a vivid account of the weighing ceremony, in S. Sen, Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri (New Delhi, 1949), 26, pp. 66–7.

  41P. Mundy, Travels, pp. 298–300.

  42N. Manucci, A Pepys of Mogul India, 1653–1708: Being an Abridged Edition of the ‘Storia do Mogor’ of Niccolao Manucci (New Delhi, 1991), pp. 197, 189.

  43J. Gommans, ‘Mughal India and Ce
ntral Asia in the Eighteenth Century: An Introduction to a Wider Perspective’, Itinerario 15.1 (1991), 51–70. For tribute payments, see J. Spain, The Pathan Borderland (The Hague, 1963), pp. 32–4; also see C. Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhamad Khan (1826–1863) (London, 1997), p. 164.

  44S. Levi, ‘The Ferghana Valley at the Crossroads of World History: The Rise of Khoqand 1709–1822’, Journal of Global History 2 (2007), 213–32.

  45S. Levi, ‘India, Russia and the Eighteenth-Century Transformation of the Central Asian Caravan Trade’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42.4 (1999), 519–48.

  46See I. McCabe, Shah’s Silk for Europe’s Silver: The Eurasian Trade of the Julfa Armenians in Safavid Iran and India, 1530–1750 (Atlanta, 1999). Also see B. Bhattacharya, ‘Armenian European Relationship in India, 1500–1800: No Armenian Foundation for European Empire?’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48.2 (2005), 277–322.

  47S. Delgoda, ‘“Nabob, Historian and Orientalist”: Robert Orme: The Life and Career of an East India Company Servant (1728–1801)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.3 (1992), 363–4.

  48Cited by T. Nechtman, ‘A Jewel in the Crown? Indian Wealth in Domestic Britain in the Late Eighteenth Century’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 41.1 (2007), 73.

  49A. Bewell, Romanticism and Colonial Disease (Baltimore, 1999), p. 13.

  50T. Bowrey, Geographical Account of Countries around the Bay of Bengal 1669 to 1679, ed. R Temple (London 1905), pp. 80–1.

  51C. Smylitopoulos, ‘Rewritten and Reused: Imagining the Nabob through “Upstart Iconography”’, Eighteenth-Century Life 32.2 (2008), 39–59.

  52P. Lawson, The East India Company: A History (London 1993), p. 120.

  53Nechtman, ‘Indian Wealth in Domestic Britain’, 76.

  54E. Burke, The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. W. Todd, 9 vols (Oxford, 2000), 5, p. 403.

  55D. Forrest, Tea for the British: The Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade (London, 1973), Tea Consumption in Britain, Appendix II, Table 1, p. 284.