A Dangerous Woman

by Susan Ronald

  10  Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thieriet, Florence Gould, 89–90.

  11  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” 6.

  12  Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, 126.

  13  Ibid.

  14  Pierre Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé: Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2001), 67.

  15  Sylvia Kahan, Music’s Modern Muse: A Life of Winnaretta Singer, Princesse de Polignac (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003), 340–341.

  16  Hal Vaughan, Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel, Nazi Agent (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), 106.

  17  The saving of downed pilots was intimated rather than witnessed by Gehard Heller in his self-serving biography Un Allemand à Paris, (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1981), 63–64.

  18  Ibid., 359–360.

  19  NARA, RG 84, 711.3, box 3.

  20  PP, dossier 77 W 22, file 88926, June 1943 memo.

  21  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” 6.

  22  Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (London: Duckworth Overlook, 2012), 264; cf. www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/imt/ftp.py?imt//nca/nca-06/nca-06-3766-ps.

  23  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” 11.

  24  Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, 138.

  20. Ludwig

    1  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3, memo dated February 9, 1950, 2.

    2  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

    3  NARA, RG65, A-1-136-Z, box 9, biography of Ludwig Vogel prepared by the OSS July 20, 1945.

    4  Ibid., affidavit dated June 30, 1947.

    5  Ibid., photostat of Nazi Party membership card.

    6  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” Diego Zanini written statement.

    7  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3, Vogel interrogation October 21, 1944.

    8  PP, dossier 77 W 22, file 88926, March 1945, 2.

    9  Ibid.

  21. The “Anything Goes” Occupation

    1  Charles Glass, Americans in Paris (London: Harper Press, 2009), 37.

    2  Ibid, 35.

    3  O.H. Bullitt (ed.), For the President, Personal and Secret (London: Andre Deutsch, 1973), 484.

    4  Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (London: Duckworth Overlook, 2012), 232.

    5  Frederic Spotts, The Shameful Peace: How French Artists and Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010), 159.

    6  Riding, And the Show Went On, 71.

    7  Ibid., 25; cf. André Gide, Journals, vol. 4. 1939–1949, translated by Justin O’Brien (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000).

    8  Ibid., 208.

    9  Ibid., 66.

  10  Spotts, The Shameful Peace, 62–63.

  11  Ibid., 64–65.

  12  Gerard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1981), 30.

  13  Riding, And the Show Went On, 69.

  14  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Donald L. Daughters’s report.

  15  Ibid.

  16  Jean Chalon, Florence et Louise les Magnifiques: Florence Jay-Gould et Louise de Vilmorin (Paris: Éditions du Rocher, 1999), 75.

  17  Ibid., appendix.

  18  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Florence Gould statement, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  19  NARA, RG 238, NM66-52-D, CI-FIR/90. Garthe fired Steffens for incompetence.

  20  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” 8.

  21  Ibid., 7.

  22  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3, memo dated January 7, 1949, attachment.

  23  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” 6.

  24  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3, report to Assistant Attorney General Caudle, September 17, 1945.

  25  ANF, BB/30/1821, Rapport sur organisation du Marché-Noir en France par les allemands, attachments E, M. After the war, the official report, La France au Pillage, named “Captain” Ludwig Vogel as the day-to-day manager of Bosse’s purchasing activities.

  26  Robert O. Paxton. Olivier Corpet, and Claire Paulhan (eds.), Collaboration and Resistance: French Literary Life under the Nazi Occupation (New York: Five Ties, 2010), 85.

  22. In the Garden of Earthly Delights

    1  http://www.vanityfair.com/news/1998/03/wildenstein-art-collection-history.

    2  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3, Vogel interrogation October 21, 1944.

    3  Cécile Desprairies, Paris dans la collaboration (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2008), 537.

    4  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Donald L. Daughters’s report.

    5  Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 96; cf. Dominique Aury, “Florence et les écrivains,” preface to Par le Don de Florence Gould (Bibliothèque littéraire Jacques-Doucet, 1988), 7.

    6  Gerard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1981), 59.

    7  Ibid., 62.

    8  Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould, 95; cf. unedited letter from Pierre Benoit to Florence Gould dated January 14, 1941.

    9  Ibid., 98–99.

  10  Ernst Jünger, Premier Journal Parisien: Journal II, 1941–1943 (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1980), 124–125.

  11  Heller, Un Allemand à Paris, 163.

  12  Gérard Loiseaux, La Littérature de la défaite et de la collaboration (Paris: Fayard, 1995), 515.

  13  Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (London: Duckworth Overlook, 2012), 48.

  14  Charles Glass, Americans in Paris: Life and Death under the Nazi Occupation 1940–1944 (London: HarperPress, 2009), 233.

  15  PP, 77 W 22, dossier 88926, exemption order for Florence Gould from the order concerning all Americans, signed by the “Police overseeing Foreign Residents.”

  16  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Florence Gould statement, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  17  Heller, Un Allemand à Paris, 63–64.

  18  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  23. The Occupation, 1942–1943

    1  NARA, RG65, A1-136-Z, box 3.

    2  Paul Léautaud, Journal Littéraire, vol. XV: Novembre 1942–Juin 1944 (Paris: Mercure de France, 1963), 319.

    3  Charles Glass, Americans in Paris: Life and Death under the Nazi Occupation 1940–1944 (London: HarperPress, 2009), 231–234. It was the August 24, 1942, issue of Life.

    4  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Florence Gould statement, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

    5  Glass, Americans in Paris, 240–241.

    6  Ibid., 250.

    7  Ibid., 254.

    8  Léautaud, Journal Littéraire, vol. XV, 19.

    9  PP, 77 W 22, dossier 88926, papers from 1940–44.

  10  Ibid., June 1943 memo.

  11  Edwin P. Hoyt, The Goulds: A Social History (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1969), 115.

  12  CDJC, document LXXXIX-91.

  13  M.R. Marcus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France & the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 317. See CDJC, L-35, too.

  14  CDJC, V-64, Knochen to the MBF, Januar
y 28, 1941.

  15  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony.” Again, Florence fudges the dates, claiming it was later in the war, but this is the only reference to riding south with Garthe, so I presume she meant July 1943.

  16  Pierre Giolitto, Histoire de la Milice (Paris: Éditions Perrin, 2002), 14.

  17  Ibid., NARA, RG 65, A1-136-AR, box 3.

  18  Ernst Jünger, Premier Journal Parisien, Journal III, 1943–1945 (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1980), 68–69.

  19  Ibid., 71.

  20  Ibid., 13–14.

  21  Ibid., 269.

  22  Léautaud, Journal Littéraire, vol. XV, 215.

  23  Ibid., 526.

  24  Ibid., 236, 306.

  25  Ibid., 300–303.

  26  Marcel Jouhandeau and Jean Paulhan, Correspondance 1921–1968 (Paris: NRF, 2012), 22.

  24. Florence the Banker

    1  Susan Ronald, Hitler’s Art Thief: Hildebrand Gurlitt, the Nazis and the Looting of Europe’s Treasures (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), 179.

    2  NARA, RG 65, 65-7267-68-1337, box 98.

    3  NARA, RG 84, Safehaven on Interkommerz, box 45.

    4  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Donald L. Daughters’s report.

    5  NARA, RG 263, [A]-44835 [CIA/EUR] to Chief EE and Chief SR.

    6  NARA, RG 65, 65-7267-17-399, box 71.

    7  NARA, RG 65, 65-7267-5-97x, box 67, NARA, RG 65, 65-7267-5-102x, box 67.

    8  Pierre Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé: Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2001), 56.

    9  Fold3.com, NARA, M1933, RG 153, roll 0007, 14; NARA, RG 65, 65-7267-75-1635, box 95.

  10  Annie Lacroix-Riz, Industriels et banquiers français sous l’occupation (Paris: Armand Colin, 2013), 436.

  11  Pierre Abramovici, Szkolnikoff: Hitler’s Jewish Smuggler (London: Pen & Sword, 2016), 31.

  12  ANF, AJ/40-828a.

  13  Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé, 152–154.

  14  Ibid., 210–211.

  15  ANF, Z6/NL/8950. This is a “Z” file restored to France by Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1990.

  16  Gerald D. Feldman, Austrian Banks in the Period of National Socialism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 321–322.

  17  Ibid., 212.

  18  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Florence Gould statement, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  19  Edwin P. Hoyt, The Goulds: A Social History (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1969), 315.

  20  ANF, BB/30/1821, résumé grouped by company dated February 22, 1945.

  21  PP, IEQJ, file 3E-C-VB, April 13, 1943.

  22  Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé, 258. See also Abramovici, Szkolnikoff, 126.

  23  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  24  Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé, 254–258; Abramovici, Szkolnikoff, 100. See also NARA, Berghaus Interrogation Reports, Exhibits 1–31.

  25  Richard Breitman, et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 192–193 cf. Conroy to Hoover, 10 May 1944, NARA, RG 65 65-7267-87-1890, box 99.

  25. Liberation and Treason

    1  Barbara Lambauer, Otto Abetz et les Français—ou l’envers de la collaboration (Paris: Fayard, 2001), 605–606.

    2  Anne Sebba, Les Parisiennes: How Women Lived, Loved and Died in the 1940s (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2016), 219.

    3  Marcel Léautaud, Journal Littéraire, vol. XV: Novembre 1942–Juin 1944 (Paris: Mercure de France, 1963), 303.

    4  Marcel Jouhandeau and Jean Paulhan, Correspondance 1921–1968 (Paris: NRF, 2012), 525–526.

    5  NARA, Series 1, Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” Florence Gould statement, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

    6  Ernst Jünger, Premier Journal Parisien: Journal III, 1943–1945 (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1980), 277–279.

    7  Ibid., 295–296.

    8  Ibid.

    9  Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris After the Liberation 1945–1949 (London: Penguin Books, Kindle Edition, 2007), 85.

  10  Jouhandeau and Paulhan, Correspondance, 559.

  11  Sebba, Les Parisiennes, 231–233.

  12  ANF, BB/30/1821, La France au Pillage, Rapport sur organisation du Marché-Noir en France par les allemands, 42.

  13  NARA, RG 65, A1-136AR, box 3, Drohan memo dated January 3, 1956.

  14  Ibid., letter from October 26, 1955.

  15  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” Donald Daughters’ Report, appendix.

  16  Ibid., interrogation of Ludwig Vogel by American Lt. Michaelis, October 21, 1944.

  17  Ibid., PP 77W22 88924, October 7, 1944, note from Commandant Pallole, Directeur de la Sécurité Militaire.

  18  NARA, RG84, 705.48 RET—711.3 GER, letter from Armour in Madrid to Secretary of State, April 17, 1945.

  19  NYPL, New York Times, May 29, 1945, in-house microfilm.

  20  ANF, BB/30/1821, cover Blanchet interrogation.

  21  NARA, RG 84, 711.3-800.0, looted assets.

  22  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony.”

  23  NARA, RG65-A1-136Z, box 3, letter from J. Edgar Hoover dated June 16, 1955, file 140-8299.

  24  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” November 2, 1944, Hoover to Agent Ayer re “Gould Treason.”

  25  NARA, RG65, A1-136Z, box 9, Vogel file, report dated 6-6-45.

  26  Jouhandeau and Paulhan, Correspondance, 592–593, 597–598.

  27  NARA, “Gould/OSS Testimony,” Edward Kennedy AP article dated February 18, 1945.

  28  Ibid.

  29  Ibid.

  30  Ibid., Donald L. Daughters’s report dated April 5, 1945, Kennedy revealed as Source H and contains information not in the Washington Star article.

  31  Ibid.

  32  Ibid.

  33  Ibid., letter from Theron Caudle to J. Edgar Hoover, November 2, 1945.

  26. No Safe Havens

    1  Marcel Jouhandeau and Jean Paulhan, Correspondance 1921–1968 (Paris: NRF, 2012), 605.

    2  Pierre Abramovici, Un Rocher bien occupé: Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2001), 256. See also NARA, Berghaus Interrogation Reports, Exhibits 1–31.

    3  ANF, AJ/40-828a. See also Hugh Brian Markus, The History of the German Accounting Profession (London: Taylor Francis, 1997), 9.

    4  Pierre Abramovici, Szkolnikoff: Hitler’s Jewish Smuggler (London: Pen & Sword, 2016), 120–121. Elizabeth Arden fared less well. Her sister, Gladys, was accused of espionage and sent to Ravensbruck initially, then joined the American prisoners at Vittel. See Lindy Woodhead, War Paint: Elizabeth Arden & Helena Rubinstein, Their Lives, Their Times, Their Rivalry (London: Virago Press, 2004).

    5  Ibid., 147–149.

    6  NARA, RG 84, file 851.6, box 260; RG 84, file 711.3, box 294, J. E. Charles and Co.; RG84, file 711.3, box 295, looted assets and Safehaven Monaco.

    7  NARA, RG 65-A1-136Z, box 9, Ludwig Vogel file.

  27. Paper Clips and Friends Cast Long Shadows

    1  https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-58-no-3/operation-paperclip-the-secret-intelligence-program-to-bring-nazi-scientists-to-america.html.

    2  NARA, RG 65-A1-136Z, box 9, Ludwig Vogel file.

    3  Ibid., Wolfram Hirth affidavit.

    4  NARA, RG 65-A1-136Z, box 3, Ludwig Vogel file, Hoover to Telfor
d, January 7, 1949.