With Her Fist Raised
Page 17
32. Hughes, I’m Just Saying,
33. Hughes, I’m Just Saying.
34. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 38.
35. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 11.
36. Karen Carrillo, “Battle Between Street Vendors, Store Owners on 125 Is Old Feud,” special to New York Amsterdam News, December 28, 1991, 7.
37. Carrillo, “Battle Between Street Vendors, Store Owners.”
38. Mchunu and Mbatha, “The Significance of Place in Urban Governance,” 99–108.
39. J. Zamga Browne, “Pols Open New Harlem Mart 125 for Vendors,” New York Amsterdam News, August 30, 1986, 20.
40. “Harlem Copy Center Opens Shop in 125th Mart,” New York Amsterdam News, November 8, 1986.
41. Peter Noel, “125th Street Traders Demanding Better Deal: Part One,” New York Amsterdam News, February 28, 1987.
42. Noel, “125th Street Traders Demanding Better Deal.”
43. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 45.
44. Ad, New York Amsterdam News, May 27, 1989.
45. Laura L. Lovett interview with Dorothy Pitman Hughes, January 15, 2020.
46. Travelers’ Green Book: 1966–67 International Edition.
47. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!
48. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 31–32.
49. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 36.
50. Jeff Gerth, “Policies under Clinton Are a Boon to Industry: Businesses in Arkansas Take Benefits, but Some Cut Jobs,” New York Times, April 2, 1992, A20; Davila, Barrio Dreams, 1fn1; Mitchell Moss, “Where’s the Power in the Empowerment Zone? Forget the Hoopla. New York’s Version of This Federal Prescription for Ailing Cities Is a Bust,” City Journal (Spring 1995), https://www.city-journal.org/html/where’s-power-empowerment-zone-12129.html, accessed December 21, 2019.
51. See Jacobs, Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society.
52. William Shear, cover letter, GAO, Information on Empowerment Zone, Enterprise Community, and Renewal Community Programs, 1.
53. Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance, 243–45.
54. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 34.
55. “D. Hughes Hosts Annual Biz-Bus Tour,” New York Amsterdam News, August 6, 1988.
56. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 45–46, 78; Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 19. For the history of Black women entrepreneurs, see Smith, Market Women.
57. “Marketing Network Confab Eyes Multi-Million Market,” New York Amsterdam News, June 10, 1989.
58. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 45–46, 78.
59. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 47.
60. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 50.
61. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 55.
62. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 85–89.
63. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 89.
64. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 89.
65. On the secondary investment in small businesses, see Maurrasse, Listening to Harlem, 38.
66. Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance.
67. Michael E. Porter, “The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City,” Harvard Business Review (May–June 1995), https://hbr.org/1995/05/the-competitive-advantage-of-the-inner-city.
68. Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance, 249–50.
69. See the critique in Mamadou, Harlem Ain’t Nothin’ but a Third World Country.
70. Quoted in Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance, 250. For other critical perspectives on UMEZ, see Hyra, The New Urban Renewal, 75, who characterizes the tension between corporations and “mom and pop” locally owned businesses.
71. Timothy Williams, “Mixed Feelings as Change Overtakes 125th St.,” New York Times, June 13, 2008.
72. See Busà, The Creative Destruction of New York City.
73. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 68.
74. Digital Harlem Blog, United Negro Improvement Association, https://drstephenrobertson.com/digitalharlemblog/about-2/the-project, accessed April 17, 2020.
75. On Marcus Garvey and the criminal charges against the Black Star Line, see Grant, Negro with a Hat, 324–28.
76. Blain, Set the World on Fire.
77. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 68.
78. Hughes, I’m Just Saying.
79. Hughes, I’m Just Saying.
80. Hughes, I’m Just Saying.
81. New York Amsterdam News, June 20, 2002, 6.
82. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 76.
83. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 67.
84. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 115–20.
85. “Boro Corporation to Sponsor Seminar,” New York Amsterdam News, June 2, 1990, 15.
86. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 30.
87. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 129.
88. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 129.
89. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 49.
90. Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance, 199.
91. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 53.
92. Cristin Wilson, “Q&A with Author and Activist Dorothy Pitman Hughes,” Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville.com), January 27, 2011; Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 142.
93. Goldstein, The Roots of Urban Renaissance.
94. Peter Grant, “Harlem Copeland’s Gets McD Shuffle,” Daily News Business, January 29, 1997.
95. Hughes, Wake Up and Smell the Dollars!, 51; J. Zambga Brown, “Empowerment Zone ‘Cleansing’ Black Businesses, Shop Owner Said,” New York Amsterdam News, May 1999, 4:1.
96. New York Amsterdam News, May 13, 1999, 4; New York Amsterdam News, February 7, 1999, 1. A 2001 City Limits article asks if UMEZ was right to reject Dorothy for late payment of rent and taxes. Their answer was “yes and no.” But their explanation came from Darren Walker, the Abyssinian Development Corporation’s chief operating officer who is quoted as saying, “The lack of access to capital for so long has made it impossible for [small businesses] to operate by standard business practices.” In their place, the article describes alternatives such as delaying the payment of payroll taxes or taking out high interest loans, which Walker is quoted as characterizing as “a host of practices we would not call best practices.” Gillian Andrews, “Back to the Old Neighborhood: Empowerment Zones Out, December 1996,” City Limits, November 1, 2001, https://citylimits.org/2001/11/01/back-to-the-old-neighborhood-empowerment-zones-out-december-1996.
97. Gloria Dulan-Wilson, introduction, I’m Just Saying, xxv.
98. Eikenberry had been active in the civil rights movement in Mississippi in 1966 and was president of a community-run day care in Brooklyn as well as a prominent New York attorney. Pete Eikenberry, “‘Runnin’: How a Junior Associate Became a Congressional Candidate,” 2010, http://eikenberrylaw.com/home/2014/05/14/runnin-how-a-junior-associate-became-a-congressional-candidate, accessed December 20, 2019.
99. Chronology of Harlem Office Supply, Inc., DPH papers. Hughes, I’m Just Saying.
100. Details on Hand Brand Distribution’s business, including its stock offering, are given in its 2002 Securities and Exchange Commission annual report.
101. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 77.
102. Hughes, I’m Just Saying, 78.
EPILOGUE: HOME AGAIN
1. Ridley-Marvin interview with Hughes, April 8, 2014.
2. Agis Salpukas, “Born-Again Mead Paper Leads Revival,” New York Times, March 18, 1979, F1.
3. Ridley-Marvin interview with Hughes, April 8, 2014.
4. “Edward Waters Board Accepts Jenkins Resignation,” Jacksonville Business Journal, February 8, 2005, https://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/stories/2005/02/07/daily17.html, accessed January 15, 2020; Burton Bollag, “Outside Audit Finds Conflicts of Interest and ‘No Accountability’ at Edward Waters College,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 2, 2005), https://www.chronicle.com/article/Outside-Audit-Finds-Conflicts/119992.
5. Susan Cooper Eastman, “(
Never) Surrender Dorothy,” Folio Weekly (April 12–18, 2011): 12–15.
6. Bartley, Keeping the Faith.
7. Will, Milligan, Owens, Talmage, and Cheney, Continuity amongst Change.
8. Eastman, “(Never) Surrender Dorothy.”
9. Anna Rabhan, “Lift, Don’t Separate!,” EU Jacksonville, March 14, 2011, https://eujacksonville.com/2011/03/14/2880.
10. Rabhan, “Lift, Don’t Separate!”
11. On McLaughlin, see Marilyn Marshall, “Texas TV Pioneer,” Ebony, March 1987, 78.
12. Eastman, “(Never) Surrender Dorothy.”
13. Rabhan, “Lift, Don’t Separate!”
14. “Lift, Don’t Separate,” Florida Star, February 19–25, 2011.
15. Priscilla Frank, “Gloria Steinem & Dorothy Pitman-Hughes’ Restaging of Iconic Portrait Shows That Activism Has No Age,” Huffington Post, March 1, 2017.
16. “Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery Adds Re-enacted Portrait of Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes in Iconic 1971 Pose of Female Empowerment and Equal Rights,” Daniel J. Bagan, October 2017, http://www.bagan.photography/read-more.html.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVES
Congress of Racial Equality Papers
John Randolph Papers
Tamiment Library, New York University
New York, NY
Dorothy Pitman Hughes Papers
Gloria Steinem Papers
Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History, Smith College
Northampton, MA
Florynce Kennedy Papers
Schlesinger Library, Harvard University
Cambridge, MA
Marshall Bloom Alternative Press Collection
Amherst College Archives and Special Collections Amherst, MA
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
New York Public Library
New York, NY
W. E. B. Du Bois Papers
Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA
NEWSPAPERS
Asbury Park Press
Atlanta Daily World
Baltimore Afro American
Billings Gazette
The Capital
Cincinnati Enquirer
Chronicle of Higher Education
Columbus Daily Enquirer
The Constitution (Atlanta, GA)
Daily News Business
Daily Oklahoman
Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY)
East Bay Express
EU Jacksonville
Florida Star
Florida Times Union
Folio Weekly (Jacksonville, FL)
Huffington Post
Jacksonville Business Journal
Morning Call (Allentown, PA)
New Pittsburgh Courier
New York Amsterdam News
New York Daily News
New York Times
News Journal (Wilmington, DE)
Philadelphia Inquirer
Pittsburgh Courier
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The Record (Hackensack, NJ)
Saturday Evening Post
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Troy Record
USA Today
Vineland Times Journal
ARTICLES AND BOOKS
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Blain, Keisha. Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
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Busà, Alessandro. The Creative Destruction of New York City: Engineering the City for the Elite. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Carden, Maren Lockwood. The New Feminist Movement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974.
Caro, Robert. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Chalifoux, Stephanie. “‘America’s Wickedest City’: The Sexual Black Market in Phenix City, Alabama.” In Sex and Sexuality in Modern Southern Culture. Edited by Trent Brown. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 2017.
Collier-Thomas, Bettye. Jesus, Jobs and Justice: African American Women and Religion. New York: Knopf, 2010.
Craig, Maxine L. Ain’t I a Beauty Queen? Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Davila, Arlene. Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
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Glass, Ruth, and John Westergaard. London’s Housing Needs: Statement of Evidence to the Committee on Housing in Greater London. London: Centre for Urban Studies, University College, 1965.
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Goudsouzian, Aram. Down to the Crossroads: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Meredith March against Fear. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015.
Grant, Colin. Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa. London: Jonathan Cape, 2008,
Grant, Donald Lee. The South the Way It Was: The Black Experience in Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
Griffin, Farah Jasmine. “‘Ironies of the Saint’: Malcolm X, Black Women, and the Price of Protection.” In Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. Edited by B
ettye Collier-Thomas and V. P. Franklin. New York: New York University Press, 2001.
Gross, Beatrice, and Ronald Gross, editors. Radical School Reform. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969.
Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, editor. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. New York: New Press, 1995.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. The Education of a Woman: The Life of Gloria Steinem. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
Hill, Lance. The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Hole, Judith, and Ellen Levine. Rebirth of Feminism. New York: Quadrangle, 1976.
hooks, bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press, 1992.
Hughes, Dorothy Pitman. Wake Up and Smell the Dollars! Whose Inner-City Is This Anyway! One Woman’s Struggle against Sexism, Classism, Racism, Gentrification, and the Empowerment Zone. New York: Amber Books Publishing, 2000.
———. I’m Just Saying . . . It Looks Like Ethnic Cleansing: The Gentrification of Harlem. New York: DPH Publishing, 2012.
———. “Free to Be on West 80th Street.” In Rotskoff and Lovett, When We Were Free to Be, 229–33.
Hyra, Derek S. The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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Johnson, Charles S. Growing Up in the Black Belt. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1941.
Johnson, K. “Community Development Corporations, Participation and Accountability: The Harlem Urban Development Corporation and the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 504 (2004): 109–24.
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Jones, William P. The Tribe of Black Ulysses: African American Lumber Workers in the Jim Crow South. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005.