by Will Durant
passim, 294, 608, 610, 641;
Irish, 103, 105, 106;
Scottish, 107;
Swiss, 475, 476, 477;
proposals for ending exploitation of, 279–80, 534–35, 646
Peg Woffington (Reade), 183
Pelham, Henry (1695?–1754, , 82, 113, 114–15
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, see Newcastle, 1st Duke of
Pellegrin, Abbé Simon Joseph (1663–1745), 296
Pembroke College, Oxford, 132
penal codes: English, 72–74;
French, 267–68, 646–47, 691, 693, 726, 736;
in Ireland, 103, 106
Pendennis (Thackeray), 196
Penn, William (1644–1718), 351, 471
Pennsylvania, 247, 351, 403, 471, 530, 598
Pennsylvania, University of, 530
Pensées (Pascal), 370
Pensées philosophiques (Diderot), 624, 625–26, 631, 755
Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature (Diderot), 651–52
Pensford, England, 136
Pepusch, Johann Christoph (1667–1752), 187, 231, 233
Père de famille, Le (Diderot), 670–71
Pereira, Giacomo Rodríguez, later Jacob Rodrigue Péreire (1715–80), 597
Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (1710–36), 297, 660
Permoser, Balthasar (1651–1732), 405
Perpignan, Parlement of, 770
Perronneau, Jean Baptiste (1715–83), 321
Perrault, Claude (1613–88), 165
persecution of heresy, theory and practice of, 493, 494–96
Persia, 341–43
passim, 350, 506, 560, 596
Persian Letters (Montesquieu), see Lettres persanes
Perth, Scotland, 92
Peru, 377, 552
Pérusseau, Father, 283–84
Pesne, Antoine (1683–1757), 405
Peter I the Great, Czar of Russia (r. 1682–1725), 15, 311–12, 557, 739
Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3d Earl of (1658–1735), 426
Peterhouse, Cambridge, 181
Petit, Jean Louis (1674–1750), 599
Petites Lettres sur de grands philosophes (Palissot), 762
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca; 1304–74), 165
Petre, Lord Robert (fl. 1711), 166
Pharnaces II, King of Pontus (r. C.63–47 B.C.),
Phèdre (Racine), 296, 328
Pheidias (5th cent, B.C.), Greek sculptor, 215, 309
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 471, 530, 537, 596
Philip (Don Felipe), Duke of Parma (r. 1748–65), 2d son of Philip V of Spain, 278, 453, 583
Philip V, King of Spain (r. 1700–46), 6, 453;
conspires to get French throne, 18, 31–32;
and England, 31–32, 101, 102;
and Maria Theresa, 436
Philip Neri, Saint, see Neri, Saint Philip
Philippe, Duc d’ Orléans, see Orléans, Philippe I and Philippe II, Dues d’
Philippine Islands, 558, 563 Philippiques, Les, 18, 37
Phillips, Mrs., London shopkeeper (1776), 590
Philosophe Anglais, Le (Prevost), 332
philosophes: definition of term, 497, 605;
French Academy won by, 498, 781, 784;
their general views, 288, 605–8, 775–80;
their influence, 780–86; see also under Christianity, attack upon
Philosophes, Les (Palissot), 762, 765
Philosophia botanica (Linnaeus), 563, 564
Philosophical Dictionary (Voltaire), see Dictionnaire philosophique Philosophie chrétienne, La (Sigorgne), 756
Philosophie de Newton, La (Voltaire), 767
Phipps, James (b. 1788), 596
phlogiston theory, 524, 525, 527–28, 530, 531, 533. 534, 592, 621
photography, 525
physicians, 600–602
physics, 507, 509, 514–22, 524, 539, 548, 575–76;
and astronomy, 537;
and religion, 585
physiocrats, 98, 139, 155, 262, 641, 666;
Diderot and, 708;
and the Encyclopédie, 647
physiology, 586, 587–89, 599, 602, 714;
Bonnet’s work in, 481;
Haller’s work in, 507, 588;
Lavoisier’s contributions to, 534, 589;
Montesquieu and, 341, 348;
and psychology, 581
Piacenza, duchy of, 278
Picander (Christian Friedrich Henrici; 1700–64), 425.
Piccini, Niccolò (1728–1800), 297
Pickering, Timothy (1745–1829), 530
Pickwick Papers (Dickens), 205
Piedmont, 513
Pietism, 403, 413, 428, 438, 476
Pigalle, Jean Baptiste (1714–85), 308, 309, 310, 322, 692
Pilgrims, 721
Pillement, Jean (1727?–1808), 305
Pindar (522?–442 B.C.), 182
Pindaric Odes (Gray), 182
Pinel, Philippe (1745–1826), 583, 598, 701*
Pines, Isle of (Kunie), 559
Piper, English boxer, 78
piracy, 67
Piranesi, Giambattista (1720–78), 501
Piron, Alexis (1689–1773), 283, 332, 384
Pitt, Harriet Villiers, 113
Pitt, Robert, 113
Pitt, Thomas (1653–1726), 113
Pitt, William, the Elder, Earl of Chatham (1708–78), 99, 101, 113–15, 137, 192, 216, 223;
comment on Anglican Church, 117;
his oratory, 114, 132;
his war policy, 102, 103, 113–14, 223
Pitt, William, the Younger (1759–1806), 101, 103
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti), Pope (r. 1846–78), 494*
Plan d’une université pour le gouvernement de la Russie (Diderot), 774
plant nutrition, 567–68
Plato (427?–347 B.C.), 352, 447, 572, 616, 619, 696;
Bolingbroke’s criticism of, 123;
Diderot likened to, 646, 668, 679
Playfair, John (1748–1819), 556, 557
Plenciz, Marcus Aurelius (1704–86), 592
Plessis, France, 617
Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus; 62–113), 445, 449
Plombières, 468, 471
Pluche, Abbé Noël Antoine (1688–1761), 755
Plutarch (46?–120?), Greek biographer, 338, 487
plutonism, 557
Plymouth, England, 559
Podewils, Count Heinrich von (1695–1760), 451
Poems (Gay), 185
Poisson, François, 280
Poisson, Mme. (d. 1745), 280–81
Poland, 59, 271, 277, 357, 362, 773;
in Great Northern War, 438;
and War of Austrian Succession, 452, 456
Polier, Antoine Noé de (1713–83), 719
Polifemo (Porpora), 236
Polignac, Melchior de, Cardinal (1661–1742), 18, 283, 655
Polish Succession, War of the (1733–35), 109, 271, 435
Political Discourses (Hume), 153–54, 155
Politics of Physicians, The (La Mettrie), 618
Politique naturelle, La (d’Holbach), 707
Polly (Gay), 187
Polo, Marco (1254?–1324?), 503
Polybius (205?–125 B.C.), Greek historian, 487
Pomaret, M., Geneva clergyman, 736
Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marquês de (1699–1782), 721, 767
Pomfret, Thomas Fermor, 1st Earl of, and Henrietta Louisa, Countess of, 212
Pommersfelden, 406
Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 279–85, 307, 493, 501;
appearance, 279–80;
“Après moi le deluge” 279;
her enemies at court, 269, 280, 281, 283–85
passim; her ill-health, 158, 279, 280, 284, 285, 489;
her influence in government, 282, 285, 489, 611;
and Jesuits, 283–84, 285, 611, 767, 770;
portraits of, 279–80, 311, 315, 321–22, 508;
helps Protestants, 257
AS PATRONESS AND DEITY OF ART: 282, 303, 310, 311, 610;
and Boucher, 279–82 passim, 315–16;
and Chardin, 282, 319;
and La Tour, 282, 321–22, 508;
promotes minor arts, 281, 282, 304, 306;
and Vanloo, 281, 282, 312
AS PROTECTRESS OF WRITERS AND SCIENTISTS:
Buffon, 283, 571;
Crébillon père, 280, 283, 329–30, 388;
and philosophes, 279, 280, 283, 315, 337, 601, 639, 641, 644*;
Voltaire and, 279, 280, 283, 297, 384, 385, 386, 470–71, 483, 489, 497, 744
Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus; 106–ress, freedom 48 B.C.), Roman general and triumvir, 346
Pompignan, Jean Jacques Le Franc, Marquis de (1709–84), 762–63, 764
Pompeii, 215, 501
Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), Italian philosopher, 692
Pondicherry, 264, 265, 503
Poniatowski, Stanislas II, see Stanislas II
Pontchartrain, M. and Mme. de, 22
Pontchartrain, Hôtel de, Paris, 282
Pont-de-Veyle, Antoine de Ferriol, Comte de, 301
Pontine Marshes, 539
Pontoise, France, 15
Poor Laws (England), 48
Pope, the: in 1700–21, see Clement XI;
in 1721–24, see Innocent XIII;
in 1724–30, see Benedict XIII;
in 1730–40, see Clement XII;
in 1740–58, see Benedict XIV
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), 45, 60, 68, 78, 86, 162, 164–77, 179, 213, 215, 620;
appearance and character, 164, 166, 170–71;
and Boling-broke, 99, 168–70
passim, 172;
and Caroline of Ansbach, 90, 95, 169;
his classicism, 165–66, 169, 177–78, 193;
Essay on Man praised and imitated by Voltaire, 175, 177, 246, 376, 463;
his friendship and enmity with Lady Mary, 169, 171, 207–10, 211;
his friendship with Swift, 168–71, 210;
on Gay, 185;
Thomas Gray and, 169, 182–83;
and Handel, 231, 240;
and Newton, 176, 619;
on Oglethorpe, 74–75;
suspects Voltaire of spying, 248;
his theodicy, 172–74, 721, 726;
translates Homer, 163, 168–69, 209;
Voltaire’s visit to, 169, 246
Pöppelmann, Matthäus Daniel (1662–1736), 399
porcelain, 214, 261, 282, 303, 305–6, 399, 404, 505
Porée, Père Charles (1675–1741), 4, 287, 759, 766
Poro (Handel-Metastasio), 234
Porpora, Niccolò Antonio (1686–1766), 235–36, 410
Porson, Richard (1759–1808), 500
Porta, Giambattista della (1538?–1615), 52
Portobello, capture of (1739), 102–3
Port-Royal, 34, 292, 608, 765, 768
Portugal, 11, 59;
economic aid from England, 68;
and the Jesuits, 721, 767;
persecution of heresy, 356, 495;
and the slave trade, 67–68; see also Lisbon
Potocki, Prince Ignacy (1750?–1809), 583
Potsdam, Prussia, 379, 382, 388, 390, 406–7, 441, 450, 516; see also Sanssouci Palace
Potter, John (d. 1747), Archbishop of Canterbury (1737–47), 97, 117
Pouilly, M. (fl. 1722), classical scholar, 347, 500
Pound, James (1669–1724), 539
Pourquoi, Les (Morellet), 763
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 27, 464
Prades, Jean Martin de (1720–82), 638–39
Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI (1713), 435–36, 451, 452
Prague, 432;
captured and abandoned by French (1741–42), 272, 338, 454–55;
—by Prussians (1744), 276, 455, 456
Prandtauer, Jakob (d. 1727), 432
precession of the equinoxes, 544
Précis du Stècle de Louis XV (Voltaire), 484
predestinarianism, 118, 224, 437, 747;
rejected by Wesley, 133–34
Préjugés légitimes contre l’Encyclopédie (Chaumeix), 642
Prémontré, Abbey of, 254
prerogative, royal, versus parliamentary privilege, 157
Presbyterians: English, 62, 111, 118, 119;
in Ireland, 105;
Scottish, 92, 108
Presbytery, Scottish (clergy), see Scotland, Kirk of
Present State of the Nations (Smollett), 202
press, freedom of, 100;
in England, 105, 119, 162–63, 369;
in Prussia, 448;
in Sweden, 496;
urged in France, 535, 638, 646, 682, 694
Pressburg (Bratislava), 434, 453, 455
Preston, Lancashire, England, 92
Prestonpans, Scotland, battle of (1745), 111, 224
Prêtres démasqués (d’Holbach), 697
Prévost, Abbé Pierre (1751–1839), 14, 192, 248, 300, 332–35, 542, 694
Preysing Palace, Munich, 406
Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, Marquise de (1698–1727), 269, 273, 274, 289, 344;
death of, 270, 608–9
Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804), 507, 517, 526–31, 567–68, 579, 589;
and discovery of oxygen, 524, 525, 526–28;
his home burned by mob, 526, 529–30;
in Paris, 532, 696;
his views on religion and government, 526, 528–31
passim, 713;
his work in electricity, 522, 526
prime minister: British, office of, 91, 96;
French, home of, 307
Primitive Christianity Revived (Whiston), 120
primogeniture, 291, 431–32, 435
Prior, Matthew (1664–1721), 23
Prior Park, 216
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 360
Princesse de Clèves, La (La Fayette), 300, 331
Princesse de Navarre, La (Voltaire-Rameau), 297, 384
Principia Mathematica (Newton), 370, 511, 548*;
Mme. du Châtelet’s translation, 366, 375, 390, 544
Pringle, Sir John (1707–82), 591
prison reform, 74, 534
privateers, 101
Privy Council, England, 213
Prix de Rome, 26, 310, 312, 313
probability, analytical theory of, 548
“Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar, The” (Rousseau), 737, 756
“Progress of Poesy, The” (Gray), 182
Project to Perfect the Government of States, A (Saint-Pierre), 336
Projet de paix perpétuelle (Saint-Pierre), 335–36
Prolegomena ad Homerum (F. Wolf), 500 Promenade du sceptique, La (Diderot), 626, 656
prostitution, 61, 63–64, 219–20, 289–90
Protestantism: in the Empire, 74, 432;
in England, sects of, 116, 118–19;
in France, 8, 17, 257, 270, 495, 609, 727–33, 736, 783;
in German states, 402–3, 410, 495;
Helvétius on, 685;
in Ireland, 103–6
passim; Montesquieu on, 355, 357, 358;
in New England, 694;
in Scandinavia, 495;
in Silesia, 451–52;
in Switzerland, 472–76 passim, 495;
in United Provinces, 495;
Voltaire on, 357, 368, 738; see also Anglican Church, Voltaire on
Provincial Letters (Pascal), 766–67
Prussia, 397, 402, 437–70, 590, 772–73;
alliance with England (1756), 115, 285;
alliances with France (1741, 1744), 276, 452–53;
army of, 437, 438–39, 449, 450, 459, 599, 725;
arts in, 406–7;
class structure of, 437, 448;
commerce and industry in, 437–38, 459;
in Great Northern War, 438;
its claim to Jülich and Berg, 451, 453;
population of, 437
, 439;
and Pragmatic Sanction, 435;
welcomes Protestants from Austria, 432, 438;
Silesian claims of, 436, 450–51
PEACE TREATIES: Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), 457;
Berlin (1742), 454;
Dresden (1745), 278, 457;
Hanover (1745), 457;
secret truce with Austria (1741), 453–54
AT WAR: in Seven Years’ War, 404, 489, 510;
in Silesian Wars, 436, 451–54, 455–57;
in War of Austrian Succession, 452–57
Psychologia empirica (Wolff), 401
Psychologia rationalis (Wolff), 401
psychology, 481, 581–84, 585;
sensationist, 160, 582–83;
antisensationist, 583–84;
“natural,” 583, 636, 682–84, 690–91;
physiological, 581
publishing and printing, 163–64, 168, 169, 202, 214, 219, 220, 323–24, 476, 497
Pucelle d’Orléans, La (Voltaire), 361, 372, 376–77, 443, 469, 483, 497, 758–59
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632–94), 349, 359*
Puisieux, Mme. de (fl. 1747), 624, 626–27, 628, 629, 631, 632, 675
Pulteney, William, later Earl of Bath (1684–1764), 99, 102, 301
Purcell, Henry (1658–95), 224, 231
Purchas his Pilgrimes, 503
Puritans and Puritanism, 21, 96, 118, 238;
and arts in England, 137, 214, 224;
in English middle class, 49, 65;
Hume on, 157;
in Methodism, 129, 133–36
passim; in literature, 188–93
passim; in New England, 596, 694, 721;
and the stage, 128, 135, 772;
attitude toward women, 65
Pyramids, 549
Pythagoras (6th cent, B.C.), Greek philosopher, 619, 696, 746
quackery, 593–94, 602
quadrant, mural, 537
Quakers, 62, 65, 118, 119, 132, 247, 537;
their treatment of insanity, 598;
oppose slave trade, 68;
Voltaire on, 367, 471
Quand, Les (Voltaire), 762–63
quantum theory, 514
Quantz, Johann Joachim (1697–1773), 440
Quarin, Baron Josef von, 600
Quesnay, François (1694–1774), 262, 283, 532, 666, 695;
book on China, 505;
and the Encyclopédie, 640, 641, 647
Questions de Zapata, Les (Voltaire), 743
Questions sur l’Encyclopédie (Voltaire), 478, 743
Quinault, Philippe (1635–88), French poet, 464
Quito, Peru (now Ecuador), 560
Rabat, earthquake in, 721
Rabelais, François (1495–1553), 17, 246, 247, 323, 486, 575
Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639–99), 28, 184, 296, 327, 328, 400, 464;
Voltaire compared to, 365, 381, 753
Radamisto (Handel), 231–32
Radcliffe Library, Oxford, 216
radiation, 517
Rameau, Jean François (b. 1716), nephew of the composer, 659–61, 665