Magnesia, in Greece, 248
Magnesia, by Sipylus, battle of, 242–3, 454 n.11
Mago, brother of Hannibal, 185, 191, 203, 205–6, 208, 212, 236
Mago, Carthaginian writer, 145
Mago, negotiates treaty, 130, 148
Maharbal, 187
Mahon, 206
Malaca, 19, 269, 433 n.2
Malta, see Melita
Malventum, see Beneventum
Mamertines, 148–50
Mamilius, Octavius, 56, 68
Manilius, M.’ (cos. 149), 279, 281, 337
Manlius, Cn. (cos. 480), 89
Manlius Capitolinus, M. (cos. 392), 94, 106, 334
Manlius Torquatus, T. (cos. 347), 98, 101
Manlius Torquatus, T. (cos. 235), 192
Manlius Vulso, A. (cos. 178), 266–7
Manlius Vulso, Cn. (cos. 189), 243–5, 303, 321, 328
Manlius Vulso, L. (cos. 256), 154
Mantua, 264
Marcellus, see Claudius
Marche, 13
Marcius Censorinus, L. (cos. 149), 279, 281
Marcius Coriolanus, Cn., 79, 87, 423 n.8
Marcius Figulus, C. (cos. 162), 267
Marcius Philippus, Q. (cos. 186), 250, 251–2, 265, 455 n.5
Marcius Rutilus, C. (cos. 357), 109
Marcius Septimus, L., 192
Marcius Tremulus, Q. (cos. 306), 123, 332
Marius, C. (cos. 107), 275
Maroneia, 248
Marriage, 46, 56, 324, 327, 353
Marrucini, 18, 100, 121, 123
Mars, 354, 357; altar of, 334, 358; temple of, 332, 335
Marsi, 17, 100, 121, 123
Marzabotto, 27, 32, 93
Masinissa, Numidian prince, in Second Punic War, 206, 210–12; extends his kingdom, 214, 458 n.16; forces war on Carthage, 276, 283; receives Roman boundary commissions, 277; as cause of Third Punic War, 277–8, 283; Roman suspicions of, 279; death of, 281
Massilia, 23, 170, 176, 177, 181, 182, 265, 314, 408 n.13, 424 n.12, 426nn.17 & 20, 440 n.13
Mastarna, 29, 48–50, 407 n.12
Mastia, see Carthago Nova
Mater Matuta, temple of, 52, 331, 462 n.18
Matho, leader of Carthaginian mercenaries, 165–6
Mauri (Moors), 281
Mediolanum, captured by Insubres, 93; captured by Romans, 172; Italian settlers at, 264
Mediterranean, 5
Melita (Malta), 153, 185
Melpum, see Mediolanum
Menenius, L. (trib. pleb.), 106
Menenius Agrippa, M. (cos. 503), 76
Mercenaries, employed by Carthage, 146; revolt of, 165–7, 438 n.2; in Sardinia appeal to Rome, 167
Mercury, 359, 361
Messana, seized by Mamertines, 148; alliance with Rome, 148–50; in First Punic War, 150–1; civitas foederata, 162
Messapians, 16, 128
Messenia, 193, 247
Metapontum, 11, 22, 128, 131, 199
Metaurus, battle of, 205, 207–8, 446 n.6
Metellus, see Caecilius
Mettius Fufius, 47
Milazzo, 11
Miletus, 301
Military tribunes with consular power, 71, 82, 421 n.21
Milo, 147
Mincio, river, 264
Minerva, 357–8
Mines, in Etruria, 26, 132, 317, 461 n.7; in Elba, 313, 317; in Spain, 177, 204, 269, 275, 288, 295, 317, 321, 323; in Macedonia, 248, 253, 260, 288, 323
Minturnae, 124, 133, 317
Minucius, L. (cos. 458), 75, 87, 332, 419 n.12
Minucius Augurinus, C. (trib. pleb., 187) 303
Minucius Rufus, M. (cos. 221), 187–9, 443 n.10; tradition biased against, 188, 297
Minucius Rufus, Q. (cos. 197), 264–5
Minucius Thermus, Q. (cos. 193), 265, 303, 457 n.3
Mithridates III of Pontus, 255
Mogador, 19, 399 n.19
Mos maiorum, 72, 116, 325, 326
Motya, 399 n.19
Mucius Scaevola, 68, 414 n.46
Mucius Scaevola, P. (cos. 133), 367
Mummius, L. (cos. 146), 261, 271
Municipia, 103, 432 n.25
Murgantia, 124
Mutina, 172, 264, 265, 266
Mycenaean Greeks, see Greeks in Italy
Mylae, 11; battle of, 153
Myonnesus, battle of, 241
Nabis of Sparta, 229, 232, 236–7, 454 n.6
Naevius, Cn., poet, 325, 342–3, 345, 349, 464 n.6
Naevius, M. (trib. pleb., 184), 304
Naples, see Neapolis
Naraggara, 212
Narenta, river, 267
Narnia (Nequinum), 124, 207
Naupactus, 193, 239
Navy, Carthaginian, 146, 154; in First Punic War, 155–9, 212, 214; in Second Punic War, 191, 192, 196, 208
Navy, Roman, 152, 154, 313, 436 n.12, 437 n.16; in First Punic War, 154–60, 436 n.12; in Illyrian Wars, 173; in Second Punic War, 183, 191, 193, 197, 198; in Second Macedonian War, 226–7; in war with Antiochus, 237, 241–2; in Third Punic War, 281–6
Neapolis (Naples), 429 n.1; refuge for Greeks from Oscans, 99; alliance with Rome, 120, 122, 126; rejects Pyrrhus, 129
Nemean festival, 232
Nemi, Lake, 34
Neolithic man, 6, 7–8, 397 n.3
Nepete, 91, 92, 96, 103, 123, 135, 425 n.14
Nepheris, 281, 282
Nepos, 372
Neptune, 359
Nequinum, 124
Nesactium, 267
Nestor, cup of, 20–1, 400 n.22
Netum, 162
New Carthage, see Carthago Nova
Nexum, 75, 107, 419 n.10
Nicaea, conference at, 229
Nicea (Nice), 265
Nicomedes of Bithynia, 255
Nola, 31, 120, 122, 124, 198, 317
Nomentum, 97, 102, 133
Norba, 87, 92, 96, 103, 135, 423 n.7, 427 n.30
Novilara, 15–16
Novus homo, 302–3, 304
Nuceria, 120, 122, 123–4
Numa Pompilius, 45, 47, 63, 170, 354
Numantia, 268, 269, 271–5, 295, 457 n.10
Numidia, 144, 176, 212, 281, 292, 312; see also Masinissa
Oblivio, river, 272
Ocilis, 271
Ocriculum, 123, 429 n.6
Octavius, Cn. (cos. 165), 300, 332
Odysseus, 21, 42, 400 n.22
Ogulnii, 43, 332
Olbia, 153
Olcades, 177
Olisipo (Lisbon), 272
Olive, 34, 308–10, 317–18
Olympus, Mt, 251–2
Ombrikoi, 16
Oppius, Mt, 38–9
Oratory, 340, 347
Oretani, 269
Oreus, 228
Oricus, 193
Orissi, 176–7
Orongis, 205
Oropus, 261
Orosius, 372
Orphism, 361, 465 n.8
Orvieto, 27
Oscan farce, 341
Osci (Opici), 17
Osco-Umbrian, see Safine
Ossa, 251
Osteria, 34
Ostia, 48, 55, 122, 133, 316, 318, 409 n.23
Otacuius Crassus, M’. (cos. 263), 151
Ottolobus, 227
Ovation, 411 n.35
Oxybian Ligurians, 265
Pachynus, Cape, 155, 157
Pacuvius, M., poet, 326, 331, 344, 349
Paeligni, 18, 100, 101, 121, 123
Paeonia, 228
Paestum, 22, 127, 131, 315, 319, 366
Painting, Etruscan, 28; Roman, 333, 349–50, 464 n.11; Campanian, 315, 349
Palaeolithic man, 6, 7, 33, 397 n.2
Palafitte, 8
Palatine, 14, 38–42, 307, 330, 332, 356, 462 n.28
Palinurus, Cape, 156
Pallantia, 271, 274
Pamphylia, 241, 245
Panaetius, Stoic philosopher, 326, 365
Pannonia, 267
Panormus (Palermo), 153, 155–6, 158, 162
Papirius Cursor, L. (cos. 293), 125
Parentalia, 353
Parma, 264, 266
Party politics, 300–1
Patria potestas, 56, 80, 323, 337
Patricians, origin of, 57–8, 410nn.28 & 30, 412 n.39; privileges of, 59–60, 73–4; numbers, 59; concessions to plebeians, 77–9, 107–12
Patricio-plebeian nobility, 109, 169, 300
Pedum, 87, 97, 102
Pelasgians, 23
Pelion, 251
Pella, 227
Peltuinum, 123
Penates, 44, 353; temple of, 332
People, power of, 116–18; vote Mamertine alliance, 150, 297; and Peace of Lutatius, 159, 297, 330; elect Scipio Africanus, 202, 297; and declaration of Second Macedonian War, 223, 297; see also Comitia and Concilium
Pergamum, see Attalus and Eumenes
Perinthus, 221
Perrhaebia, 248
Perseus, King of Macedon, deceives Philip, 249; ascends throne, 249; strategy of, 249–50; fights Third Macedonian War, 250–3, 455 n.3
Perusia, 26, 123, 125, 317
Pessinus, 332, 360
Petelia, 197
Petilii (trib. pleb., 187), 303
Peucetians, 16
Phalanna, 251
Pharnaces of Pontus, 255
Pharos, 173–5
Pharsalus, 251
Pherae, 229
Philhellenism, 225, 231, 233–4, 246, 301–2, 304, 326, 450 n.10, 460, n.16
Philinus, 371, 430 n.9
Philip V of Macedon, ascends throne, 174–5; enmity to Rome, 175, 189, 444 n.15, 450 n.11; fights First Macedonian War, 193–4; supposed help to Hannibal at Zama, 450 n.11; alliance with Syria, 221; conquests in the Aegean, 221–2; receives Roman embassies, 222; intrigues with Carthage, 450 n.11; fights Second Macedonian War, 226–30; negotiates with Flamininus, 229; makes peace with Rome, 230–1; rejects overtures of Aetolia, 236; supports Rome against Antiochus, 238, 241; recovers power, 239–40, 248; receives Roman embassy, 248–9; death, 249
Philopoemen, 236, 246–9, 454 n.6
Philosophers, expelled from Rome, 365
Phintias, 157
Phocaeans, 31, 143
Phocis, 232, 239
Phoenice, Peace of, 194
‘Phoenician Trenches’, 142, 213–14, 277
Phoenicians, 19–20, 141–2, 399nn.19 & 20
Pianello, 10
Picentes, 15–16, 124, 132, 134, 168
Pilum, 204, 311
Pinnes of Illyria, 175
Pirates, Etruscan, 170; Illyrian, 172–4; in Crete, 258; suppressed by Rome, 313; by Rhodes, 220, 258
Pisa, 170–1, 265
Piso, see Calpurnius
Pistoia, 186
Pithecusae, see Ischia
Placentia, 172, 183, 184, 185, 206, 264
Plautus, see Maccius Plebeians, origin of, 57–8, 410 n.28; claims of, 74; secessions of, 74, 76–7, 80, 112, 419 n.14, 428nn.6 & 7; victories of, 81–3, 107–9, 420 n.20
Plebiscita, 77, 81, 109, 112, 420 n.20, 428 n.7
Pleminius, 210
Plestia, 443 n.8
Plutarch, 372, 467
Poetelius, C. (trib. pleb., 358), 113
Pola, 267
Polada, 8
Politorium, 34, 55, 366, 403 n.44
Polybius, and treaties with Carthage, 144, 433 n.3; account of Mamertine alliance, 149–50; on First Punic War, 436 n.11; on Truceless War, 166; censures Roman seizure of Sardinia, 167; pro-Scipionic, 439 n.8; on Second Punic War, 440 n.15; visit to New Carthage, 445 n.1; deported to Rome, 254; at fall of Numantia, 275; and outbreak of Third Punic War, 280; at siege of Carthage, 282; on Roman constitution, 297; member of Scipionic circle, 326; historian, 372, 467
Polyxenidas, Antiochus’ admiral, 240–1
Pomerium, 26, 41
Pometia, 56, 84, 85, 87
Pompeii, 31, 122, 317
Pompeius, Q. (cos. 141), 273
Pomponius Matho, M. (praetor, 204), 273–4
Pons, Aemilius, 331; Sublicius, 48, 54, 331
Pontia, 122
Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus, 51, 59, 72, 111, 209, 332, 337, 354, 367
Pontus, 221, 245, 255
Popillius Laenas, C. (cos. 172), 258, 265
Popillius Laenas, M. (cos. 139), 273
Popular leaders, 149–50, 171, 185, 188, 297, 431 n.15
Population, of Italy and Hellenistic world, 138; of Rome, 413 n.44, 432 n.27
Populonia, 126, 317
Porcius Cato, L., 291
Porcius Cato, M. (cos. 195), 460 n.18; novus homo, 300, 302; character, 302; in Sardinia, 267; in Spain, 267–9; in Greece, 238, 239; attacks the Scipios, 276, 301, 303; censorship of, 288, 304, 328; advocates destruction of Carthage, 277–8, 304; anti-Hellenic attitude, 246, 301, 326, 329; opposed to foreign conquest, 258, 265, 294, 302; praises Aemilianus, 282; as prosecutor, 272, 303; and slavery, 323, 325; and Ennius, 343; Lex Porcia, 291; on agriculture, 309–10, 317; writings of, 309–10, 325, 340, 346–7, 370, 466
Porcius Laeca, P. (praetor, 195), 291
Porcius Licinus, C. (praetor, 207), 207
Porsenna, 67–8, 407 n.12, 414 n.47
Portaes Pass, 251
Portoria, 136, 163
Portugal, 269
Portunus, 462 n.18
Postumius Albinus, A. (cos. 180), 270
Postumius Albinus, A. (cos. 151), annalist, 346, 369
Postumius Albinus, L. (cos. 234), 173, 197
Postumius Albinus, L. (cos. 173), 291
Postumius Albinus, Sp. (cos. 334), 121, 427 n.28
Postumius Megellus, L. (cos. 305), 125
Postumius Tubertus, A. (dict. 431), 88
Pottery, Neolithic, 7; Bronze Age, 9–10; Villanovan, 12–13; Etruscan and Greek, 21, 23, 27, 54, 314, 409 n.22, 418 n.8
Praefecti, iure dicundo, 163; at Capua, 200; at Gades, 268
Praeneste, 20, 33, 36–7, 87, 96, 97, 100, 103, 143, 291, 313, 314–17, 357, 403nn.43–5
Praetorship, established, 72, 107–8, 415; held by plebeian, 108; function of, 113–15; number raised to four, 163, 293; provincial, 163–4; raised to six, 268, 293, 299; judicial functions, 337–8, 369
Praetuttii, 125
Prione, 166
Privernum, 97, 119, 122, 335, 427 n.30
Prorogatio imperii, 108, 114, 294, 299
Protectorate system, 294–6; in Illyria, 174–5; in Greece, 226, 232, 246, 292, 294
Proto-Italici, see Terramara
Provinces, 293–6, 438 n.1, 459 n.10; Sicily, 161–5; Sardinia and Corsica, 167–8; Spain, 268–9; Macedonia, 260–2, 295; Africa, 283, 295
Provincial administration, 161–5, 167, 268, 287, 290–6; and local government, 164–5, 268, 293–4
Provocatio, see Appeal
Prusias I of Bithynia, 221, 249, 250, 254
Prusias II of Bithynia, 254–5
Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 221
Ptolemy V, Epiphanes Eucharistos, 230
Ptolemy VI, Philometor, 258, 260
Ptolemy VII, Euergetes Physcon, 258–9
Publilius Philo, Q. (cos. 339), 102, 108, 109, 120, 420 n.20, 427 n.28
Punic War, First, causes of, 147–50, 435 n.9; course of, 150–9; reasons of Rome’s victory, 160; estimated cost of, 320
Punic War, Second, causes of, 178–81; course of, 182–201, 202–14; reasons of Rome’s victory, 214–15; importance of, 214; estimated cost of, 320–1
Punic War, Third, causes of, 278–80, 458 n.18; course of, 280–6
Puteoli, 317–18
Pydna, 251–2, 258, 455 n.6
Pylos, 175
Pyrgi, 29, 54, 402 n.32, 418 n.5, 426 n.25
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 126–31, 148, 431 n.16
Pythagoreanism, 22, 343, 347, 361
Pythion-Petra Pass, 251
Quaestio de repetundis, 268, 296
Quaestores classici, 163
Quaestorship, origin of, 63–4, 72, 82; numbers raised to four, 82, 11
5; to eight, 115; provincial, 163;
qualifications for, 299–300
Quattuorviri, 114
Quieto, river, 267
Quinctius Cincinnatus, L. (cos. 460), 88, 307
Quinctius Crispinus, T. (cos. 208), 206
Quinctius Flamininus, L. (cos. 192), 264, 302
Quinctius Flamininus, T. (cos. 198), character of, 229; in Second Macedonian War, 228–30, 452 n.17; settles Greece, 230–2; negotiates with Antiochus, 234–5; in war with Antiochus, 236–8; in Aetolia, 239; philhellenic policy, 302; funeral of, 329
Quirinal, 38–41, 335
Quirinus, 46, 354
Raphia, battle of, 220–1, 242
Regia, 45, 47, 51, 332, 354, 408 n.14
Regillus, Lake, battle of, 68, 84, 332, 422 n.2
Religion, Roman, 351–61, 464 n.1; Etruscan, 28; in early Latium, 36, 358–9; Punic, 147
Remedello, 8
Remus, see Romulus
Representative government, 254
Rex sacrorum, 45, 51, 414 n.49, 418 n.5
Rhegium, 22, 100, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133, 148–50, 198, 432 n.22
Rhizon, 173
Rhodanus (Rhône), 182–4
Rhode, 177
Rhodes, alleged treaty with Rome, 439 n.9; prosperity of, 220; opposes Philip, 223; urges Rome to war, 223–5, 449 n.8; supports Rome against Antiochus, 240–2; benefits from war, 244–5; supports Rome, 250; wavers in allegiance, 252; breach with Rome, 255–8, 295
Rinaldone, 8
Rome, in early Iron Age, 13, 404 n.2; site of, 33; hills of, see Palatine, etc.; foundation, 42–5, 405 n.6; foundation date, 45; size of, 55, 92, 315; in fourth century, 315–16; the city, 330–5, 462 n.17; population of, 138; early development of, 33–5; kings of, 45–50; Etruscan domination of, 51–6; Sabine influence on, 46; expansion of territory under kings, 55–6; in fifth century, 90–2; sacked by Gauls, 94–5, 425 n.16, 465 n.3; threatened by Pyrrhus, 129; attacked by Hannibal, 200
Rome, wars with: Latins, 55–6, 68–70, 84–5, 96–7, 101–2, 427 n.30; Aequi and Volsci, 87–8, 97–9, 102, 123; Veii, 89–92; Fidenae, 89–90; Etruscans, 96–7, 123, 124, 125, 429 n.6; Gauls, 94–5, 98, 124–5, 170–2; Hernici, 97, 123; Samnites, 100–1, 120–6, 129–30, 427nn.26–8, 430 n.10; Pyrrhus, 128–31; Ligurians, 169–70, 265; Illyrians, 173–4, 252; Carthage, see Punic Wars; Macedon, see Macedon; Antiochus, see Antiochus; Istri, 265–6; Dalmatae, 267; Spanish tribes, see Spain
Rome, treaties with: Carthage, 36, 53–4, 56, 74, 84, 101, 144, 149, 178–81, 212, 278–9, 430 n.9, 431 n.18, 433 n.3; Latins, 85, 97–8; Hernici, 85, 97; Tarentum, 126, 431 n.17; Mamertines, 148–50; Hiero, 151, 162, 194; Apollonia, 439 n.11; Illyria, 173–4, 175; Hasdrubal, 177; Saguntum, 176, 178–9; Aetolia, 193, 200, 232, 241, 244, 444 n.16; Philip, 194, 231; Antiochus, 234–5, 244; Jews, 259; Spanish, repudiated, 272, 273
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