The Age of Voltaire

by Will Durant

  133. Grimm, Corresp., VII, 51.

  134. Walpole, H., in Mossner, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason, 175; cf. Mornet, Origines, 139, and Morley, Life of Voltaire, 88.

  135. Letter to Mme. du Deffand, June 1, 1770.

  136. Ignorant Philosopher, Sec. XXIV.

  137. Mark IX, 45–48; Matt. XIII, 40–42; Luke XVI, 23–26.

  CHAPTER XXIII

  1. Pomeau, 300.

  2. Mornet, Origines, 206.

  3. Gauchat, Lettres critiques, XV, 224, in Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 313.

  4. Pomeau, 338.

  5. Voltaire, letter of Dec. 8, 1776.

  6. Palmer, R.R., Catholics and Unbelievers, 96.

  7. Ibid., 142.

  8. Our account follows John H. Pappas, Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux and the Philosophes.

  9. Ibid., 38.

  10. 23, 137.

  11. 48.

  12. 128.

  13. 48.

  14. 205.

  15. Ibid.

  16. 184.

  17. 186.

  18. 110.

  19. 113.

  20. 119.

  21. 122.

  22. 131.

  23. Desnoiresterres, III, 389.

  24. Hazard, Eighteenth Century, 78.

  25. Cornou, Êlie Fréron, in Martin, K., 96.

  26. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 240.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Brandes, II, 205.

  29. Ibid., 206.

  30. Noyes, Voltaire, 51.

  31. Ibid., 71.

  32. Lanfrey, 195.

  33. In Masson, La Religion de Rousseau, III, 31.

  34. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 382.

  35. Lichtenberger, A., Le Socialisme et la Révolution française, 6n.

  36. Crocker, Emb. Philosopher, 305.

  37. Toth, Woman and Rococo, 224, 234.

  38. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 305.

  39. Toth, 234.

  40. Letter of Jan. 10, 1758, in Naves, 53.

  41. Oeuvres, 231, 239–40.

  42. Ibid., 235, etc.

  43. Grimm, II, 373.

  44. Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers, 7.

  45. Parton, II, 334.

  46. Pappas, 85.

  47. Ibid., 114.

  48. 117.

  49. Fülop-Miller, Power and Secret of the Jesuits, 374.

  50. Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 310.

  51. Pappas, 129.

  52. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 414.

  53. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XVI, 201.

  54. Lanfrey, 267; Campbell, The Jesuits, 482.

  55. Ibid., 483.

  56. Catholic Encyclopedia, XIV, 98a; Martin, H., XVI, 211; Ranke, History of the Popes, II, 447.

  57. Campbell, 487.

  58. Ibid., 485.

  59. McCabe, Candid History of the Jesuits, 251.

  60. Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, II, 236.

  61. Desnoiresterres, VI, 269.

  62. Bertrand, D’Alembert, 132.

  63. Lanfrey, 269.

  64. Ibid., 270.

  65. Pappas, 135.

  66. Pomeau, 317.

  67. Gilbert, Prince de Ligne, 138; Carlyle, Friedrich the Second, VII, 470.

  68. Campbell, The Jesuits, 639.

  69. La Fontainerie, French Liberalism and Education in the 18th Century, 143, 149.

  70. Cumming, Helvétius, 160.

  71. La Fontainerie, 80.

  72. Ibid., 117.

  73. Ibid., 39; Desnoiresterres, VI, 239.

  74. Letter of Apr. 1, 1766.

  75. Lanson, Voltaire, 183.

  76. Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 446.

  77. La Fontainerie, 240.

  78. Sée, H., Les idées politiques en France, 142.

  79. Mornet, Origines, 177.

  80. Lacroix, Eighteenth Century, 265.

  81. Helvétius, Treatise on Man, Vol. II, p. 402.

  82. Brunetière, Manual of French Literature, 298.

  83. Hazard, 369.

  84. Bury, Idea of Progress, 149.

  85. Smith, P., II, 614.

  86. D’Alembert, Éléments de la philosophie, Ch. iv, in Hazard, 166.

  87. Hazard, 169.

  88. Voltaire, Works, XIXa, 89 f.

  89. Hazard, 250.

  90. Rousseau, Sur le gouvernement de Pologne, in Black, Art of History, 20.

  91. Source lost.

  92. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XVI, 212.

  93. Bury, Idea of Progress, 203; Parton, II, 433.

  94. Hazard, 126.

  95. Buckle, I, 620.

  96. Parton, II, 507.

  97. Lecky, History of. . . Rationalism, I, 125.

  98. Tocqueville, L’ Ancien Régime, 165.

  99. Lecky, History of England, V, 336.

  100. Mornet, Origines, 214–16.

  101. La Harpe in Taine, Ancient Regime, 400.

  102. Walpole, H., letter of Oct. 19, 1765.

  103. Id., letter of Nov. 19, 1765.

  104. Mornet, 269.

  105. Ibid.

  106. Toth, Woman and Rococo, 234.

  107. Mornet, 272.

  108. Willey, Eighteenth-Century Background, 192.

  109. Taine, Ancient Regime, 293.

  110. Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, II, 278.

  111. Montalembert, Monks of the West, I, 86.

  112. Mornet, 141.

  113. Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes, XLIII, 237.

  114. Letter of Nov. 9, 1764.

  115. Wilson, Diderot, 286; Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers, 17.

  116. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 133.

  117. Condorcet, Progrès de l’ esprit humain, 251.

  118. Mornet, 125.

  119. Ibid., 273.

  120. Eckermann and Soret, Conversations with Goethe, 421, 529.

  121. Frederick to Voltaire, May 5, 1767.

  122. Grimm, Corresp., Sept. 15, 1767.

  123. Dict. Phil., art. “God.”

  EPILOGUE

  1. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 407.

  2. Sade, Marquis de, Justine (1791), Juliette (1792), Philosophie dans le boudoir (1793).

  3. Musset, Alfred de, Confessions of a Child of the Century, 21 f.

  4. Chaponnière, Geneva, 231.

  5. Phil. Dict., art. “God,” Sec. IV; art. “Polytheism.”

  Bibliographical Guide

  to editions referred to in the Notes

  ACTION, JOHN EMERICH, LORD, Lectures on Modern History. London, 1950.

  ALDINGTON, RICHARD, French Comedies of the Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, n.d.

  ALDIS, JANET, Madame Geoffrin: Her Salon and Her Times. New York, 1905.

  ALLEN, B. SPRAGUE, Tides in English Taste, 2v. New York, 1958.

  ALLEN, ROBERT J., Life in Eighteenth-Century England. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1941.

  ALTAMIRA, RAFAEL, A History of Spain. Princeton, N. J., 1955.

  ARNOLD, MATTHEW, Essays in Criticism. New York: Home Library, n.d.

  ASHTON, T. S., Economic History of England: The Eighteenth Century. New York, 1959.

  AUSUBEL, NATHAN, Superman: The Life of Frederick the Great. New York, 1931.

  BAEDEKER, KARL, Austria. Leipzig, 1926.

  BARNES, HARRY ELMER, Economic History of the Western World. New York, 1942.

  BATIFFOL, LOUIS, ed., The Great Literary Salons, tr. Mabel Robinson. New York, 1930.

  BEARD, MIRIAM, History of the Business Man. New York, 1938.

  BEARNE, MRS., A Court Painter [Boucher] and His Circle. London, 1913.

  BECKER, CARL, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. New Haven, Conn., 1951.

  BECKETT, R. B., Hogarth. London, 1949.

  BELL, E. T., Men of Mathematics. New York, 1937.

  BENN, ALFRED W., History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century, 2v. London, 1906.

  BERNAL, J. D., Science in History. London, 1957.

  BERRY, ARTHUR, Short His
tory of Astronomy. New York, 1909.

  BERTRAND, JOSEPH, D’Alembert. Paris, 1889.

  BESANT, SIR WALTER, London in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1903.

  BESTERMAN, THEODORE, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Geneva, 1955 f.

  BLACK, J. B., The Art of History. New York, 1926.

  BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM, Commentaries on the Laws of England, ed. George Chase. New York, 1914.

  BLOCK, MAURICE, François Boucher and the Beauvais Tapestries. Boston, 1933.

  BOCK, ELFRIED, Geschichte der graphischen Kunst. Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 1930.

  BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT, On the Spirit of Patriotism; The Idea of a Patriot King. London, n.d.

  BOSWELL, JAMES, Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland. New York, 1955.

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  BOTTIGLIA, W. F., Voltaire’s Candide. Geneva, 1959.

  BRANDES, GEORG, Voltaire, 2v. New York, 1930.

  BRETT, G. S., History of Psychology. London, 1953.

  BROCKAWY, WALLACE, and WEINSTOCK, HERBERT, Men of Music. New York, 1939.

  BROCKWAY, WALLACE, and WINER, BART, A Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters. New York, 1941.

  BRUNETIÈRE. FERDINAND. Manual of the History of French Literature tr. Raloh Derechef. New York, 1898.

  BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS, Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, 2v. in 4. New York, 1913.

  BUFFON, GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE, Oeuvres complètes, 12v. Paris, 1853 f.

  BURKE, EDMUND, Reflections on the French Revolution, and Other Essays. Everyman’s Library.

  BURNEY, CHARLES, General History of Music, 2v. New York, 1957.

  BURNEY, FANNY, Diary. Everyman’s Library.

  BURTON, JOHN H., Life and Correspondence of David Hume, 2v. Edinburgh, 1846.

  BURY, J. B., History of Freedom of Thought. New York: Home University Library, n.d.

  _______, The Idea of Progress. New York, 1955.

  BUTTERFIELD, H., The Origins of Modern Science. New York, 1951.

  CALVIN, JOHN, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2v. Philadelphia, 1928.

  Cambridge History of English Literature, 14v. New York, 1910 f.

  Cambridge Modern History, 12v. New York, 1907 f.

  CAMPBELL, THOMAS J., The Jesuits. New York, 1921.

  CARLYLE, THOMAS, History of Friedrich the Second, 7v. New York, 1901.

  CASANOVA, GIOVANNI JACOPO, Memoirs, 2v. London, 1922.

  CASSIRER, ERNST, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J., 1951.

  _______, The Question of Jean Jacques Rousseau, tr. Peter Gay. New York, 1954.

  CASTIGLIONI, ARTURO, A History of Medicine. New York, 1941.

  Catholic Encyclopedia, 16v. New York, 1912.

  CHAMBERS, F. P., The History of Taste. New York, 1932.

  CHAPONNIÈRE, Paul, Chez les Calvinistes. Paris, 1936.

  _______, Genève. Grenoble, n.d.

  CHATEAUBRIAND, VICOMTE FRANÇOIS RENÉ DE, The Genius of Christianity. Baltimore: John Murphy, n.d.

  CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL OF, Letters to His Son. New York, 1901.

  CHIDSEY, DONALD BARR, Marlborough. New York, 1929.

  CHURCHILL, WINSTON S., History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4v. London, 1957.

  CLARK, BARRETT H., Great Short Biographies of the World. New York, 1928.

  CLARK, GEORGE NORMAN, The Seventeenth Century. Oxford University Press, 1929.

  CLERGUE, HELEN, The Salon. New York, 1907.

  COBBAN, ALFRED, History of Modern France, 2v. Penguin Books, 1957.

  _______, In Search of Humanity. New York, 1960.

  COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON, Bolingbroke, and Voltaire in England. New York, 1886.

  CONDILLAC, ÉTIENNE BONNOT DE, Traité des sensations. Paris: Hastier, n.d.

  CONDORCET, M. J. A. N. CARITAT, MARQUIS DE, Esquisse d’un tableau du progres de l’esprit humain. Philadelphia, 1796.

  COXE, WILLIAM, History of the House of Austria, 3v. London, 1847.

  _______, Travels in Switzerland, 1776 f., 3v. London, 1801.

  CRAVEN, THOMAS, Treasury of Art Masterpieces. New York, 1952.

  CRÉBILLON, CLAUDE PROSPER JOLYOT DE (CRÉBILLON fils), Le Sopha. London, 1927.

  CRÉQUI, RENÉE CAROLINE DE FROULLAY, MARQUISE DE, Souvenirs. New York, 1904.

  CROCKER, LESTER G., An Age of Crisis: Man and the World in Eighteenth-Century French Thought. Baltimore, 1959.

  _______, The Embattled Philosopher: Life of Denis Diderot. East Lansing, Mich., 1954.

  CRU, ROBERT LOYALTY, Diderot as a Disciple of English Thought. New York, 1913.

  CUMMING, IAN, Helvétius. London, 1955.

  DAKIN, DOUGLAS, Turgot and the Ancien Régime in France. London, 1939.

  D’ALTON, E. A., History of Ireland, 6v. Dublin, n.d.

  DAVISON, ARCHIBALD, Bach and Handel. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.

  DEFOE, DANIEL, Tour through England and Wales, 2v. Everyman’s Library.

  DESNOIRESTERRES, GUSTAVE, Voltaire et la société française au dixhuitième siècle, 8v. Paris, 1871.

  DEUTSCH, OTTO, Handel. London, 1955.

  DIDEROT, DENIS, Dialogues. New York, 1927.

  _______, Jacques the Fatalist and His Master, tr. J. Robert Loy. New York, 1959.

  _______, Oeuvres. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1935.

  _______, The Paradox of Acting. New York, 1957.

  _______, Salons, 3v. Paris, 1821.

  _______, Writings on the Theater. Cambridge, Eng., 1936.

  DILKE, LADY EMILIA, French Architects and Sculptors of the Eighteenth Century. London, 1900.

  DILLON, EDWARD, Glass. New York, 1907.

  DOBSON, AUSTIN, Hogarth. London, 1883.

  DUCLOS, CHARLES PINOT, Considérations sur les moeurs. Cambridge, Eng., 1939.

  _______, Secret Memoirs of the Regency. New York, 1910.

  DUCROS, LOUIS, French Society in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1926.

  DU HAUSSET, MADAME, Memoirs of Madame de Pompadour. New York, 1928.

  DUNNING, W. A., History of Political Theories, 3v. New York, 1905 f.

  DUPEE, F. W., Great French Short Novels. New York, 1952.

  ECKERMANN, JOHANN PETER, and SORET, M., Conversations with Goethe. London, 1882.

  EDWARDS, H. SUTHERLAND, Idols of the French Stage, 2v. London, 1889.

  ELLIS, HAVELOCK, The New Spirit. London: Walter Scott Publishing Co., n.d.

  Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed.

  Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings, 12v. New York, 1928.

  ÉPINAY, LOUISE DE LA LIVE D’, Memoirs and Correspondence, tr. J. H. Freese, 3v. London, 1899.

  ERCOLE, LUCIENNE, Gay Court Life: France in the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1932.

  FAGUET, ÉMILE, Dixhuitième siècle: Études littéraires. Paris, n.d.

  _______, Literary History of France. New York, 1907.

  FANIEL, STÉPHANE, French Art of the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1957.

  FAŸ, BERNARD, La Franc-Maçonnerie et la révolution intellectuelle du dixhuitième siècle. Paris, 1935.

  FELLOWS, OTIS E., and TORREY, NORMAN L., eds., The Age of Enlightenment. New York, 1942.

  _______, Diderot Studies, 2v. Syracuse, N.Y., 1949.

  FIELDING, HENRY, Works, 12v. New York, 1903.

  FLINT, ROBERT, History of the Philosophy of History. New York, 1894.

  FORD, BORIS, ed., From Dryden to Johnson. Penguin Books, 1957.

  FRANCKE, KUNO, History of German Literature as Determined by Social Forces. New York, 1901.

  FRANKEL, CHARLES, The Faith of Reason. New York, 1948.

  FREDERICK II (THE GREAT), Mémoires, 2v. Paris, 1866.

  FRENCH, SIDNEY J., Torch and Crucible: The Life and Death of Antoine Lavoisier. Princeton, N.J., 1941.

  FÜLOP-MILLER, RENE, The Power and Secret of the Jesuit
s. New York, 1930.

  FUNCK-BRENTANO, FRANTZ, L’Ancien Régime. Paris, 1926.

  GARNETT, RICHARD, History of Italian Literature. New York, 1898.

  _______, and GOSSE, EDMUND, English Literature, an Illustrated Record, 4v. New York, 1908.

  GARRISON, FIELDING H., History of Medicine. Philadelphia, 1929.

  GAY, PETER, Voltaire’s Politics. Princeton, N.J., 1959.

  GEORGE, M. DOROTHY, London Life in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1925.

  GERSHOY, LEO, From Despotism to Revolution: 1763–89. New York, 1944.

  GIBBON, EDWARD, Journal and Ephemerides. New York: Norton, n.d.

  _______, Memoirs. London, 1900.

  _______, Miscellaneous Writings. New York, 1907.

  GILBERT, O. P., The Prince de Ligne. New York, n.d.

  GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, Miscellaneous Works. London, 1904.

  GONCOURT, EDMOND and JULES DE, French Eighteenth-Century Painters. New York, 1948.

  _______, Madame de Pompadour. Paris, n.d.

  _______, The Woman of the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1927.

  GOOCH, G. P., Catherine the Great and Other Studies. New York, 1954.

  GOODWIN, A., The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1953.

  GOURLIE, NORAH, The Prince of Botanists: Carl Linnaeus. London, 1953.

  GRIMM, DIDEROT, RAYNAL, et al., Correspondance littéraire, philosophique, et critique, 16v. Paris, 1877–82.

  GROSSMAN, MORDECAI, The Philosophy of Helvétius. New York, 1926.

  Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5v. New York, 1927 f.

  GUIZOT, FRANÇOIS, History of France, 8v. London, 1872.

  HALSBAND, ROBERT, Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford, Eng., 1957.

  HAMPDEN, JOHN, ed., Eighteenth-Century Plays. Everyman’s Library.

  HARDING, T. SWANN, Fads, Frauds, and Physicians. New York, 1930.

  HAUSER, ARNOLD, The Social History of Art, 2v. New York, 1952.

  HAVENS, GEORGE, The Age of Ideas. New York, 1955.

  HAZARD, PAUL, European Thought in the Eighteenth Century. New Haven, 1954.

  HEARNSHAW, F. J., ed., Social and Political Ideas of Some English Thinkers of the Augustan Age. New York, 1950.

  ________, Social and Political Ideas of Some Great French Thinkers of the Age of Reason. New York, 1950.

  HELVÉTIUS, CLAUDE ADRIEN, De l’ Esprit, or Essays on the Mind. London, 1807.

  ________, Treatise on Man, 2v. London, 1810.

  HENDEL, CHARLES W., Citizen of Geneva: Selections from the Letters of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Oxford University Press, 1937.

  HERBERT, SYDNEY, The Fall of Feudalism in France. London, 1921.