A Dangerous Woman
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14 Xavier Giraud, Les années Fitzgerald: La Côte d’Azur 1920–1930 (Paris: Éditions Assouline, 2002), 7.
15 Mark Braude, Making Monte Carlo: A History of Speculation and Spectacle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 150.
16 Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould, 70; cf. Jules Roy, Mémoires barbares (Paris: Albin Michel, 1989), 32.
11. An Amusing Intermezzo for Millionaires
1 Mark Braude, Making Monte Carlo: A History of Speculation and Spectacle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 71.
2 Ibid., 11–18.
3 Ibid., 34–35.
4 Ibid., 42–50.
5 Ibid., 58–59.
6 https://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/03/chapt2.html.
7 ADAM, rr127.1994.02, Jerôme Bracq, “La vie politique entre les deux guerres,” 29–32. Baudoin was specifically targeted during the 1928 elections as part of the perceived corruption of the Guillaumont mayoralty.
8 Jean Bresson, La fabuleuse histoire de Cannes (Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1981), 219, 222.
9 AMC, loi du 1 janvier 1907 [law of January 1, 1907].
10 ADVN, folios 112, 116.
11 Amanda Vaill, Everybody Was So Young: Gerald and Sara Murphy, A Lost Generation Love Story (London: Warner Books, 1999), 121; cf. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night (London: Penguin, 1934), 3. The passage differs slightly in the “final edited author’s version” of 1939, where it appears on page 69.
12 There is a photograph of Florence from this period that I was unable to licence from the Florence Gould Foundation, but that was made available to Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet for their book, which depicts this precise image of her.
13 Frequent reference has been made to Florence “introducing” water-skiing to the Riviera. That was done in the years prior to 1923 by others. See Pierre Galante and Annie Michel Gall, Les Années Américaines (Paris: JC Lattès, 1985), 233.
14 Braude, Making Monte Carlo, 130; cf. New York Times, March 7, 1926.
15 Ibid., 131–137.
16 Ibid., 121–122.
17 Ibid., 134.
12. Taking Stock
1 Amanda Vaill, Everybody Was So Young: Gerald and Sara Murphy, A Lost Generation Love Story (London: Warner Books, 1999), 181–182.
2 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 66; see also Vaill, Everybody Was So Young, 181–182.
3 Vaill, Everybody Was So Young, 121; cf. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night (London: Penguin, 1934), 174.
4 Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould, 72.
5 AMC; Pierre Galante and Annie Michel Gall, Les Années Américaines (Paris: JC Lattès, 1985), 236.
6 https://www.newspapers.com/image/88697144/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22%2BAND%2B%22hotel%22, AP Newswire, February 11, 1926, 14.
7 Ibid.
8 AMC, Marcel Honoré Merle, “Le Rêve d’Auguste,” in Cannes Généalogie, number 47, 4th trimester 2006, 23.
9 AMC, dossier 14M9, map of tennis courts; Galante and Gall, Les Années Américaines, 222.
10 Ibid., 246.
11 Ibid., 244.
12 AMC, Le Littoral newspapers, January 30, 1927, 1; February 3, 1929, 1; March 3, 1929, 1; May 5, 1929, 1. There are myriad other references in Le Littoral regarding the Goulds’ attendance at charity balls.
13 AMC; Galante and Gall, Les Années Américaines, 244.
14 https://www.newspapers.com/image/103053544/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Cincinnati Enquirer, November 8, 1927, 24.
13. The Monégasque Feud Fit for a Prince
1 ADAM, recherchesregionales200_06Aletti.pdf, 2.
2 Edwin P. Hoyt, The Goulds: A Social History (New York, Weybright & Talley, 1969), 315.
3 AMC; Pierre Galante and Annie Michel Gall, Les Années Américaines (Paris: JC Lattès, 1985), 248.
4 Le Meurice privately printed a limited edition gray felt-bound book about the hotel and its history in 1988 to be given to serious buyers for the hotel. I was fortunate enough to be representing one such buyer and still have my copy.
5 ADAM, recherchesregionales200_06Aletti, 1–5.
6 Ibid., 3.
7 ADVN, dossier 1 I 2, petition (undated).
8 ADVN, dossier Frank Jay Gould. See also Mark Braude, Making Monte Carlo: A History of Speculation and Spectacle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 194.
9 Braude, Making Monte Carlo, 189.
10 Ibid., 191–194.
11 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8 Palais de la Méditerranée, interview with the mayor and letter from Baudoin dated January 28, 1928.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., poster.
14 Ibid., letter of April 19, 1928.
15 https://www.newspapers.com/image/74555973/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, April 28, 1928.
16 https://www.newspapers.com/image/103041835/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Cincinnati Enquirer, Thursday, December 13, 1928, 5.
17 PP, dossier 88.926, letter dated June 27, 1950.
18 Braude, Making Monte Carlo, 197–198.
19 Janet Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday: 1925–1939 (London: Virago Press, 2003), 73.
20 https://www.newspapers.com/image/18693938/?terms=%22Florence%2BLacaze%22, Modesto News Herald, December 27, 1928.
21 https://www.newspapers.com/image/103582774/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Oakland Tribune, December 29, 1929.
22 https://www.newspapers.com/image/89867520/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 12, 1930.
23 Ibid.
14. Hollywood Calling
1 Janet Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday: 1925–1939, (London: Virago Press, 2003,) 80–82.
2 Carol Dyhouse, Glamour: Women, History, Feminism (London: Zed Books, 2010), 29.
3 Again, these are my impressions from photographs made available to Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet by the Florence Gould Foundation, but not made available to me.
4 https://www.newspapers.com/image/138676706/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 30, 1930.
5 https://www.newspapers.com/image/21926808/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, News-Palladium (Benton Harbor, Michigan), April 1, 1931. Doumergue would be replaced in the May election by Aristide Briand.
6 Edwin Hoyt, Sir Charlie (London: Robert Hale, 1977), 114–116, 132.
7 Ibid., 137.
8 Ibid., 143.
9 https://www.newspapers.com/image/41327576/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Valley Morning Star (AP Newswire), September 9, 1931; https://www.newspapers.com/image/91751188/?terms=%22Florence%2BLacaze%22, Valley Morning Star (AP Newswire), September 12, 1931.
10 https://www.newspapers.com/image/146912855/?terms=%22Florence%2BLacaze%22, Pittsburgh Press (UPI Newswire) September 13, 1931.
11 Jean Chalon, Florence et Louise les Magnifiques: Florence Jay-Gould et Louise de Vilmorin (Paris: Éditions du Rocher, 1999), 45.
15. The Phoenix Rises
1 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 71.
2 Ibid. Garat’s career was a complete failure. He was unhappily married six times, became a drug addict, was blinded in one eye by an angry croupier, and passed myriad bad checks. He died in 1959 in abject misery.
3 Interviews with several people at Sotheby’s and Christie’s.
4 Ibid., 73.
5 https://www.newspapers.co
m/image/49076344/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, The Capital Times (UPI Newswire—Madison, Wisconsin), June 13, 1930.
6 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8 Palais de la Méditerranée.
7 Ibid.
8 https://www.newspapers.com/image/154180387/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, The Capital Times (UPI Newswire—Madison, Wisconsin), November 12, 1930.
9 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8, Le Reveil de la Montagne, November 1932.
10 Ibid., Palais de la Méditerranée.
16. Scandal, America, and Separate Lives
1 The fallen government was that of Prime Minister Édouard Herriot on December 14, 1932, for the issue of war debts from Germany. On the issue of the budget, the governments of the following prime ministers fell: Augustin Paul-Boncour on January 28, 1933; Édouard Daladier on October 24, 1933; and Albert-Pierre Sarraut on November 23, 1933. Camille Chautemps achieved a working agreement on the budget—just—before falling over Stavisky on January 27, 1934, and Édouard Daladier fell almost immediately on February 7, 1934. Source: Bulletin of International News, Chatham House, London, vol. 10, no. 25 (June 7, 1934), 3–11.
2 Paul F. Jankowski, Stavisky: A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), 172.
3 Ibid., 40.
4 Ibid., 9.
5 Ibid., 73.
6 Ibid., 120.
7 Ibid., 102.
8 Ibid., 172–175.
9 Fenby, Jonathan, “The Republic of Broken Dreams,” History Today, London, vol. 66, issue 11 (November 2016), 30.
10 NYPL, New York Sun, October 16, 1934, Arrivals section.
11 Robert A.M. Stern, Anne Walker, and Peter Pennoyer, The Architecture of Delano and Aldrich (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2003), 191.
12 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 74.
13 Laura Frankos, The Broadway Musical Quiz Book (New York: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2010), 24.
14 Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould, 75.
15 Ibid., 87.
16 NYHS, microfilm of New York Sun, October 16, 1934.
17 Ibid., 75–76.
17. Dark Horizons
1 JSTOR, Peter Jackson, “French Intelligence and Hitler’s Rise to Power,” The History Journal, vol. 41, no. 3 (September 1998), 798.
2 Ibid., 801.
3 Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Secret Book (New York: Grove Press, 1962), 129. This was a 1928 manuscript by Hitler but placed by Max Amman, Hitler’s public relations genius, into a vault at the Nazi publishing house in Berlin with strict orders that it was never to be published. An American officer confiscated it in May 1945, and sent it back to the United States.
4 Barbara Lambauer, Otto Abetz et les Français—ou l’envers de la Collaboration (Paris: Fayard, 2001), 70–71.
5 Ibid., 73.
6 Ibid., 75.
7 Ibid., 86.
8 ANF, dossier 8AR/636.
9 Ibid., Le Journal article dated February 22, 1936.
10 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8, Sûreté Order dated December 20, 1935, concerning Palais de la Méditerranée, 2.
11 Ibid.
12 PP, dossier 77W22, 88926. The Sixième Bureau handles foreigners living or working in France.
13 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8.
14 Jack Colhoun, Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia, 1933 to 1966 (New York: O/R Books, 2013), Kindle Edition, location 272.
15 NARA, RG65, AHSCA (JFK Assassination Records) Files: FBI memo from LEGAT (JFK Assassination Records relating to foreign funds) to Hoover, October 11, 1955.
16 ADVN, dossier 1 I 8, enclosure 4 dated September 23, 1936.
17 Colhoun, Gangsterismo, location 388; cf. A Tangled Web: CIA Complicity in International Drug Trafficking, May 7, 1998, NARA: 8404–8405.
18 NYPL, New York Times, December 6, 1936.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., enclosure dated November 5, 1936, by the representative for the Municipal Casino, 4.
21 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 257.
22 Hal Vaughan, Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel, Nazi Agent (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), 30–33.
23 Ibid., 79–80.
24 Paul F. Jankowski, Stavisky: A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), 261–263.
18. Fifth Columnists and Fellow Travelers
1 Jean Chalon, Florence et Louise les Magnifiques: Florence Jay-Gould et Louise de Vilmorin (Paris: Éditions du Rocher: 1999), 74.
2 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 78.
3 Noel Riley Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1969), 363.
4 Ibid., 361.
5 Ibid., 363.
6 Caroline Seebohm, The Man Who Was Vogue: The Life and Times of Condé Nast (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 137–138.
7 Riley Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation, 370–371.
8 Janet Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday, 1925–1939 (London: Virago Press, 2003), 201.
9 Anne Sebba, Les Parisiennes: How the Women of Paris Lived, Loved and Died in the 1940s (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2016), 19.
10 Angie David, Dominique Aury (Paris: Éditions Léo Scheer, 2006), 149.
11 David Carroll, French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 114.
12 Susan Ronald, Hitler’s Art Thief: Hildebrand Gurlitt, the Nazis and the Looting of Europe’s Treasures (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), 161.
13 Kevin Desmond, The Golden Age of Waterskiing (St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International, 2001), 56.
14 Stanislao G. Pugliese, Carlo Rosselli: Socialist, Heretic, and Anti-Fascist Exile (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 218–221; https://www.newspapers.com/image/146917075/?terms=%22Frank%2BJ.%2BGould%22, Pittsburgh Press (UPI Newswire), June 11, 1937.
15 Hal Vaughan, Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel, Nazi Agent (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), 84, 89.
16 Barbara Lambauer, Otto Abetz et les Français—ou l’envers de la Collaboration (Paris: Fayard, 2001), 114–119.
17 Sebba, Les Parisiennes, 6.
18 Cornut-Gentille and Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould, 81.
19. Fall of France
1 Gilles Cornut-Gentille and Philippe Michel-Thiriet, Florence Gould: Une Américaine à Paris (Paris: Mercure de France, 1989), 89–90; cf. Pierre Dux, Vive le theatre! (Paris: Stock, 1984), 97.
2 This is hearsay from the gossip columns of La Littoral.
3 Ibid., 90.
4 Susan Ronald, Hitler’s Art Thief: Hildebrand Gurlitt, the Nazis and the Looting of Europe’s Treasures (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), 213.
5 Tom Bower, Nazi Gold (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 52.
6 Ronald, Hitler’s Art Thief, 214.
7 Ibid., 215; cf. Lynn H. Nicholas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (London: Macmillan, 1997), and William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France 1940, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), 914.
8 NARA, RG 84, 711.3, box 295, memo June 12, 1945.
9 NARA, Series 1,
Section 1, File 65-HQ53642, “Florence Lacaze Gould alias Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, Treason Case,” memo dated 10-4-46, hereinafter “Gould/OSS Testimony.”