The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America
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Great Depression; consumers during; Federal Reserve Board’s role in; government economic recovery programs during, see New Deal; independent merchants during; onset of; percentage of family income spent on food during; pretax rate of return of A&P during; public attacks on chain stores during; wages during
Great United States Tea Warehouse
Great Western Tea Company
Green, William
Green-Wood Cemetery (Brooklyn)
grocery stores; amenities offered by; chain (see also names of specific chains); closings of; credit sales in; employees of; during Great Depression; hours of; immigrants as owners of; locally owned, laws protecting; NRA codes for; nineteenth-century; number of items stocked by; packaging of goods for; perishable items in; populist support for; pricing in; profit margins of; wholesalers and; see also supermarkets
Gruebele, James W.
Guaranty Trust Company
Gulf & Western Corporation
Hall, Helen
Hammond (Louisiana)
Hamtramck (Michigan)
Harding, Warren G.
Harper’s Weekly
Harriman, W. Averell
Harrison, Pat
Hartford, Edward V. (George L.’s and John A.’s brother)
Hartford, George H. (George L.’s and John A.’s father); birth of; branded products introduced by; conversion to Catholicism of; death of; family of; founder legends about; Gilman hires; in leather trail; managerial and financial skills of; marriage of; Orange (New Jersey) home of; partnership agreement of Gilman and; and settlement of Gilman’s estate; political career of; sons come to work for
Hartford, George L.; aggressive expansion strategy; antitrust cases against; birth of; Byoir and; and chain-store taxes; cherished $7-per-share dividend and; childhood of; death of; Economy Stores opened by; education of; finances of; home and family life of; industry associations avoided by; inheritance of; joins family business; and legends of family business; lobbying avoided by; management approach of; manufacturing operations of; marketing by; and New Deal regulations; paternalism of; personality of; premiums offered by; real estate policy of; restructuring initiative of; strategic shift of; successor chosen by; and supermarkets; Time magazine interview with; unions opposed by; during World War I
Hartford, Henrietta (Edward’s wife)
Hartford, Huntington (Edward’s son)
Hartford, John A.; aggressive expansion strategy of; antitrust cases against; birth of; Byoir and; and chain-store taxes; corporate board memberships of; consumer groups and; death of; Economy Stores opened by; Ewing appointed general counsel by; finances of; Foundation of; industry associations avoided by; inheritance of; joins family business; and legends of family business; lifestyle of; loan to Elliott Roosevelt from; lobbying avoided by; management approach of; manufacturing operations of; marriages of; and New Deal regulations; paternalism of; personality of; premiums offered by; price-setting strategy of; rebranding by; real estate policy of; restructuring initiative of; strategic shift of; successor chosen by; and supermarkets; Time magazine interview with; unions opposed by; during World War I
Hartford, John S. (George H.’s brother)
Hartford, Josephine (Edward’s daughter)
Hartford, Josephine (George L.’s wife)
Hartford, Josephine (née Ludlum; George L.’s and John S.’s mother)
Hartford, Joshua B. (George H.’s father)
Hartford, Maria Josephine (Minnie; George H.’s daughter)
Hartford, Marie Louise (George H.’s daughter)
Hartford, Martha (George H.’s mother)
Hartford, Pauline (née Corwin; John A.’s wife)
Hartford Suspension Company
Hartford Courant
Hartshorn, Maurice
Harvard University; Business School; Law School
Havana
Hayes, Rutherford B.
Hearst newspapers
Henderson, William Kennon
Henderson Iron Works
Hershey’s chocolate
Hitler, Adolf
Hoffman, Arthur
Hoffman, L. M., & Company
Home Insurance Company of New York
Hoover, Herbert
Horlick, Harry, and the A&P Gypsies
Horseheads (New York)
Hough, Charles
House of Representatives, U.S.; Banking and Currency Committee; Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee; Judiciary Committee; Rules Committee; Selection Committee on Small Business; Un-American Activities Committee; Ways and Means Committee
Houston (Texas)
Howard, N. F.
Howe, Harriet R.
Hughes, Mary
Hughes Springs (Texas)
Hunter, Thomas P.
Hurd, Charles
Hurley, Edward
Huxtable, Ada Louise
Idaho
Illinois, University of
Independent Business and Professional Men
Independent Grocers & Meat Dealers
India
Indiana
Indianapolis
Ingersoll, Robert H., & Brother
Insull, Samuel
International Labor News Service
International Typographical Union
Interstate Merchant
Iona brand
Iowa
Irish immigrants
Italian immigrants
J. C. Penney stores
Jackson, Robert H.
Jacobs, William States
Jane Parker baked goods
Japan; in World War II
Jefferson, Thomas
Jeffersonville (Indiana)
Jell-O brand gelatin
Jersey City (New Jersey); A&P headquarters in
Jewish Community Center (Washington, D.C.)
Jews
Johnson, Lady Bird
Johnson, Lyndon
Joliet (Illinois)
Jones, Jesse
Jones Brothers Tea Company
Journal of Commerce
Justice Department, U.S.
Kahn, Alfred E.
Kansas
Kansas City
Kansas Retail Grocers Association
Karnack (Texas)
Katzman’s grocery store (Washington, D.C.)
Keller, G. D.
Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company
Kentucky
Kern County (California)
King, Mildred
King Kullen Grocery Company
Kirstein, Louis E.
Kmart discount stores
Knox, Henry E.
Korean War
Krasdale tomato sauce
Kresge, S. S.
Kroger Grocery and Baking Company; advertising allowances of; antitrust complaint filed against; consolidation of small chains into; factories operated by; investment in average store of; manufacturer discounts to; return on investment of
KWKH radio station
Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of
La Guardia, Fiorello
Landis, Kenesaw Mountain
Laramie (Wyoming)
League of Oppressed Nations
League of Women Voters
leather industry
Lebhar, Godfrey
Lecount, Jona
Lee, Robert E.
Libby, McNeill & Libby
Liberson’s Market (Portsmouth)
Library of Congress
Lieber, Philip
Lindley, Walter C.
Lipton Tea
Lithuania
Little Rock (Arkansas)
Logan, John A.
Long, Huey
Lord & Thomas
Los Angeles
loss leaders
Louisiana
Louisiana Farmers’ Protective Union
Louisville (Kentucky)
Lubec (Maine)
Ludlum, Louis
Ludlum, Mary
Lyons, Robert W.
Macfadden, Bernarr
; Machado, Gerardo
MacMarr chain
Macy, R. H., & Company
mail-order business
Maine; A&P stores in
Makaroff, Count Vadim
Managers’ Benefit Association
Manual For Managers of Economy Stores (G. H. Hartford)
marketing; by distributors; in leather industry; national; regional; of store brands; of supermarkets; unorthodox approach to; during World War I; see also advertising
Marvel bread
Marx, Karl
Maryland
Masaryk, Thomas
Massachusetts
May Department Stores
Mayflower (ship)
McCall, Charlie
McCormack, John W.
McGrath, J. Howard
McIntyre, Marvin
McKay, F. H.
McKeesport (Pennsylvania)
McKesson & Robbins
McLaurin, J. H.
McNair, Malcolm
Meier, D. F.
Mellon, Andrew
Mellon, Richard B.
Memphis
Merchants’ Minute Men
Methodist, The
Methodists
Metropolitan Paper-Bag Manufactory
Mexicans
Miami (Florida)
Michigan
milk; canned; restrictions on price of
Miller-Tydings Act (1937)
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Minnesota
Minton, Sherman
Miscamble, Wilson D.
Mississippi
Missouri
Monsanto Chemical Company
Montana
Montclair (New Jersey)
Montessori, Maria
Montgomery Ward
Montreal
Morgan, Keith
Morison, H. Graham
Morris & Essex Railroad
Morton Salt
Muncie (Indiana)
Munro, David A.
Musica, Philip
Mussolini, Benito
Nakat Packing Company
Nation, The
National-American Wholesale Grocers’ Association
National Anti–Chain Store League
National Association of Chain Stores
National Association of Food Chains
National Association of Grocery Wholesalers
National Association of Manufacturers
National Association of Real Estate Boards
National Association of Retail Druggists; Bureau of Education on Fair Trade
National Association of Retail Grocers
National Association of Retail Meat Dealers
National Bank of Commerce
National Biscuit Company
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
National Conference of Independent Businessmen
National Consumers Tax Commission
National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
National Distribution Conference (Washington, D.C., 1925)
National Drainage, Levee, and Irrigation Association
National Federation of Independent Businesses
National Food Products Corporation
National Grange
National Guard
National Horse Show
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
National Labor Relations Act (1935)
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors
National Recovery Administration (NRA); Business Advisory Committee; Consumer Advisory Board; Food and Grocery Code
National Tea Association
National Tea Company
National Union for Social Justice
Navy, U.S.
Nebraska
Neel, W. L.
Neighborhood Stores Inc.
Newark (New Jersey)
New Deal; see also Agricultural Adjustment Administration; National Recovery Administration
New Haven Railroad
New Jersey
New Orleans; Retail Merchants’ Bureau
Newport (Rhode Island)
New Republic, The
New York Central Railroad
New York City; A&P headquarters in, see Graybar Building; A&P stores in; advertising in; antitrust division office in; Board of Trade; chain grocery stores in; consumer activism in; Corn Exchange; Curb Exchange; food merchants in; food safety concerns in; and Gilman’s estate; Great American retail stores in; Hartford family residences in; Huntington Hartford’s gallery in; labor unions in; leather industry in; marketing in; mass transit in; Produce Exchange; social elites in; tea and coffee trade in; wholesalers in
New York Commercial Association
New York Herald
New York State
New York State Turkey Association
New York Teacher
New York Times
New York World
Nielsen, A. C.
Nixon, Richard M.
Noble, Edward J.
North Carolina
Oakland (California)
Oberlin (Ohio)
O’Daniel, W. Lee “Pappy”
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
Ohio; Agricultural Experiment Station
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
Olean (New York)
Omaha (Nebraska)
O’Neal, Edward
Orange (New Jersey)
Orange Chronicle
Orange Journal
Oregon
Orleck, Annelise
Oswego (New York)
Otis, Robert
packaged foods; nineteenth-century; produce; shipping of; technology for
Paducah (Kentucky)
Palestine (Texas)
Palm Beach (Florida)
Palmolive
Panic of 1907
Paris (Texas)
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
Parr, C. W.
Patman, Merle
Patman, Wright; Arnold and; background of; capitalism embraced by; chain-store tax bill of; election to Congress of; McKesson and; special investigating committee on chain stores chaired by; veterans’ bonuses supported by; see also Robinson-Patman Act
Patterson, W. G.
Peacock, R. J., Canning Company
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Railroad Company
Pento’s (Portsmouth)
Petersburg (Virginia)
Philadelphia
Phillips, Charles F.
Piggly Wiggly stores
Pignatelli, Prince Guido
Pittsburgh
Plaza coffee
Plaza Hotel (New York)
Polk, R. L.
Ponchatoula (Louisiana)
Populist movement
Port Chester (New York)
Portland (Oregon)
Portsmouth (New Hampshire)
Post Office, U.S.
Postum
Powell, Thomas Reed
President’s Birthday Ball (January 30, 1934)
price discrimination
Price Administration, U.S. Office of
Princeton University
Printers’ Ink
produce; distribution system for; farmers’ return on; food code regulations on; national buying operation for, see Atlantic Commission Company; perishability of; prepackaged; refrigeration of; in supermarkets; surplus, promotions to dispose of; wholesalers
Progressive Grocer, The
Prohibition
Providence (Rhode Island)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Purity Bakery
Quaker Maid
Quebec
Radio Digest
Ralphs Grocery Company
Ralston Purina
Rayburn, Sam
Reconstruction
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
refriger
ation; lack of; of rail cars
Republican Party; antitrust prosecutions opposed by; in New Jersey local politics; in New York State; in presidential elections; veterans’ bonuses opposed by
Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union
Retail Clerks International Advocate
Retail Clerks International Protective Association
Richmond Pickling Company
Robinson, Joseph
Robinson-Patman Act (1936); A&P charged with violation of; calls for repeal of; introduction of; passage of
Rockford (Illinois)
Rockmoor Grocery (Miami)
Rode’s New York City Directory
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Elliott
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano; and antitrust prosecutions; Byoir and; and chain-store tax bill; conservative Democrats’ challenges to; and consumer interests; and loan from John Hartford to Elliott Roosevelt; Miller-Tydings Act opposed by; opposition to chain stores of supporters of; reelection landslide of; Robinson-Patman Act signed by; Supreme Court–packing plan of; veterans’ bonus bill vetoed by
Roosevelt, G. Hall
Roosevelt, Theodore
Rotary Clubs
Rowell, George P.
Royal gelatin
Rund, George
Sackett, Ada Taylor
Sacramento (California)
Safeway Stores
St. Benedict’s College
St. Edward’s College
St. Louis
St. Paul (Minnesota)
salmon, canned
San Diego (California)
San Francisco
Santos (Brazil)
Sargent, Ignatius and Sarah
Saunders, Clarence
Schimmat, Charles
Schlink, Frederick John
Schulte, George
Schulte tobacco stores
Schumpeter, Joseph
Schwartzwald, Jacob
Scrymser, John
Seamans, Thomas
Sears, Roebuck & Company
Seattle
Second National Bank of Orange
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Senate, U.S.; Agriculture Committee; Finance committee
Sharbrough, Ralph
Share Our Wealth campaign
Shaw, Arch