Christina Queen of Sweden: The Restless Life of a European Eccentric
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Horne, Baron, 216
Huet, Pierre-Daniel, 133, 157, 368–9
Imperiali, Cardinal Lorenzo, 351, 353–4
Inghilterra, Palazzo d’ (Rome), 413
Innocent X, Pope (Giovanni Battista Pamfili), 114, 233, 239, 264, 273
Innocent XI, Pope (Benedetto Odescalchi), 415–20, 425, 429, 431, 437, 440; death, 443
Innsbruck, 241
Italy: conditions, 7; Christina reaches, 244–6; see also Rome
Jakobsdal, 175
Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland: crowned, 162; doubts Karl X Gustav’s right to throne, 221; abdication, 369, 396–7; death, 401
Jesuits (Society of Jesus): Christina confers with, 185, 188–95, 197–201, 232; in Rome, 251–2, 258, 406; Christina snubs over play, 307; in Germany, 385
Jews: in Rome, 258, 417
Johann Georg, Elector of Saxony, 33, 37
Johann Kasimir, Count of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, 11–12, 47, 60, 73, 79, 98–9, 109, 180
Jönköping, 368, 371
Jordaens, Jacob, 172, 231
Juel, Peder, 203
Jülich, 55
Kalmar, 16
Karl IX, King of Sweden, 45–6, 86
Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden: boyhood relations with Christina, 60; father’s ambitions for, 73; leaves gun-dogs in Christina’s care, 75; attachment to Christina, 77–8, 102–4; nominated but not elected as High Steward, 79–81; and Christina’s relations with Magnus De la Gardie, 95, 97; as prospective husband for Christina, 98–103, 162–5; made Commander-in-Chief, 100–2, 162–3; celebrates Peace of Westphalia, 118; in advance on Prague (1648), 120; and plundering of Prague, 121; portraits of, 161; Christina nominates as successor, 163–5, 179, 181, 187; negotiates at Nuremberg, 169–70; made hereditary prince, 170–1, 179; Montecuccoli on, 170; gives coronation coach to Christina, 175; at Christina’s coronation, 176; and Christina’s intention to renounce throne, 180–1; and Messenius’s attempted revolt, 183; makes Grand Tour, 188; Christina rejects plea for Magnus De la Gardie, 209; Oxenstierna suggests sharing throne with Christina, 211; coronation, 220; wars with Poland and Denmark, 221, 334; and Christina’s departure from Sweden, 225, 227; final plea to marry Christina, 226; marriage to Hedvig Eleonora, 228–9; invites Christina to return home, 235; obstructs alienation of Christina’s Swedish lands, 240; invades Poland, 241; Christina declares Catholic conversion to, 242; amorous adventures, 266; and Christina’s allowance, 311, 345; letter from Mazarin, 334; death, 346
Karl XI, King of Sweden: under regency, 346–7, 370, 383; in Christina’s life-story, 396; not in Christina’s will, 441
Karl XII, King of Sweden, 444
Karl Ludwig (of the Palatinate), 187
‘Karlsson, Adolf’ see Gustav Adolf, King of Sweden
Katarina of Sweden, wife of Johann Kasimir of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, 11, 41, 43, 60, 64–5, 78; death, 81
Katharina, Princess (daughter of Electress Dowager Anna), 16
Katharina, Princess of the Rhine, 15–16
Kircher, Father Athanasius, SJ, 252, 411
Kirstenius, Petrus, 133
Königsmarck, General, 119
Kristian IV, King of Denmark: favours son’s marriage to Christina, 53–4; secret correspondence with Maria Eleonora, 82–3; and Maria Eleonora’s escape to Denmark, 83–4; loses eye in war against Sweden, 90
Kristina Augusta, Princess; birth and death, 19
Kristina Magdalena of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (Christina’s cousin), 60
Landini (Christina’s Captain of Guards), 347
Landini, Francesca, 358
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de, 300–1, 394, 423
Larsson, Lars, 46
Lascaris, Monsignor Luigi Gasparo, 313–14, 316
Le Bel, Père, 317–23, 326, 332
Le Blon, Michel, 231
Leijoncrona see Holm, Johan
Lenclos, Anne see Ninon de Lenclos
Leopold of Habsburg, 187
Leopold Wilhelm, Archduke of Austria, 198–200, 234, 237–9
Liber concordiae, 110
Lillie, Field Marshal Axel, 174
Linköping, Bloodbath of (1606), 39, 46
Lionne, Hugues de, 272, 352, 364
Lipsius, Justus, 68, 256; Politica, 69
Livonia: Gustav Adolf campaigns in,
Loret (French satirist), 295
Loreto, 245
Lorraine, Prince of, 397–8
Louis XIII, King of France, 296
Louis XIV, King of France: and Peace of Westphalia, 112, 114; flees in Fronde, 165; returns from flight, 185; and plot against Naples, 274; and Christina’s visit to France, 283, 293; and Duchesse de Montpensier, 291; proposed marriage to Christina, 296; meets Christina incognito, 304; receives Christina at Compiègne, 305, 309–10; attachment to Marie Mancini, 307–8; and Christina’s execution of Monaldeschi, 321, 327–8; visits Christina at Fontainebleau, 335; performs in ballets, 336–8; marries Maria Teresa, 345, 347; declines to provide pensions for Christina’s household, 347; declines Christina’s proposed religious conversion of Denmark, 348; appoints ambassador to Holy See, 349; seizes papal garrison at Avignon, 353–4; acts against Christina after Créquy incident, 354–5; plans completion of Louvre, 361; neutrality in Anglo-Dutch war, 363; reconciliation with Christina, 366; and succession to Polish throne, 397
Lucretius, 312
Ludolphus (philologist), 133
Lully, Jean-Baptiste: Alcidiane et Polexandre (ballet), 336–7
Luther, Martin, 187
Lützen, Battle of (1632), 37–8, 53
Macchiati, Dr Cesare, 383
Macedo, Antonio, 189–92, 194, 197–9
Maidalchini, Donna Olimpia, 233, 253, 258, 264
Malaval, François, 281–2, 429
Malines, Father Francesco, SJ, 192, 198, 200–1, 241
Mancini, Marie, 307–8
Manderscheydt, Father Charles Alexander, SJ, 204
Marazzoli, Marco, 260; Las vita humana (opera), 258
Marescotti, Monsignor, 398–9
Margareta, Queen of Sweden and Denmark, 16
Maria Eleonora, Queen of Gustav Adolf: courtship and marriage, 12–18; arrives in Stockholm, 17–18, 129; coronation, 18; birth and death of children, 19–20, 196; depressions and mental disorder, 20–2, 25, 40, 64; and birth of Christina, 23–5; and death and funeral of Gustav Adolf, 39–43, 158; Christina visits at Nyköping, 41, 60, 169, 193; takes charge of Christina, 43; and Christina’s marriage prospects, 52, 54, 56–8, 108; unpopularity in Sweden, 57; and Christina’s upbringing, 59, 61, 64, 82; in mourning for husband, 60–1; plans memorials for Gustav Adolf, 61–2; court, 64; installed at Gripsholm, 64, 81–2; beauty, 82; excluded from regency, 82; secret correspondence with Kristian IV of Denmark, 82; escapes from Gripsholm to Denmark, 83, 89; takes refuge in Brandenburg, 83–4; Christina forbids to meet Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, 153; musical interests, 157–8; favours Beaulieu, 160; hands over crown to Christina, 172; attends Christina’s coronation, 175–6; death, 239; in Christina’s life-story, 395
Maria Ludwika, Queen of Jan II Kazimierz of Poland, 162, 369, 375, 401
Maria Teresa, Queen of Louis XIV,
345
Marvell, Andrew, 230–1, 268
Masaniello see Aniello, Tommaso
Matthiae, Johan (later Bishop of Strängnäs): as Christina’s tutor, 63, 67–71, 77, 81, 100–1; promotes Protestant unity in Sweden, 109–10; portrait painted, 161; and Christina’s religious uncertainties, 170; Johan Messenius promotes, 182; scepticism over alchemy, 390
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, 27–8
Maximilian of Bavaria, 121
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules: replaces Richelieu, 89; relations with Sweden, 90–1; Grotius and, 92–3; hostility to Pope Innocent X, 114, 350; books and library, 131–2, 199, 214; praises Christina’s portrait, 136; on Charles I of England’s obstinacy, 165; letters from Chanut on Christina’s intentions, 169, 180; supports Louis XIV, 185; returns to Paris, 206; Condé opposes, 235; believes Christina in Spanish pay, 236; traduces C
hristina, 236–7; and plot to annexe Naples, 274–8, 304, 312, 324, 327–8, 333; and Christina’s visit to France, 280, 283; and Duchesse de Montpensier, 289, 291–2; imprisons Condé, 294; Christina occupies Louvre apartments, 296, 336; art collection, 302–3; Christina visits apartments, 302–3; Christina meets in France, 303; entertains Christina, 304; discourages niece Marie Mancini’s romance with Louis XIV, 307–8; Christina’s view of, 308–9; gives money to Christina, 311, 314–15; letters from Christina, 314, 334–5; puts off seeing Christina, 315–17; and Monaldeschi’s execution, 321, 327–30, 333; Christina requests Santinelli’s ennoblement from, 331; gout, 335, 341; takes Christina’s works of art as security, 340–1; and Christina’s departure from Paris, 341; receives Christina’s allowance from Sweden, 342; death, 347, 349–50
Mazarini, Palazzo (Rome), 342, 344
Meibom, Marcus, 134, 139–40, 356
Melani, Nicola, 158
Mellini, Benedetto, 411
Menestrier, Father Claude-François, SJ, 285–6
Merula, ‘Captain’, 419, 435–6
Messenius, Arnold (Arnold Johan’s son), 183–4
Messenius, Arnold Johan, 182–4
Messenius, Johan (Arnold Johan’s father), 182
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 345
Miseroni (keeper of Prague castle), 120
Misson, François-Maximilian, 427
Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 299
Molinos, Miguel de, 429–31
Mollet, André, 357 Monaldeschi, Marchese Gian-Rinaldo: background, 275–6; serves Christina, 275–6, 278–9; letters intercepted, 316; forges letters, 317–20, 332; Christina condemns to death, 320–33, 339, 386, 390, 403, 410, 428
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 358
Montecuccoli, Conte Raimondo, Duca di Melfi: and Christina’s impending abdication, 170; as Emperor’s ambassador in Stockholm, 170; Christina coerces into removing jewels out of Sweden, 215, 233; meets Christina in Antwerp, 232–4; records Christina’s plans, 237; witnessess Christina’s conversion to Catholicism, 238; and Christina’s claims to Pomerania, 240; accompanies Christina on trip to Rome, 244; Christina promises to make Cardinal, 263, 312; death, 428
Montpensier Anne-Marie-Louise-Henriette d’Orléans, Duchesse de (‘la Grande Mademoiselle’), 287–93, 296, 300, 304, 308–1, 335–6, 338, 397
Moravia, 113
Motteville, Madame de, 305–6, 327
Münster, 112, 119, 349
Naples: plots to expel Spanish from, 273–7, 324–5, 327, 333; Christina aspires to throne of, 275–7, 283, 304, 309, 311–12, 316, 335
Narva, 118
Naudé, Gabriel, 132, 139–40
neostoicism, 68–9
Neubourg, Duc de, 397–400
Nickel, Father Goswin, SJ, 191–2, 197
Nilsson, Marshal, 82
Ninon de Lenclos (Anne Lenclos), 312
Norrköping, 347, 371
Nuremberg, 36–7, 170
Nuyts, Father Philip, SJ, 198, 200
Nyköping, 41, 60, 169, 193, 195
Olivecrantz, Johan, 406, 416, 434
Orsini family, 279
Orsini, Signora, 306–7
Osnabrück, 113, 116–17, 119
Otakar II, King of Bohemia, 119
Ottoboni, Cardinal Pietro Vito (later Pope Alexander VIII), 408
Ottoman Empire: as threat, 8, 112, 363, 392, 400; attacks Crete, 112, 343; captures Crete, 412
Oxenstierna family, 50, 109
Oxenstierna, Baron Axel: negotiates Gustav Adolf’s marriage, 16; and Maria Eleonora’s demands for Gustav Adolf’s return, 20–1; and imperial threat to Sweden, 30; negotiates peace with Poland, 30; learns of death of Gustav Adolf, 39; and Christina’s accession, 44; as Grand Chancellor, 50; qualities, 50; and Christina’s marriage prospects, 54–6, 58, 99–100, 102; on Christina’s upbringing, 61; directs Swedish army, 61, 116; returns to Sweden (1636), 64; instructs Christina in statecraft, 72; on Christina’s personal weaknesses, 73; and Christina’s attachment to Karl Gustav, 78–9; Christina’s resentment of and opposition to, 79, 87–8, 91–2, 98, 102, 139, 144; disapproves of Karl Gustav’s nomination as High Steward, 79–80; installs Maria Eleonora in Gripsholm, 82; status and administration, 86–8; relations with France, 89, 199; hostility to Denmark, 90; and Christina’s prospective marriage, 99; and financing of Gustav Adolf’s reforms, 104; encourages mining industry, 107; denounces Matthiae’s call for Protestant unity, 110; and Peace of Westphalia, 116–17; and wife’s funeral, 124; and Christina’s welcoming French visitors, 130; encourages Christina’s dancing, 160; portrait painted, 161; and conflict between Estates, 167; and Christina’s coronation, 174–5; Christina’s improved relations with, 179, 184; hears of Christina’s intention to abdicate, 180; Messenius criticises, 183; negotiates with Pereira, 189; and Ulfelds’ flight to Sweden, 194–5; and Bourdelot’s departure, 206; defers Christina’s abdication, 210–11; and Christina’s pro-Spanish policy, 212; at extraordinary meeting of Riksdag (1654), 217; death, 221; Christina likens Azzolino to, 265
Oxenstierna, Baroness, 124
Oxenstierna, Bengt, 98
Oxenstierna, Erik, 117, 192
Oxenstierna, Baron Gabriel Bengtsson, 50, 55–7
Oxenstierna, Baron Gabriel Gustavsson, 41, 50
Oxenstierna, Johan, 116–18
Pallavicino, Father Sforza, SJ, 238, 243
Palombara, Marchese of, 275
Pamphili family, 258–9
papacy: in international affairs, 269–71; nepotism, 365–6; see also Catholicism
Pappenheim, Count Gottfried, 38
Paris: Christina visits, 294–301, 336–41; Louvre Palace, 296, 302–3, 336, 361; theatre in, 299; character, 301–2
Parma, Duca di, 255, 259, 279
Pascal, Blaise, 138, 142, 155
Pasquini, Bernardo, 260, 407
Patru, Olivier, 296–7
Pereira, José Pinto de, 189–91
Peruzzi (friend of Monaldeschi), 317, 331
Pesaro, 313–15
Peter I (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 444
Philip IV see Felipe IV, King of Spain
Piccolomini, General Ottavio, 38
Pimentel de Prado, Don Antonio: appointed Spain’s special envoy to Christina, 202–4; leaves Sweden, 203–4; and Christina’s conversion to Catholicism, 205, 238; and Christina’s stay in Spanish Netherlands, 210; and Christina’s stay in Hamburg, 228; in Antwerp, 233; distrusts Condé, 235; acompanies Christina to Rome, 244; in Rome, 250, 271; leaves Rome for Flanders, 272
Pimentel, Madame, 231
Poissonet, Clairet, 367
Poland-Lithuania: power, 7; Sweden’s war with, 12, 19, 30; truce with Sweden (1628), 30–1; as Catholic threat to Sweden, 44, 46; Jan II Kazimierz accedes to throne, 162; truce with Sweden ends (1654), 221; Karl Gustav invades, 241; succession following Jan II Kazimierz’s abdication, 369; Christina aspires to throne of, 396–401
Poltava, Battle of (1709), 443
Pomerania, 52, 55, 113, 213, 240
Pomponne, Arnauld de, 362–3, 372–3
Popes see Alexander VII; Clement IX; Clement X; Innocent X; Innocent XI
Portugal, 212–13
Prague: defenstration of (1618), 7, 27; sacked (1620), 29; and Peace of Westphalia, 114; Swedes attack and plunder (1648), 119–21, 125, 128
Priorato, Conte Gualdo, 347, 363, 392, 417
Pyrenees, Peace of the (1659), 345
Quadrelli, Angelica, 431–2, 434–6
Quietism, 281–2, 429–30
Rangoni, Donna Barbara, 306–7
Ravius, Christian, 133
Rebolledo, Bernadino de, 193–5, 197, 199, 202, 204
Reggio, Pietro, 158
Renaissance: ideas and influence, 8
Reni, Guido: Madonna and Child, 415
Restitution, Edict of (1629), 32
Riario, Palazzo (Rome), 344, 350, 358–60, 401, 405, 407, 411, 416, 419–21, 430
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean Duplessis, Duc de: supports Sweden against Em
pire, 31; and death of Gustav Adolf, 39–40; Oxenstierna and, 72, 389; founds Académie Française, 137, 155; bequeaths bed to Louis XIII, 296; builds Palais-Royal in Paris, 299
Riksdag (Swedish parliament): and Christina’s succession as Queen, 46–7; and Christina’s prospective marriage, 57; on Christina’s education, 62; and conflict between Estates, 109, 166–7, 171, 178; and nomination of Karl Gustav as Christina’s successor, 163–5, 170–1; composition, 166; discusses financial problems, 170, 178; and Christina’s abdication settlement, 214; extraordinary meeting, Uppsala (1654) to hear Christina’s abdication, 216–19; and Christina’s religious apostasy, 225; and Christina’s return to Sweden (1660), 346
Rivani, Antonio see Cicciolino
Rome: artistic renaissance, 7; Christina leaves Sweden for, 222; Christina reaches (1655), 246, 247–8; Christina re-enters in triumphal procession, 248–50; conditions, 251–2; Jesuit Colleges, 251, 258, 406–7; Christina’s life and activities in, 252–9, 344–5, 355–60, 416, 420–1, 423; religious relics, 254–5; convents and nuns in, 260–1; plague, 277–8, 312, 314–15; Christina returns to (1658), 342–5; Christina returns to (1662), 349; Christina plans return to (1668), 401, 405; Christina promotes new theatre in, 406–7; Christina promotes Teatro Tordinona in, 406–7; Innocent XI closes theatres in, 415; status of ambassadorial quarters in, 417–18; Christina’s funeral and burial in, 437–9
Rosenbach, Bernhard von, 388
Rospigliosi, Giacobo, 374, 397
Rospigliosi, Giulio see Clement IX, Pope
Rovere, Palazzo della, Pesao, 313
Rubens, Peter-Paul, 231–2
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 120–1, 125–8, 133
Russia: conditions in, 7; and Christina’s succession to throne, 48–9; celebrates Peace of Westphalia, 118, 121; enmity with Sweden, 121–2; peace mission to Sweden (1649), 122–4; rise to power, 444
Ruthven, Patrick, Lord, 164
Sacchi, Andrea, 410
Saint-Amant, Marc-Antoine de Gérard (‘Big Saint-Amansky’), 205, 300
Salvius, Johan Adler, 117, 170
Santinelli, Francesco Maria: Christina meets, 245; in Christina’s service, 272, 278–9, 306, 310, 313, 315, 331; letters forged by Monaldeschi, 317–19; supposed vendetta with Monaldeschi, 327; letter from Christina on Monaldeschi’s execution, 330–1; requests French dukedom, 331; marriage to Duchess of Ceri, 343, 394; sells Christina’s coronation robe, 343