Freedom Summer

by Bruce W. Watson

  Goodman, Carolyn. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Guyot, Lawrence. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Hamer, Fannie Lou. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Hamlett, Ed. Papers. White Folks Project Collection, McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Hazelton, Margaret. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Henderson, William and Kathleen. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Hillegas Collection. Private collection of Jan Hillegas, Jackson, MS.

  Hodes, William. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Hudson, Winson. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Hunn, Eugene. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Johnson, Paul B. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Kates, James. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Kwanguvu, Umoja. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Lake, Ellen. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  ———. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Miller, Charles. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  North Mississippi Oral History and Archives Project. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Orris, Peter. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Owen, David. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Samstein, Mendy. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Savio, Mario. “The Reminiscences of Mario Savio.” Oral History Research Office Collection, Columbia University.

  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Papers. Harvard University.

  Tecklin, Jerry. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Torkington, Roy. Papers. Civil Rights Collection, McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Vogel, Lisa. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Walker, Samuel. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  Zeman, Zoya. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.

  Magazines and Journals

  Atwater, James. “If We Can Crack Mississippi . . .” Saturday Evening Post, July 25, 1964, pp. 15-19.

  Beecher, John. “All You Have to Do Is Lie.” New Republic, October 24, 1964, pp. 9-10.

  “Civil Rights: And the Walls Came Tumbling Down.” Time, July 17, 1974, pp. 25-26.

  Coles, Robert. “Social Struggle and Weariness.” Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (November 1964): 305-15.

  Cowan, Geoff, and Paul Cowan. “And Three Letters Home from Mississippi.” Esquire, September 1964, pp. 104-5, 190.

  “Crusade in Mississippi.” Ebony, September 1964, pp. 24-29.

  DeMuth, Jerry. “Summer in Mississippi: Freedom Moves In to Stay.” Nation, September 14, 1964, pp. 104, 108-10.

  “Do Not Despair.” Time, November 27, 1964, p. 35.

  “Dream in a Bean Field.” Nation, December 28, 1964, p. 514.

  “The Evangelists.” Newsweek, August 24, 1964, pp. 30-31.

  Fischer, John. “A Small Band of Practical Heroes.” Harper’s, October 1963.

  Fusco, Liz. “Deeper Than Politics.” Liberation 9 (November 1964): 17-19.

  Good, Paul. “A Bowl of Gumbo for Curtis Bryant.” Reporter, December 31, 1964, pp. 19-22.

  Goodman, Carolyn. “My Son Didn’t Die in Vain!” With Bernard Asbell. Good Housekeeping , May 1965, pp. 98, 158-64.

  Harris, Louis. “The Backlash Issue.” Newsweek, July 13, 1964, pp. 24-27.

  “How Whites Feel About a Painful America.” Newsweek, October 21, 1963, pp. 44-51.

  “The Invaders.” Newsweek, June 29, 1964, pp. 25-26.

  Jencks, Christopher. “Mississippi: When Law Collides with Custom.” New Republic, July 25, 1964, pp. 15-19.

  Kempton, Murray. “Conscience of a Convention.” New Republic, September 5, 1964, pp. 5-7.

  Klibanoff, Hank. “Moment of Reckoning.” Smithsonian, December 2008, pp. 12-14.

  Kopkind, Andrew. “The Future of ‘Black Power’: A Movement in Search of a Program.” New Republic, January 7, 1967, pp. 16-18.

  “The Limpid Shambles of Violence.” Life, July 3, 1964, pp. 32-35.

  Lynd, Staughton. “The Freedom Schools: Concept and Organization.” Freedomways, Second Quarter 1965, pp. 303-9.

  McMillen, Neil R. “Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi: Federal Enforcement and Black Protest in the 1960s.” Journal of Southern History, August 1977, pp. 351-72.

  Mannes, Marya. “The G.O.P. and the Gap.” Reporter, August 13, 1964, pp. 28-30.

  Martinez, Elizabeth. “Theater of the Meaningful.” Nation, October 19, 1964, pp. 254-56.

  “Mississippi Airlift.” Newsweek. March 11, 1963, pp. 30-32.

  “Mississippi: Allen’s Army.” Newsweek, February 24, 1964, p. 30.

  “Mississippi: Battle of the Kennedys.” Newsweek, August 19, 1963, p. 24.

  “Mississippi—‘Everybody’s Scared.’ ” Newsweek, July 6, 1964, pp. 15-16.

  “Mississippi: Storm Signals.” U.S. News & World Report, July 6, 1964, p. 37.

  “Mississippi—Summer of 1964: Troubled State, Troubled Time.” Newsweek, July 13, 1964, pp. 18-20.

  Morton, Eric. “Tremor in the Iceberg.” Freedomways, Second Quarter 1965, pp. 321-22.

  “Out of the Ashes.” Newsweek, October 12, 1964, p. 72.

  Perlstein, Daniel. “Teaching Freedom: SNCC and the Creation of the Mississippi Freedom Schools.” History of Education Quarterly 30, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 297-324.

  Pouissant, Alvin F., M.D. “The Stresses of the White Female Worker in the Civil Rights Movement in the South.” American Journal of Psychiatry 123, no. 4 (October 1966): 401-7.

  Ross, Lillian. “Meeting.” New Yorker, April 11, 1964, p. 33.

  “The Terrible Silence of the Decent.” Life, July 10, 1964, p. 4.

  Trillin, Calvin. “Letter from Jackson.” New Yorker, August 29, 1964, pp. 80-105.

  ——. “State Secrets.” New Yorker, May 29, 1995, pp. 54-64.

  Watson, Bruce. “A Freedom Summer Activist Becomes a Math Revolutionary.” Smithsonian , February 1996, pp. 115-25.

  Wechsler, James A. “The FBI’s Failure in the South.” Progressive, December 1963, pp. 20-23.

  Woodley, Richard. “A Recollection of Michael Schwerner.” Reporter, July 16, 1964, pp. 23-24.

  ——. “It Will Be a Hot Summer in Mississippi.” Reporter, May 21, 1964, pp. 21-24.

  “Worse Than Mississippi?” Time, July 24, 1964, pp. 29-30.

  Zeitz, Joshua. “Democratic Debacle.” American Heritage, June/July 2004, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2004/3/2004_3_59.shtml.

  Books

  Abbott, Dorothy, ed. Mississippi Writers: Reflections of Childhood and Youth. Vol. 2, Nonfiction; vol. 3, Poetry. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986.

  Adickes, Sandra E. Legacy of a Freedom School. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

  Bales, Jack, ed. Conversations with Willie Morris. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.

  Ball, Howard. Murder in Mississippi: United States v. Price and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2004.

  Belfrage, Sally. Freedom Summer. New York: Viking, 1965.

  Beschloss, Michael R., ed. Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963- 1964. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

  Blackwell, Unita. Barefootin’: Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom. With JoAnne Prichard Moore. New York: Crown, 2006.

 
Blight, David W. Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.

  Bond, Bradley G. Mississippi: A Documentary History. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2003.

  Bowers, Claude G. The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929.

  Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.

  ——, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

  Brownmiller, Susan. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. New York: Dial Press, 1999.

  Burner, Eric R. And Gently He Shall Lead Them: Robert Parris Moses and Civil Rights in Mississippi. New York: New York University Press, 1994.

  Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray. We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney, and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi. New York: Nation Books, 2006.

  Carmichael, Stokely, and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). New York: Scribners, 2003.

  Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.

  Carter, Hodding III. The South Strikes Back. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1959.

  ——. So the Heffners Left McComb. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965.

  Cash, W. J. The Mind of the South. New York: Random House, 1941.

  Chalmers, David. Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

  Classen, Dan. Watching Jim Crow: The Struggles over Mississippi TV, 1955-1969. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.

  Coles, Robert. Farewell to the South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972.

  Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). Mississippi Black Paper. New York: Random House, 1965.

  Cowan, Paul. The Making of an Un-American: A Dialogue with Experience. New York: Viking, 1970.

  Cummings, Richard. The Pied Piper: Allard K. Lowenstein and the Liberal Dream. New York: Grove Press, 1985.

  Curry, Constance, Joan C. Browning, Dorothy Dawson Burlage, Penny Patch, Theresa Del Pozzo, Sue Thrasher, Elaine DeLott Baker, Emmie Schrader Adams, and Casey Hayden. Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.

  Davidson, Chandler, and Bernard Grofman, eds. Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994.

  Davies, David R., ed. The Press and Race: Mississippi Journalists Confront the Movement . Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2001.

  DeLoach, Cartha “Deke.” Hoover’s FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover’s Trusted Lieutenant . Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995.

  Dent, Thomas C., Richard Schechner, and Gilbert Moses. The Free Southern Theater by the Free Southern Theater. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.

  Dickerson, James L. Dixie’s Dirty Secret. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998.

  Dittmer, John. Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

  Duberman, Martin. In White America. London: Faber and Faber, 1964.

  DuBois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Vintage, 1990.

  Dunaway, David King. How Can I Keep from Singing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.

  Eliot, Marc. Death of a Rebel, Starring Phil Ochs and a Small Circle of Friends. New York: Anchor Books, 1979.

  Erenrich, Susie. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Montgomery, Ala.: Black Belt Press, 1999.

  Evans, Sara. Personal Politics. New York: Vintage, 1980.

  Farmer, James. Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: New American Library, 1985.

  Fleming, Karl. Son of the Rough South: An Uncivil Memoir. New York: Public Affairs, 2005.

  Foner, Eric. A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

  Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative—Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1963.

  Forman, James. The Making of Black Revolutionaries. Washington, D.C.: Open Hand, 1985.

  Goudsouzian, Adam. Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

  Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn, ed. A Circle of Trust: Remembering SNCC. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998.

  Griffin, John Howard. Black Like Me, 2d ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.

  Gussow, Adam. Seems Like Murder Here: Southern Violence and the Blues Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

  Hack, Richard. Puppetmaster: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Beverly Hills, Calif.: New Millennium Press, 2004.

  Harkey, Ira B. Jr. The Smell of Burning Crosses: An Autobiography of a Mississippi Newspaperman. Jacksonville, Fla.: Delphi Press, 1967.

  Harris, Mark. Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.

  Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.

  Hearings Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Jackson, MS, February 16-20, 1965, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

  Henry, Aaron. Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning. With Constance Curry. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000.

  Hochschild, Adam. Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997.

  Hogan, Wesley C. Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

  Holland, Endesha Ida Mae. From the Mississippi Delta: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

  Holt, Len. The Summer That Didn’t End. New York: William Morrow, 1965.

  Howe, Florence. Myths of Co-education: Selected Essays, 1964-1983. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

  Hudson, Winson, and Constance Curry. Mississippi Harmony: Memoirs of a Freedom Fighter. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

  Johnson, Lady Bird. A White House Diary. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.

  Johnson, Robert David. All the Way with LBJ: The 1964 Presidential Election. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

  Katagiri, Yasuhiro. The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States’ Rights. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001.

  King, Mary. Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1987.

  Kotz, Nick. Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws That Changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.

  Kunstler, William M. Deep in My Heart. New York: William Morrow, 1966.

  ——. My Life as a Radical Lawyer. With Sheila Isenberg. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1994.

  Lasky, Victor. It Didn’t Start with Watergate. New York: Dial Press, 1977.

  Lee, Chana Kai. For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

  Lemann, Nicholas. Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

  Lester, Julius. All Is Well. New York: William Morrow, 1976.

  Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

  Library of America. Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism, 1963-1973. New York: Library of America, 2003.

  McAdam, Doug. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  McCord, William. Mississippi: The Long Hot Summer. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.

  McIlhany, William H. II. Klandestine: The Untold Story of Delmar Dennis and His Role in the FBI’s War Against the Ku Klux Klan. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1975.

  McMillen, Neil. The Citizen
s’ Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-1964. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971.

  Marrs, Suzanne. Eudora Welty: A Biography. Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005.

  Mars, Florence. Witness in Philadelphia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977.

  Marsh, Charles. God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.

  Martinez, Elizabeth, ed. Letters from Mississippi. Brookline, Mass.: Zephyr Press, 2007.

  Mills, Kay. This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.

  Mills, Nicolaus. Like a Holy Crusade: Mississippi 1964—The Turning of the Civil Rights Movement in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.

  Morris, Willie. My Mississippi. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000.

  ——. North Toward Home. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

  Moses, Robert P., and Charles E. Cobb Jr. Radical Equations: Math Literacy and Civil Rights. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001.

  Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.

  Newfield, Jack. A Prophetic Minority. New York: New American Library, 1966.

  Novick, Peter. That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

  Olson, Lynne. Freedom’s Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970. New York: Scribners, 2001.

  O’Reilly, Kenneth. “Racial Matters”: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960- 1972. New York: Free Press, 1989.

  Oshinsky, David M. “Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

  Parker, Frank R. Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi After 1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

  Payne, Charles. I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.

  Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter’s Son. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.

  Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.