Massacre

by John M. Merriman

  12Execution of the hostages at La Roquette prison on 24 May 1871, lithograph by Jules David. © adoc-photos/Corbis.

  13Théâtre de la Porte, May 1871, stereoscopic print by Hippolyte Blancard. Private Collection/Roger-Viollet, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library.

  14Édouard Manet, ‘Civil War’, 1871. Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University.

  Index

  Arrondissements are indexed together under A in numerical order.

  Avenues, boulevards, chaussées, faubourgs, places, ponts, portes, quais and rues are indexed under the substantive name.

  Cafes, clubs, colleges, gares and Saint- are indexed under C, C, C, G and S.

  Newspapers with a definite article (la or le) are double-posted under the substantive name and under L- to bring them together for reference. Where locations are sufficient in number to warrant subheadings they are single-posted with a reference from the other post.

  The Notes have been indexed where they contain additional information. For ease of access the note number on the relevant page has been added in brackets after the page location.

  The Versaillais are entered with long strings to show continuous coverage but subheadings within the strings permit reference to matters of particular importance and interest. Locations for Versailles within the long strings for the Versaillais are not separately indexed.

  Abbesses, rue des (i)

  Academy of Beaux-Arts (i)

  Affre, Archbishop Denis (i), (ii)

  Aix-en-Provence (i)

  Alcide (i)

  Algeria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Allard, Michel (i)

  Allemane, Jean (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Alma, pont d’ (i)

  Alsace

  army in (i)

  diplomatic passes (i)

  German accents recognisable (i)

  Napoleon III’s demands (i)

  Prussian forces in (i)

  Treaty of Frankfurt (i), (ii)

  Amazons of the Seine (i)

  American Civil War (i), (ii), (iii)

  American Register (i)

  Americans

  anti-Commune feelings (i)

  avenue Friedland family (i), (ii)

  celebrating fall of Vendôme Column (i)

  medical facility (i)

  Washburne tries to assist (i)

  Amodru, Laurent (i), (ii), (iii)

  anarchists (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Ancien Régime (i)

  André, Eugène (i)

  Antin, Chaussée d’ (i), (ii), (iii)

  ‘Appeal to the Women Citizens of Paris’ (i)

  Arabs (i)

  Arc de Triomphe

  Albert Hans reaches (i)

  crowds gather (i)

  French officers with German ladies (i)

  prisoner convoys (i)

  shells fall near (i)

  tricolour flag back on (i)

  Versaillais arrive at (i)

  Arcueil (i)

  Armenia (i)

  Armes, place des (i)

  Army of the East (i)

  Army of the Loire (i)

  Army of the Rhine (i)

  Army of Versailles see Versaillais

  Arnaud, Armand (i)

  Arnould, Arthur (i)

  arrondissements

  First (i), (ii)

  Second (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Third (i)

  Fourth (i), (ii)

  Fifth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Sixth: Blanquists active (i); boulevard Saint-Germain (i); Communards (i), (ii); Courbet stands as candidate (i); Reclus in (i); Versaillais hold (i); Vignons in (i), (ii)

  Seventh (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Eighth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ninth (i), (ii)

  Tenth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Eleventh: Allemane in (i), (ii); Communard defences (i); Communards fearless in (i); Communards retreat to (i), (ii); courts-martial (i); Élisabeth Dmitrieff’s missive (i); falls (i); guillotine burnt (i); landlords and tenants (i); mairie as headquarters (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); population (i); Saint-Ambroise meeting (i); streets renamed (i) (n5); Versaillais move into (i)

  Twelfth (i), (ii), (iii)

  Thirteenth: Cissey moves through (i); Club Démocratique Socialiste (i); Communard stronghold in (i); Communards still defend (i), (ii); Sérizier (i)

  Fourteenth (i), (ii)

  Fifteenth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Sixteenth (i), (ii), (iii)

  Seventeenth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Eighteenth

  Clemenceau as mayor (i), (ii); executions (i); La Cécilia in (i); Louise Michel (i); militant women in (i); newcomers move in (i); population (i); repositioning of units (i); Sutter-Laumann (i); vigilance committee (i)

  see also Montmartre

  Nineteenth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Twentieth: Allemane arrested (i); Communard defences (i); Communards retreat to (i), (ii); executions (i); Hans moves into (i); last decree of Communards (i); mairie as headquarters (i); militancy of (i), (ii); newcomers move in (i); population (i); quartier du Temple and (i); Ranvier (i), (ii)

  medical facilities in (i)

  various (i), (ii)

  see also Central Committee of the Twenty Arrondissements

  Asia, South-East (i)

  Asnières (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Asnières, pont d’ (i)

  Assistance Publique (i)

  Assommoir, L’ (Émile Zola) (i)

  Assumption Church (i)

  Artists’ Federation (i)

  Au Chinois bistro (i)

  Auber, rue (i), (ii)

  Audebrand, Philibert (i)

  Aurelle de Paladines, General Louis d’ (i), (ii)

  Austerlitz, pont d’ (i)

  Austria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Auteuil (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Auteuil, Porte d’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Auteuil, quai d’ (i)

  Auvergne (i)

  Babylone barracks (i)

  Bac, rue de (i), (ii)

  Bad Ems (i)

  Baden (i)

  Bagneux (i)

  Bagnolet, rue de (i)

  Balkans (i)

  Balzac, Honoré de (i)

  Banque de France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (n57)

  Barail, General François du (i), (ii)

  Barricade, The (Édouard Manet) (i)

  Barron, Louis

  Montmartre’s defences (i)

  Parisian confidence described by (i)

  ‘social revolution’ desired (i)

  Tuileries concerts (i)

  visits Courbet (i)

  Basfroi, rue (i)

  Bastille, Place de la

  1848 Revolution anniversary (i)

  daily demonstrations (i)

  defenestrations (i)

  neighbourhood (i), (ii)

  strong Communard defences (i), (ii)

  Versaillais take (i)

  Bastille Day (i)

  Batignolles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Baudelaire, Charles (i)

  Bavaria (i)

  Bay of Nouméa (i)

  Bazaine, Marshal Achille (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bazar de L’Hôtel de Ville (i)

  Beaufort, Charles de (i)

  Beaujon Hospital (i)

  Beauséjour, boulevard (i)

  Bécon (i)

  Beethoven, rue (i)

  Belfort (i)

  Belgium

  Communards escape to (i)

  MacMahon near border (i)

  nationals arrested (i) (n29)

  possible annexation (i), (ii)

  Bellechasse, rue (i)

  Belleville

  annexed to Paris (i)

  assisting draft escapers (i)

  Blanquists at (i)

  burnt-out buildings (i)

  cannons (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  churchmen oppose Commune (i)

  Communard
defences still remain (i), (ii)

  Communard shelling from (i)

  Club Favié (i)

  Gabriel Ranvier (i)

  last-ditch stand (i), (ii), (iii)

  National Guard battalions (i), (ii)

  negative images (i), (ii)

  newcomers move in (i)

  ‘painful tocsin’ (i)

  seeing friends executed (i)

  street fighting (i)

  suspicions of by others (i)

  targeted (i)

  31 October charge (i)

  Vallès’ club (i)

  Versaillais attack (i), (ii)

  victory for (i)

  Vignon family on (i)

  women propose to march (i)

  workers’ bastion (i)

  Belleville, boulevard de (i), (ii)

  Belleville, rue de (i), (ii), (iii)

  Belly, Félix (i)

  Bénédetti, Count Vincent (i)

  Béra, Victoire Léodile see Léo, André

  Bercy, pont de (i)

  Bergeret, Jules General (i), (ii), (iii)

  Berlin (i)

  Bersier, Eugène (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Beslay, Charles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bibliothèque Nationale (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bicêtre, Fort (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bien public, Le (i)

  Bienaimé, Jean-Marie (i) (n5)

  Bièvre River (i), (ii), (iii)

  Billancourt (i)

  Billioray, Alfred-Édouard (i), (ii)

  Bingham, Denis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bismarck, Count Otto von

  Darboy accused of spying for (i)

  informing the British (i)

  preventing him taking advantage (i) (n52)

  releases French soldiers (i)

  tensions with Thiers (i) (n15)

  Treaty of Frankfurt (i)

  Blanche, place (i)

  Blanche, rue (i)

  Blanchecotte, Augustine (i), (ii), (iii)

  Blanqui, Alphonse (i)

  Blanqui, Auguste

  background (i)

  condemned to death (i)

  Darboy and (i), (ii)

  manhunt for (i)

  prison (i), (ii) (n45)

  Prefecture of Police to be secured (i)

  Rigault and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  watches demonstration (i)

  Blanquists

  Blanqui and (i)

  Central Committee of the Twenty Arrondissements and (i)

  centralised authority and (i)

  clubs formed (i)

  Committee of Public Safety (i)

  Commune proclamation call (i)

  fire station incident (i)

  Government of National Defence composition and (i)

  Hôtel de Ville stormed (i)

  Jacobins and (i)

  march on Versailles (i)

  miscellaneous members (i)

  north-eastern Paris and (i)

  political power before social revolution (i)

  vision for whole of France (i)

  Blois (i)

  Bloody Thursday (i)

  Bloody Week

  Allemane on (i)

  Courbet and (i)

  denunciations (i)

  French Revolution and (i) (n32)

  long shadow cast by (i)

  massacres in the open (i)

  Père Lachaise wall in memory (i)

  restoring morale (i)

  sense of purification (i)

  summary executions (i)

  Sutter-Laumann’s nightmares (i)

  thousands of prisoners (i)

  ultimate significance (i)

  violence of (i)

  Blowitz, Henri Opper de (i)

  Bockairy, M. (i)

  Bois-de-Boulogne

  courage of Communards (i)

  playground for rich (i), (ii)

  prisoners executed (i), (ii)

  Versaillais in (i), (ii)

  Volunteers of the Seine in (i)

  Bolsheviks (i)

  Bon Marché (i)

  Bonaparte, Prince Pierre (i)

  Bonapartists

  army commanders (i), (ii)

  faithful gather (i)

  Left Bank stronghold (i)

  Manet’s Maximilian picture causes outrage (i) (n41)

  plebiscites, use of (i)

  political tensions involving (i)

  wealthy men involved (i)

  see also Napoleon III; Napoleon Bonaparte

  Bondcritter, Charles (i)

  Bonjean, Louis

  Darboy negotiates on behalf of (i)

  list of names (i) (n27)

  offers Darboy his arm (i)

  priests at execution (i)

  prisoners socialising (i)

  taken to Mazas (i)

  transferred to La Roquette (i)

  Bonne Nouvelle, boulevard (i)

  Bonnet Rouge, Le (i)

  Bordas, Madame (i)

  Bordeaux (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Boulogne, rue de (i)

  Boulogne-sur-Mer (i)

  Bourbons

  allies of (i)

  Aurelle de Paladines and (i)

  Beslay opposes (i)

  Constitutionnel and (i)

  heir to (i)

  Legitimists and (i) (n33)

  MacMahon and (i)

  Versailles and (i), (ii)

  Bourg-la-Reine (i)

  Bourse (i), (ii), (iii)

  brassards (i), (ii)

  Brasserie Glaser (i)

  Bréa, rue (i)

  Brest (i), (ii)

  Breteuil (i)

  Bretons (i), (ii)

  Britain

  an Englishman in Paris (i)

  Belgium and Luxembourg question (i)

  Communard exiles in (i)

  denounces executions (i)

  historians’ view of the Commune (i)

  medical facilities for Paris wounded (i)

  Napoleon III departs for (i)

  stability of (i)

  warns Versaillais of pickpockets (i)

  Brittany (i)

  Brunel, General Paul-Antoine (i)

  Burgundy (i)

  Butte-aux-Cailles (i)

  Butte of Montmartre (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  see also Montmartre

  Buttes-Chaumont

  bodies burnt (i)

  cannons (i)

  encounters (i), (ii)

  Ladmirault captures (i)

  uneasy peace (i)

  working classes (i)

  Cachan (i)

  Café Buci (i), (ii)

  Café-de-la-Paix (i)

  Café de la Renaissance (i)

  Café de la Salamandre (i)

  Café de Madrid (i), (ii)

  Café d’Harcourt (i), (ii), (iii)

  Café Flore (i)

  Café Théodore (i)

  Cail factory (i)

  California (i)

  Canal de l’Ourcq (i)

  Canal Saint-Martin (i), (ii)

  Capucines, boulevard des (i), (ii)

  Cardinal Lemoine, rue (i)

  Cardinet, rue (i)

  Carmagnole, La (i)

  Carmelites (i)

  Carrières de l’Amérique (i), (ii)

  Carrousel, place du (i)

  Caserne Lobau (i), (ii), (iii)

  Castiglione, rue de (i)

  Catholic Church (i)

  Bourbon monarchy and (i)

  challenges to (i)

  Commune seeks to undermine (i)

  Louise Michel’s hostility (i)

  missionary areas (i) (n23)

  reasserts itself (i)

  women, marriage and family life (i)

  Cattelain, P.-P. (i), (ii)

  Caumartin, rue (i)

  Caweska, Lodoïska (i), (ii)

  Cayenne (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Central Committee of the National Guard (i), (ii)

  appeal to Versaillais (i)

  ceding power (i)

 
complications caused by (i), (ii)

  conflicting orders (i)

  creation of (i)

  defence of Paris (i)

  emerges as revolutionary authority (i)

  militants in (i)

  newspapers banned (i)

  representatives of other cities meet (i)

  Rossel feared by (i)

  tensions with Rigault (i)

  see also National Guard of Paris

  Central Committee of the Twenty Arrondissements

  creation of (i), (ii)

  defending Paris (i)

  first meeting (i)

  International Working-Men’s Association and (i)

  list of demands to National Assembly (i)

  Manifesto (i)

  only real authority (i)

  see also arrondissements

  Cercle des Arts (i)

  Cerfbeer, Gaston (i), (ii)

  Châlons-sur-Marne (i), (ii), (iii)

  Chamber of Deputies (i)

  Chambord, Count of (i)

  Champagne (i)

  Champs-de-Mars (i)

  Champs-des-Navets cemetery (i)

  Champs-Elysées

  Americans in Paris (i)

  German troops march down (i)

  Guignol puppets (i)

  house robbed (i)

  houses in ruins (i)

  international exposition (i)

  prisoner convoy (i)

  privileges of wealth (i)

  Rigault stands for election (i)

  Versaillais (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Change, Pont-au- (i)

  Chant du départ, La (i)

  Chantiers prison (i), (ii), (iii)

  Chapel of Expiation of Louis XVI (i)

  Chapelle, grand rue de la (i)

  Charenton (i), (ii) (n15)

  Charenton, rue de (i)

  Charles X, King (i), (ii)

  Charonne (i), (ii)

  Charonne, rue de (i), (ii)

  Chartres (i)

  Château d’eau, place du

  attack on Versaillais (i)

  barricades (i), (ii)

  Communard defences at (i)

  name change (i)

  Reclus at (i)

  Versaillais surround (i)

  Versaillais take (i)

  Château de la Muette (i), (ii), (iii)

  Château Rouge (i), (ii), (iii)

  Châtelet

  courts-martial at (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  crowd in flight (i)

  Moreau arrested (i)

  woman killed for no reason (i)

  Châtillon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Chaudey, Gustave (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Chemin de ronde (i)

  Cherbourg (i), (ii)

  Cherche-Midi, rue de (i) (n21)

  Cherche-Midi prison (i)

  Chigi, Flavius, (i), (ii)

  China (i)

  Choiseul, rue de (i)

  Choisy, Porte de (i), (ii)

  Chrétien, Monsieur (i)

  ‘Circle of Grocers’ (i)

  Cissey, General Ernest de

  arrogance of (i)

  Croix-Rouge (i)

  military rule, section of (i)