Irregular Army
Page 29
85 Tom Leonard, “Boy Scouts Train for Badge in Anti-terrorism,” Daily Telegraph, May 15, 2009.
86 Kevin Johnson, “Police Tie Jump in Crime to Juveniles,” USA Today, July 12, 2006.
87 Damien Cave, “Growing Problem for Military Recruiters: Parents,” New York Times, June 3, 2005.
88 Kelley Beaucar Vlahos, “Heavy Military Recruitment at High Schools Irks Some Parents,” Fox News, June 23, 2005.
89 Donna Tam, “Eureka, Arcata Lose Youth Protection Act Appeal,” The Times-Standard, December 18, 2010.
90 Lizza Minno, “Bushwick Teens Resist Recruiting,” Indypendent, March 14, 2008 (from which the following quotations are taken).
91 Noah Shachtman, “OMG! Navy Calls MySpace Kids ‘Alien Life Force’ (And They Hate the War, Too),” Wired, September 28, 2007.
92 Michael Felberbaum, “Army Likes its Older Recruits,” Associated Press, December 11, 2006.
93 “Slain Soldier Rejoined Army to Help Others,” Associated Press, January 2, 2009.
94 David L. Teibel, “More Than 200 Gather to Honor Fallen Cpl. Gaffney, an ex-Tucsonan,” Tucson Citizen, January 5, 2009.
95 Robert Smith, “Soldier Paid Tribute at Remembrance Ceremony,” The Leaf-Chronicle, February 12, 2009.
96 Lisa Burgess, “Army Raises Maximum Enlistment Age for New Recruits from 40 to 42,” Stars and Stripes, June 23, 2006.
97 Tom Vanden Brook, “Older Recruits are Finding Less Success in Army,” USA Today, February 19, 2007.
98 Patrik Jonsson, “Newest Army Recruits: The Over-35 Crowd,” The Christian Science Monitor, September 6, 2006.
99 Felberbaum, “Army Likes its Older Recruits.”
100 Leo Shane III, “Army Reopens Retiree Recall Program,” Stars and Stripes, August 14, 2009.
101 Ibid.
102 Vanden Brook, “Older Recruits are Finding Less Success in Army.”
103 Shane, “Army Reopens Retiree Recall Program.”
104 Felberbaum, “Army Likes its Older Recruits.”
105 James Dao, “Older Recruits Challenge Army and Vice Versa,” New York Times, June 17, 2009.
106 Vanden Brook, “Older Recruits are Finding Less Success in Army.”
107 Aamer Madhani, “Schaumburg Man Served in Vietnam,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 2004.
108 “Army Accepting Older Recruits,” Associated Press, August 19, 2006.
109 Brian MacQuarrie, “Older Recruits Fill Out Military,” Boston Globe, October 23, 2006.
110 Felberbaum, “Army Likes its Older Recruits.”
111 Ibid.
112 “Americans Living Longer, Enjoying Greater Health and Prosperity, but Important Disparities Remain, Says Federal Report,” National Institute of Aging, March 27, 2008.
113 “Army Accepting Older Recruits,” Associated Press, August 19, 2006.
114 “Military Draws Older Recruits,” Detroit News, February 21, 2009.
115 Dao, “Older Recruits Challenge Army and Vice Versa” (from which the following quotations are taken).
CHAPTER 4: OUTSIDERS
1 “Militarization of US Immigrant Rights Movement Dangerous,” Russia Today, May 26, 2010.
2 Bill Hendrick, “Troops’ Deaths Bring Conflict Home,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 23, 2003.
3 Film: The Short Life of José Gutierrez, Dir: Heidi Specogna, Atopia, 2006 (from which all unattributed quotes in the following pages are taken).
4 Walter LaFeber, The American Age: US Foreign Policy at Home adn Abroad, 1750 to the Present (New York, 1994), p. 546.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 “Clinton: Backing Dictators was Wrong,” BBC News, March 11, 1999.
8 Simon Crittle, “In Death, a Marine Gets his Life Wish,” Time, March 28, 2003.
9 Jeordan Legon, “Fallen Marine Wanted to Give Back to Adopted Country,” CNN; http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/heroes/jose.gutierrez.html.
10 Bryan Bender, “A U.S. Military ‘at its breaking point’ Considers Foreign Recruits,” New York Times, December 26, 2006.
11 “Non-Citizens in Today’s Military Research Brief,” CNA; http://cna.org/centers/marine-corps/selected-studies/non-citizens-brief (from which the following quotations are taken).
12 James Pinkerton, “Immigrants Find Military a Faster Path to Citizenship,” Houston Chronicle, September 14, 2006.
13 “Row Over War Veterans Facing Deportation From the Country they Risked their Lives to Defend,” Daily Mail, October 25, 2010.
14 Bryan Bender, “Military Considers Recruiting Foreigners,” Boston Globe, December 26, 2006.
15 “Many New American Citizens Are Foreign-Born Members of US Military,” Voice of America News, September 11, 2009.
16 “Row Over War Veterans Facing Deportation . . .,” Daily Mail, October 25, 2010 (from which the following quotations are taken).
17 “Latin Youth Defines Dream Act as De Facto Military Draft,” Vamos Unidos Youth; http://teachersunite.net/node/555.
18 Max Boot and Michael O’Hanlon, “A Military Path to Citizenship,” Washington Post, October 19, 2006 (from which the following quotations are taken).
19 “Non-Citizens in Today’s Military Research Brief,” CNA.
20 Mark Stevenson, “Recruiter Draws Ire for Entering Mexico,” Associated Press, May 9, 2003 (from which the following quotations are taken).
21 Film: Yo Soy El Army: US Military Targets Latinos with Extensive Recruitment Campaign, Marco Amador of Producciones Cimarrón and the Center for Community Communications and Big Noise media collective; http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/18/yo_soy_el_army_us_military.
22 Stevenson, “Recruiter Draws Ire for Entering Mexico.”
23 Brian Spegele, “Mexican Citizen Died in Iraq Serving U.S., His Beloved New Land,” Tampa Bay Times, May 26, 2009.
24 Wes Allison, “Foreign Citizens Help Shoulder Military Duty,” St. Petersburg Times, March 11, 2003.
25 “Immigrants Become US Citizens Quickly Through Military Service,” Workpermit.com, October 18, 2006; http://www.workpermit.com/news/2006_10_18/us/military_service_citizenship.htm.
26 Allison, “Foreign Citizens Help Shoulder Military Duty.”
27 “Non-Citizens in Today’s Military Research Brief,” CNA.
28 Film: The Short Life of José Gutierrez.
29 “Reasons Why Hispanics Remain Underrepresented in Military, Despite Interest,” Rand Corp., January 14, 2009; http://www.randproject.org/news/press/2009/01/14.html.
30 “Militarization of US Immigrant Rights Movement Dangerous,” Russia Today, May 26, 2010.
31 “Latin Youth Defines Dream Act as De Facto Military Draft,” Vamos Unidos Youth.
32 Jose Cardenas, “Recruiting the Undocumented for the Military is Proposed,” Tampa Bay Times, April 27, 2008.
33 “Militarization of US Immigrant Rights Movement Dangerous,” Russia Today, May 26, 2010.
34 http://www.cis.org/node/351
35 Mark Krikorian, “Green-Card Soldiers: Should the U.S. Military be Reserved for Americans?,” National Review Online, April 22, 2003.
36 Virginia Heffernan, “Slipping Through the Cracks: Bin Laden’s Mole,” New York Times, August 28, 2006.
37 Documents obtained from the DOD by the author in 2008 through the Freedom of Information Act.
38 Rod Powers, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell—The Military Policy on Gays,” About.com, May 5, 2010; http://usmilitary.about.com/od/millegislation/a/dontask.htm.
39 “Gay Sex Immoral Says US General,” BBC News, March 14, 2007; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6446815.stm.
40 “10 USC Chapter 37,” February 1, 2010; http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C37.txt.
41 James J. Lindsay, Jerome Johnson, E.G. Shuler Jr., and Joseph J. Went, “Today’s U.S. Military is Still no Place for Gays,” Washington Post, April 16, 2009.
42 Dahr Jamail, “Resisting Homophobia in the Military,” Truthout, August 31, 2009; http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14998.
43 “Bi-Partisan Poll of Iraq & Afghanistan Vets,” Vet Voice Foundation, March 15, 2010; http://www.vetvoicefoundation.com/new?id=0002.
44 Gary Gates, “Gay Men and Lesbians in the U.S. Military, Estimates from Census 2000,” Urban Institute; http://www.urban.org/publications/411069.html.
45 Paul Steinhauser, “CNN Poll: 69% OK with Gays in the Military,” CNN, February 22. 2010; http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/02/22/cnn-poll-69-ok-with-gays-in-the-military/.
46 “Services Gay Ban Lifted,” BBC News, January 12, 2000.
47 “Gays in Military not an Issue for Many Nations,” Associated Press, July 12, 2009.
48 “Time to Review Policy on Gays in U.S. Military: Powell,” Reuters, July 5, 2009.
49 John M. Shalikashvili, “Second Thoughts on Gays in the Military,” New York Times, January 2, 2007.
50 “‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’? No, Sir!,” Letters, New York Times, January 7, 2007.
51 “US Military’s Gay Policy ‘costly,’” BBC News, February 25, 2005; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4296325.stm.
52 “Financial Costs and Loss of Critical Skills Due to DOD’s Homosexual Conduct Policy Cannot Be Completely Estimated,” GAO, February 2005; http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05299.pdf.
53 Robert Burns, “Abuse of Gays Rampant in Military,” Associated Press, February 11, 2009 (from which the following quotations are taken).
54 Jamail, “Resisting Homophobia in the Military.”
55 Neela Banerjee, “Soldier Sues Army, Saying His Atheism Led to Threats,” New York Times, April 26, 2008.
56 Jason Leopold, “Charges in Religious Lawsuit Against Army Detailed,” Truthout, September 25, 2007; http://archive.truthout.org/article/charges-religious-lawsuit-against-army-detailed.
57 “Open Letter From Barack Obama to the LGBT Community,” http://www.examiner.com/sex-relationships-in-national/obama-reaction-to-california-supreme-court-ruling-on-prop-8-nada?render=print.
58 Toby Harnden, “Barack Obama Heckled by ‘Don’t Ask Don’t Tell’ Protesters,” Daily Telegraph, April 21, 2010.
59 “Stories from the Frontlines: Former Army Sgt. Darren Manzella,” SLDN Website, May 19, 2010; http://www.sldn.org/blog/archives/stories-from-the-frontlines-former-army-sgt.-darren-manzella/.
60 Andy Birkey, “Judge Rules ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ Unconstitutional,” Iowa Independent, 10 September, 2010.
61 Amy Goodman, “Why Did Obama Fire Dan Choi?,” Truthdig, August 5, 2010.
62 Chris Geidner, “Pentagon to Recruiters: Accept Applicants ‘Who Admit They Are Openly Gay or Lesbian,’” Metro Weekly, October 19, 2010.
63 “President Obama Signs ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ Repeal into Law,” New York Post, December 22, 2010.
64 “Military: No Problems Prepping for End to ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,’” CNN, April 7, 2011.
EPILOGUE
1 Flavius Vegetius Renatus, On Roman Military Matters (Red and Black Publishers, 2008), p. 34.
2 William Kristol, “The Defense Secretary We Have,” Washington Post, December 15, 2004.
3 The original Latin is De Re Militari.
4 Vegetius Renatus, On Roman Military Matters, p. 6.
5 Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Wordsworth, 1998), p. 3.
6 Arthur Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation (Thames and Hudson, 2001), p. 12.
7 Vegetius Renatus, On Roman Military Matters, p. 11.
8 Ibid.
9 Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, p. 152.
10 Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 9.
11 Ibid.
12 Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, p. 153.
13 Ibid.
14 Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Filiquarian, 2006), pp. 14–15.
15 Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince (Penguin Classics, 2003).
16 Vegetius Renatus, On Roman Military Matters, p. 11.
17 “The Future—Is the Army Broken?,” PBS, October 26, 2004; http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/themes/broken.html.
18 “Rumsfeld’s War,” Transcript of Frontline program, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/etc/script.html.
19 “Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents, Obama, Barack H,” August 28, 2010; http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201008/2138532551.html#ixzz192xMsEst.
20 “Barack Obama Says US Troop withdrawal From Iraq Keeps Campaign Pledge,” Associated Press, August 28, 2010.
21 Nisa Islam Muhammad, “U.S. Military Accepts More Ex-felons,” Final Call, May 6, 2008.
22 Matt Kennard, “The US Army’s Enemy Within,” Guardian, July 13, 2009.
23 Claudia Núñez, “Mexican Drug Cartels Tied to U.S. White Supremacists,” La Opinión, November 17, 2010.
24 “National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) 2009,” US Department of Justice; http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nics/reports/2009-operations-report.
25 Mark Thompson, “How Marijuana Use Aborted Jared Loughner’s Military Career,” Time, January 10, 2011.
26 Ibid.
27 Matthew Kennard, “Saddam Was Well-regarded by British,” Financial Times, January 1, 2010.
28 “Behind the War on Iraq,” Research Unit for Political Economy, Monthly Review, Vol. 55, May 2003.
29 “UK Military Deaths in Afghanistan and Iraq,” BBC News, April 2, 2012.
30 “BNP Claim Wide Army Support,” Press Association, October 20, 2009.
31 Michael Savage, “Is the Army Losing its War Against Drug Abuse?,” Independent, March 15, 2010.
32 Ibid.
33 Alastair Jamieson, “One in Seven Soldiers Driven to Alcohol by War Horror,” Daily Telegraph, May 13, 2010.
34 Ethan Watters, “The Invisible Division: US Soldiers are Seven Times as Likely as UK Troops to Develop Post-traumatic Stress,” Independent, April 8, 2011.
35 “Two Percent of Afghan-based German Troops Return Home Traumatized,” IRNA, April 6, 2011.
36 Claire Ellicott, “Thousands of British Troops are Too Fat to be Deployed to Afghanistan, Reveals Leaked Army Memo,” Daily Mail, August 3, 2009.
37 Aled Thomas and Nico Hines, “British Military Steps up Fightback Against BNP After Griffin Tirade,” Times, October 21, 2009.
38 Chris Hedges and Laila Al-Arian, “‘The Carnage, the Blown-up Bodies I Saw . . . Why? What Was This For?,’” Guardian, July 13, 2007.
39 Wikileaks War Logs; www.wikileaks.ch.
40 Jim Lobe, “Majority Still Believe in Iraq’s WMD, al-Qaeda Ties,” IPS, April 22, 2004.
41 Alex Barker, “Security Chief Exposes Blair’s Gamble on Iraq,” Financial Times, July 20, 2010.
42 Brad Knickerbocker, “Gates’s Warning: Avoid Land War in Asia, Middle East, and Africa,” The Christian Science Monitor, February 26, 2011.
43 Lauren Finnegan, “Army Boss Cautions Against ‘Hollowing’ Out of Armed Forces,” Yahoo News, February 25, 2011.
44 Charley Keyes, “Obama Unveils Plans for Pared-down Military,” CNN, January 5, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/05/politics/pentagon-strategy-shift/index.html.
45 “US Embassy Cables: Verdict on the Leaks About the Middle East,” Guardian, November 29, 2010.
46 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 9.
47 Ibid., p. 15.
48 Michael Dobbs, “With Albright, Clinton Accepts New U.S. Role,” Washington Post, December 8, 2006.
49 Neil Mackay, “Lets Not Forget: Bush Planned Iraq ‘Regime Change’ Before Becoming President,” Information Clearing House, September 15, 2002.
50 Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (Verso, 2003), p. 27..
Index
Abu Ghraib prison, 31, 91–2, 203
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
ADHD. See attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
addiction. See alcoholism; drug abuse and addiction
advertising campaign
s, 152
Afghanistan, 34, 38, 40, 121, 123; drinking, 96; drug trafficking, 66, 98; friendly fire casualties, 100; massacres, 108, 212; NATO in, 9; Obama policy, 202, 214; obese troops unable to be deployed in, 209; sexual assault, 87; UK casualties, 208; US casualties, 48, 65, 157, 214; US invasion/troop deployment, 3, 5
AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT)
African Americans, 146, 154–5, 219–22 passim; education, 137; imprisonment, 81; IQ testing, 142–3; neo-Nazi murder of, 17–18; Vietnam War, 179, 185
age of recruits, maximum. See maximum age
Air Force, US. See US Air Force
Air National Guard, 101
Akaka, Daniel, 112
Al-Arian, Laila, 211
Alaska Front, 46
Albright, Madeleine, 217
alcohol, 72, 74, 89–97 passim, 103, 107, 203, 208–9; as PTSD self-medication, 121, 222; sexual abuse and rape connection, 84, 85, 89, 96
alcoholism, 10, 92, 93, 103
aliens’ permanent residency ID card. See Green Card
Allen, Oittis, 130
Al-Qaeda, 180
Amador, Marco, 165, 179–80
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 150–1
amnesty, 172, 174
Amos, James, 195
amphetamines, 95, 99–100
Ancient Rome. See Rome, Ancient
Anderson, Joseph, 82
anti-Arabism, 30, 47–8
antidepressants, 100, 105
anti-Semitism, 30, 32, 42
anti-smoking drugs, 102
antiwar protests and protesters, 17, 29, 31–2
Apodaca, Michael Jackson, 66
Arabs, 43. See also anti-Arabism
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 166–7
Arizona, 175
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 141–2, 143
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 148, 204
Army (US). See US Army
Army Command Policy, 20
Army Experience Center, 151–2, 162
Army Game Project, 152
Army National Guard, 46, 134–5, 157, 192
Army Physical Fitness Test, 131
Army Preparatory School, 128
Army Reserve, 9, 123
Army Substance Abuse Program (ASAP), 94–5, 115
Arnold, Larry, 149